pub trait Display {
// Required method
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>;
}
Expand description
Format trait for an empty format, {}
.
Implementing this trait for a type will automatically implement the
ToString
trait for the type, allowing the usage
of the .to_string()
method. Prefer implementing
the Display
trait for a type, rather than ToString
.
Display
is similar to Debug
, but Display
is for user-facing
output, and so cannot be derived.
For more information on formatters, see the module-level documentation.
§Internationalization
Because a type can only have one Display
implementation, it is often preferable
to only implement Display
when there is a single most “obvious” way that
values can be formatted as text. This could mean formatting according to the
“invariant” culture and “undefined” locale, or it could mean that the type
display is designed for a specific culture/locale, such as developer logs.
If not all values have a justifiably canonical textual format or if you want
to support alternative formats not covered by the standard set of possible
formatting traits, the most flexible approach is display adapters: methods
like str::escape_default
or Path::display
which create a wrapper
implementing Display
to output the specific display format.
§Examples
Implementing Display
on a type:
use std::fmt;
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
impl fmt::Display for Point {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
}
}
let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
assert_eq!(format!("The origin is: {origin}"), "The origin is: (0, 0)");
Required Methods§
1.0.0 · sourcefn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>
Formats the value using the given formatter.
§Errors
This function should return Err
if, and only if, the provided Formatter
returns Err
.
String formatting is considered an infallible operation; this function only
returns a Result
because writing to the underlying stream might fail and it must
provide a way to propagate the fact that an error has occurred back up the stack.
§Examples
use std::fmt;
struct Position {
longitude: f32,
latitude: f32,
}
impl fmt::Display for Position {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "({}, {})", self.longitude, self.latitude)
}
}
assert_eq!("(1.987, 2.983)",
format!("{}", Position { longitude: 1.987, latitude: 2.983, }));
Implementors§
impl Display for OckamError
impl Display for ockam::migration_20240111100002_delete_trust_context::Expr
impl Display for VaultError
impl Display for SecretAttributes
impl Display for SecretType
impl Display for IpAddr
impl Display for SocketAddr
impl Display for BernoulliError
impl Display for WeightedError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::io::ErrorKind
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::broadcast::error::TryRecvError
impl Display for TryAcquireError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::oneshot::error::TryRecvError
impl Display for AsciiChar
impl Display for Infallible
impl Display for VarError
impl Display for std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError
impl Display for std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError
impl Display for base16ct::error::Error
impl Display for ParseAlphabetError
impl Display for DecodeError
impl Display for DecodeSliceError
impl Display for EncodeSliceError
impl Display for base64ct::errors::Error
impl Display for RoundingError
impl Display for chrono::weekday::Weekday
impl Display for const_oid::error::Error
impl Display for crossbeam_channel::err::RecvTimeoutError
impl Display for crossbeam_channel::err::TryRecvError
impl Display for der::error::ErrorKind
impl Display for Class
impl Display for der::tag::Tag
impl Display for TagMode
impl Display for flume::RecvError
impl Display for flume::RecvTimeoutError
impl Display for flume::TryRecvError
impl Display for FromHexError
impl Display for GetTimezoneError
impl Display for leb128::read::Error
impl Display for log::Level
impl Display for log::LevelFilter
impl Display for MietteError
impl Display for Type
impl Display for BooleanExpr
impl Display for EvalError
impl Display for ockam_abac::error::ParseError
impl Display for ockam_abac::expr::Expr
impl Display for PolicyExpression
impl Display for ResourceType
impl Display for Action
impl Display for Method
impl Display for Status
impl Display for RouteError
impl Display for IdentityError
impl Display for NodeError
impl Display for NodeReason
impl Display for RouterReason
impl Display for WorkerReason
impl Display for NodeMessage
impl Display for TransportError
impl Display for TcpConnectionMode
impl Display for Array
impl Display for opentelemetry::common::Value
impl Display for opentelemetry::global::error_handler::Error
impl Display for LogError
impl Display for MetricsError
impl Display for TraceError
impl Display for Aggregation
impl Display for opentelemetry_sdk::runtime::TrySendError
impl Display for pem_rfc7468::error::Error
impl Display for pkcs8::error::Error
impl Display for StartError
impl Display for regex_syntax::ast::Ast
Print a display representation of this Ast.
This does not preserve any of the original whitespace formatting that may have originally been present in the concrete syntax from which this Ast was generated.
This implementation uses constant stack space and heap space proportional
to the size of the Ast
.
impl Display for regex_syntax::ast::Ast
Print a display representation of this Ast.
This does not preserve any of the original whitespace formatting that may have originally been present in the concrete syntax from which this Ast was generated.
This implementation uses constant stack space and heap space proportional
to the size of the Ast
.
impl Display for regex_syntax::ast::ErrorKind
impl Display for regex_syntax::ast::ErrorKind
impl Display for regex_syntax::error::Error
impl Display for regex_syntax::error::Error
impl Display for regex_syntax::hir::ErrorKind
impl Display for regex_syntax::hir::ErrorKind
impl Display for regex::error::Error
impl Display for webpki::error::Error
impl Display for EarlyDataError
impl Display for EncodeError
impl Display for EncryptError
impl Display for rustls::error::Error
impl Display for VerifierBuilderError
impl Display for sec1::error::Error
impl Display for serde_json::value::Value
impl Display for CollectionAllocErr
impl Display for spki::error::Error
impl Display for sqlx_core::error::Error
impl Display for UStr
impl Display for MigrateError
impl Display for CertificateInput
impl Display for StrBufError
impl Display for strum::ParseError
impl Display for time::error::Error
impl Display for Month
impl Display for time::weekday::Weekday
impl Display for url::parser::ParseError
impl Display for SyntaxViolation
impl Display for LexError
impl Display for winnow::error::ErrorKind
The Display implementation allows the std::error::Error
implementation
impl Display for StrContext
impl Display for StrContextValue
impl Display for bool
impl Display for char
impl Display for f32
impl Display for f64
impl Display for i8
impl Display for i16
impl Display for i32
impl Display for i64
impl Display for i128
impl Display for isize
impl Display for !
impl Display for str
impl Display for u8
impl Display for u16
impl Display for u32
impl Display for u64
impl Display for u128
impl Display for usize
impl Display for ErrorCode
impl Display for FlowControlId
impl Display for Address
impl Display for Any
impl Display for ockam::Error
impl Display for ProtocolId
impl Display for Route
impl Display for TransportMessage
impl Display for WriterPanicked
impl Display for ockam::compat::net::AddrParseError
impl Display for Ipv4Addr
impl Display for Ipv6Addr
Write an Ipv6Addr, conforming to the canonical style described by RFC 5952.
impl Display for SocketAddrV4
impl Display for SocketAddrV6
impl Display for ReadError
impl Display for ockam::compat::rand::Error
impl Display for String
impl Display for SystemTimeError
impl Display for TryFromFloatSecsError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::io::Error
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::net::tcp::ReuniteError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::net::unix::ReuniteError
impl Display for TryCurrentError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::oneshot::error::RecvError
impl Display for AcquireError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::TryLockError
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::watch::error::RecvError
impl Display for JoinError
impl Display for Elapsed
impl Display for ockam::compat::tokio::time::error::Error
impl Display for UnorderedKeyError
impl Display for alloc::collections::TryReserveError
impl Display for FromVecWithNulError
impl Display for IntoStringError
impl Display for NulError
impl Display for FromUtf8Error
impl Display for FromUtf16Error
impl Display for LayoutError
impl Display for core::alloc::AllocError
impl Display for core::array::TryFromSliceError
impl Display for core::ascii::EscapeDefault
impl Display for BorrowError
impl Display for BorrowMutError
impl Display for CharTryFromError
impl Display for ParseCharError
impl Display for DecodeUtf16Error
impl Display for core::char::EscapeDebug
impl Display for core::char::EscapeDefault
impl Display for core::char::EscapeUnicode
impl Display for ToLowercase
impl Display for ToUppercase
impl Display for TryFromCharError
impl Display for FromBytesUntilNulError
impl Display for FromBytesWithNulError
impl Display for core::num::dec2flt::ParseFloatError
impl Display for core::num::error::ParseIntError
impl Display for core::num::error::TryFromIntError
impl Display for Location<'_>
impl Display for PanicInfo<'_>
impl Display for ParseBoolError
impl Display for Utf8Error
impl Display for Backtrace
impl Display for JoinPathsError
impl Display for std::ffi::os_str::Display<'_>
impl Display for std::path::Display<'_>
impl Display for StripPrefixError
impl Display for ExitStatus
impl Display for ExitStatusError
impl Display for std::sync::mpsc::RecvError
impl Display for AccessError
impl Display for aead::Error
impl Display for aho_corasick::util::error::BuildError
impl Display for aho_corasick::util::error::MatchError
impl Display for aho_corasick::util::primitives::PatternIDError
impl Display for aho_corasick::util::primitives::StateIDError
impl Display for allocator_api2::stable::alloc::AllocError
impl Display for HexDisplay<'_>
impl Display for InvalidEncodingError
impl Display for InvalidLengthError
impl Display for block_buffer::Error
impl Display for AllocErr
impl Display for chrono::format::ParseError
impl Display for ParseMonthError
impl Display for NaiveDate
The Display
output of the naive date d
is the same as
d.format("%Y-%m-%d")
.
The string printed can be readily parsed via the parse
method on str
.
§Example
use chrono::NaiveDate;
assert_eq!(format!("{}", NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(2015, 9, 5).unwrap()), "2015-09-05");
assert_eq!(format!("{}", NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(0, 1, 1).unwrap()), "0000-01-01");
assert_eq!(format!("{}", NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(9999, 12, 31).unwrap()), "9999-12-31");
ISO 8601 requires an explicit sign for years before 1 BCE or after 9999 CE.
assert_eq!(format!("{}", NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(-1, 1, 1).unwrap()), "-0001-01-01");
assert_eq!(format!("{}", NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(10000, 12, 31).unwrap()), "+10000-12-31");
impl Display for NaiveDateTime
The Display
output of the naive date and time dt
is the same as
dt.format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%.f")
.
It should be noted that, for leap seconds not on the minute boundary, it may print a representation not distinguishable from non-leap seconds. This doesn’t matter in practice, since such leap seconds never happened. (By the time of the first leap second on 1972-06-30, every time zone offset around the world has standardized to the 5-minute alignment.)
§Example
use chrono::NaiveDate;
let dt = NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(2016, 11, 15).unwrap().and_hms_opt(7, 39, 24).unwrap();
assert_eq!(format!("{}", dt), "2016-11-15 07:39:24");
Leap seconds may also be used.
let dt =
NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(2015, 6, 30).unwrap().and_hms_milli_opt(23, 59, 59, 1_500).unwrap();
assert_eq!(format!("{}", dt), "2015-06-30 23:59:60.500");
impl Display for NaiveTime
The Display
output of the naive time t
is the same as
t.format("%H:%M:%S%.f")
.
The string printed can be readily parsed via the parse
method on str
.
It should be noted that, for leap seconds not on the minute boundary, it may print a representation not distinguishable from non-leap seconds. This doesn’t matter in practice, since such leap seconds never happened. (By the time of the first leap second on 1972-06-30, every time zone offset around the world has standardized to the 5-minute alignment.)
§Example
use chrono::NaiveTime;
assert_eq!(format!("{}", NaiveTime::from_hms_opt(23, 56, 4).unwrap()), "23:56:04");
assert_eq!(
format!("{}", NaiveTime::from_hms_milli_opt(23, 56, 4, 12).unwrap()),
"23:56:04.012"
);
assert_eq!(
format!("{}", NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(23, 56, 4, 1234).unwrap()),
"23:56:04.001234"
);
assert_eq!(
format!("{}", NaiveTime::from_hms_nano_opt(23, 56, 4, 123456).unwrap()),
"23:56:04.000123456"
);
Leap seconds may also be used.
assert_eq!(
format!("{}", NaiveTime::from_hms_milli_opt(6, 59, 59, 1_500).unwrap()),
"06:59:60.500"
);
impl Display for FixedOffset
impl Display for Utc
impl Display for OutOfRange
impl Display for OutOfRangeError
impl Display for TimeDelta
impl Display for ParseWeekdayError
impl Display for OverflowError
impl Display for StreamCipherError
impl Display for ObjectIdentifier
impl Display for crossbeam_channel::err::RecvError
impl Display for SelectTimeoutError
impl Display for TrySelectError
impl Display for Limb
impl Display for crypto_common::InvalidLength
impl Display for BmpString
impl Display for Ia5String
impl Display for PrintableString
impl Display for TeletexString
impl Display for der::datetime::DateTime
impl Display for der::error::Error
impl Display for Length
impl Display for TagNumber
impl Display for deranged::ParseIntError
impl Display for deranged::TryFromIntError
impl Display for MacError
impl Display for InvalidBufferSize
impl Display for InvalidOutputSize
impl Display for ed25519::Signature
impl Display for elliptic_curve::error::Error
impl Display for futures_channel::mpsc::SendError
impl Display for futures_channel::mpsc::TryRecvError
impl Display for Canceled
impl Display for EnterError
impl Display for SpawnError
impl Display for Aborted
impl Display for getrandom::error::Error
impl Display for GlobError
impl Display for Pattern
Show the original glob pattern.
impl Display for PatternError
impl Display for hkdf::errors::InvalidLength
impl Display for InvalidPrkLength
impl Display for Errors
impl Display for indexmap::TryReserveError
impl Display for IntoArrayError
impl Display for NotEqualError
impl Display for OutIsTooSmallError
impl Display for libsqlite3_sys::error::Error
impl Display for log::ParseLevelError
impl Display for SetLoggerError
impl Display for InstallError
impl Display for miette::eyreish::Report
impl Display for MietteDiagnostic
impl Display for Int
impl Display for minicbor::data::Tag
impl Display for minicbor::data::TryFromIntError
impl Display for UnknownTag
impl Display for minicbor::decode::error::Error
impl Display for EndOfArray
impl Display for EndOfSlice
impl Display for Infix
impl Display for Prefix
impl Display for Suffix
impl Display for num_traits::ParseFloatError
impl Display for Env
impl Display for Resource
impl Display for ResourceName
impl Display for Subject
impl Display for ockam_core::api::Error
impl Display for Id
impl Display for AddressParseError
impl Display for OpenTelemetryContext
impl Display for TransportType
impl Display for AttributesEntry
impl Display for Identity
impl Display for ChangeHistory
impl Display for Attributes
impl Display for ChangeHash
impl Display for Identifier
impl Display for Nonce
impl Display for SecureChannel
impl Display for SecureChannelListener
impl Display for TcpConnection
impl Display for TcpListener
impl Display for HostnamePort
impl Display for TcpInlet
impl Display for Baggage
impl Display for BaggageMetadata
impl Display for Key
impl Display for StringValue
impl Display for SpanId
impl Display for TraceId
impl Display for FloatIsNan
impl Display for regex_automata::dfa::onepass::BuildError
impl Display for regex_automata::error::Error
impl Display for regex_automata::hybrid::error::BuildError
impl Display for CacheError
impl Display for regex_automata::meta::error::BuildError
impl Display for regex_automata::nfa::thompson::error::BuildError
impl Display for GroupInfoError
impl Display for UnicodeWordBoundaryError
impl Display for regex_automata::util::primitives::PatternIDError
impl Display for SmallIndexError
impl Display for regex_automata::util::primitives::StateIDError
impl Display for regex_automata::util::search::MatchError
impl Display for PatternSetInsertError
impl Display for DeserializeError
impl Display for SerializeError
impl Display for regex_syntax::ast::Error
impl Display for regex_syntax::ast::Error
impl Display for regex_syntax::hir::Error
impl Display for regex_syntax::hir::Error
impl Display for regex_syntax::hir::Hir
Print a display representation of this Hir.
The result of this is a valid regular expression pattern string.
This implementation uses constant stack space and heap space proportional
to the size of the Hir
.
impl Display for regex_syntax::hir::Hir
Print a display representation of this Hir.
The result of this is a valid regular expression pattern string.
This implementation uses constant stack space and heap space proportional
to the size of the Hir
.
impl Display for regex_syntax::unicode::CaseFoldError
impl Display for regex_syntax::unicode::CaseFoldError
impl Display for regex_syntax::unicode::UnicodeWordError
impl Display for regex_syntax::unicode::UnicodeWordError
impl Display for regex::regex::bytes::Regex
impl Display for regex::regex::string::Regex
impl Display for KeyRejected
impl Display for Unspecified
impl Display for rustls_pki_types::server_name::AddrParseError
impl Display for InvalidDnsNameError
impl Display for UnsupportedOperationError
impl Display for OtherError
impl Display for serde::de::value::Error
impl Display for serde_bare::error::Error
impl Display for serde_json::error::Error
impl Display for Number
impl Display for RawValue
impl Display for signature::error::Error
impl Display for AnyTypeInfo
impl Display for UnexpectedNullError
impl Display for TimeoutError
impl Display for SqliteError
impl Display for SqliteTypeInfo
impl Display for time::date::Date
impl Display for Duration
The format returned by this implementation is not stable and must not be relied upon.
By default this produces an exact, full-precision printout of the duration.
For a concise, rounded printout instead, you can use the .N
format specifier:
let duration = Duration::new(123456, 789011223);
println!("{duration:.3}");
For the purposes of this implementation, a day is exactly 24 hours and a minute is exactly 60 seconds.
impl Display for ComponentRange
impl Display for ConversionRange
impl Display for DifferentVariant
impl Display for InvalidVariant
impl Display for OffsetDateTime
impl Display for PrimitiveDateTime
impl Display for Time
impl Display for UtcOffset
impl Display for tinyvec::arrayvec::TryFromSliceError
impl Display for SetGlobalDefaultError
impl Display for Field
impl Display for FieldSet
impl Display for tracing_core::metadata::Level
impl Display for tracing_core::metadata::LevelFilter
impl Display for tracing_core::metadata::ParseLevelError
impl Display for ParseLevelFilterError
impl Display for SpanTrace
impl Display for tracing_subscriber::filter::directive::ParseError
impl Display for Directive
impl Display for BadName
impl Display for EnvFilter
impl Display for FromEnvError
impl Display for Targets
impl Display for tracing_subscriber::reload::Error
impl Display for TryInitError
impl Display for universal_hash::Error
impl Display for Url
Display the serialization of this URL.
impl Display for wast::error::Error
impl Display for ContextError
impl Display for BStr
impl Display for Bytes
impl Display for Range
impl Display for Arguments<'_>
impl Display for ockam::compat::fmt::Error
impl Display for dyn Value
impl<'a> Display for Unexpected<'a>
impl<'a> Display for EscapeAscii<'a>
impl<'a> Display for core::str::iter::EscapeDebug<'a>
impl<'a> Display for core::str::iter::EscapeDefault<'a>
impl<'a> Display for core::str::iter::EscapeUnicode<'a>
impl<'a> Display for Ia5StringRef<'a>
impl<'a> Display for PrintableStringRef<'a>
impl<'a> Display for TeletexStringRef<'a>
impl<'a> Display for Utf8StringRef<'a>
impl<'a> Display for VideotexStringRef<'a>
impl<'a> Display for AnsiGenericString<'a, str>
impl<'a> Display for AnsiGenericStrings<'a, str>
impl<'a> Display for CowStr<'a>
impl<'a> Display for PercentEncode<'a>
impl<'a> Display for ValueSet<'a>
impl<'a> Display for dyn Expected + 'a
impl<'a, 'e, E> Display for Base64Display<'a, 'e, E>where
E: Engine,
impl<'a, I> Display for Format<'a, I>
impl<'a, I, B> Display for DelayedFormat<I>
impl<'a, I, F> Display for FormatWith<'a, I, F>
impl<'a, K, V> Display for std::collections::hash::map::OccupiedError<'a, K, V>
impl<'a, K, V, A> Display for alloc::collections::btree::map::entry::OccupiedError<'a, K, V, A>
impl<'a, K, V, S, A> Display for hashbrown::map::OccupiedError<'a, K, V, S, A>
impl<'a, R, G, T> Display for MappedReentrantMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
impl<'a, R, G, T> Display for ReentrantMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for lock_api::mutex::MappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for lock_api::mutex::MutexGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for lock_api::rwlock::MappedRwLockReadGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for lock_api::rwlock::MappedRwLockWriteGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for lock_api::rwlock::RwLockReadGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for RwLockUpgradableReadGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, R, T> Display for lock_api::rwlock::RwLockWriteGuard<'a, R, T>
impl<'a, T> Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::MappedMutexGuard<'a, T>
impl<'a, T> Display for RwLockMappedWriteGuard<'a, T>
impl<'a, T> Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::RwLockReadGuard<'a, T>
impl<'a, T> Display for ockam::compat::tokio::sync::RwLockWriteGuard<'a, T>
impl<'a, T> Display for SpinMutexGuard<'a, T>
impl<'a, T> Display for spin::mutex::MutexGuard<'a, T>
impl<'rwlock, T> Display for spin::rwlock::RwLockReadGuard<'rwlock, T>
impl<'rwlock, T, R> Display for RwLockUpgradableGuard<'rwlock, T, R>
impl<'rwlock, T, R> Display for spin::rwlock::RwLockWriteGuard<'rwlock, T, R>
impl<'s, T> Display for SliceVec<'s, T>where
T: Display,
impl<A> Display for TinyVec<A>
impl<A> Display for ArrayVec<A>
impl<B> Display for Cow<'_, B>
impl<C> Display for ecdsa::Signature<C>
impl<C> Display for NonZeroScalar<C>where
C: CurveArithmetic,
impl<C> Display for ScalarPrimitive<C>where
C: Curve,
impl<E> Display for AllocOrInitError<E>where
E: Display,
impl<E> Display for Err<E>where
E: Debug,
impl<E> Display for ParseNotNanError<E>where
E: Display,
impl<E> Display for ErrMode<E>where
E: Debug,
impl<E> Display for std::error::Report<E>where
E: Error,
impl<E> Display for minicbor::encode::error::Error<E>where
E: Display,
impl<E> Display for TracedError<E>where
E: Error,
impl<E> Display for FormattedFields<E>where
E: ?Sized,
impl<F> Display for FormatterFn<F>
impl<I> Display for ExactlyOneError<I>where
I: Iterator,
impl<I> Display for nom::error::Error<I>where
I: Display,
The Display implementation allows the std::error::Error implementation
impl<I> Display for VerboseError<I>where
I: Display,
impl<I> Display for Decompositions<I>
impl<I> Display for Recompositions<I>
impl<I> Display for Replacements<I>
impl<I> Display for InputError<I>
The Display implementation allows the std::error::Error
implementation