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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Rust (programming language)</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Memory-safe programming language without garbage collection</div>
<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption class="summary">Rust</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Rust programming language black logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/220px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/330px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/440px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="144" /></a><div>Official Rust logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td>Graydon Hoare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="organiser"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">First appeared</th><td>July 7, 2010<span class="noprint">; 9 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-07-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td><div style="margin:0px;">1.42.0<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
/ March 12, 2020<span class="noprint">; 23 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020-03-12</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">Inferred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substructural_type_system#Linear_type_systems" title="Substructural type system">linear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominal_type_system" title="Nominal type system">nominal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Implementation language</th><td>Rust</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a><sup id="cite_ref-RustPlatforms_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RustPlatforms-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EmbeddedFAQ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmbeddedFAQ-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache 2.0</a><sup id="cite_ref-legal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legal-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td>.rs, .rlib</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Website</th><td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rust-lang.org">www<wbr />.rust-lang<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(programming_language)" title="Cyclone (programming language)">Cyclone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rustwiki-noteresearch-typesystem_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rustwiki-noteresearch-typesystem-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rust-if-let_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-if-let-9">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-elmresult_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elmresult-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">Spark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Project Verona<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Rust</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> focused on <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">safety</a>, especially safe <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-16">[16]</a></sup> Rust is <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntactically</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> also providing <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">memory safety</a> without using <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>.
</p><p>Rust was originally designed by Graydon Hoare at <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> Research, with contributions from Dave Herman, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-lamda_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamda-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contributors_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contributors-19">[19]</a></sup> The designers refined the language while writing the <a href="/wiki/Servo_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servo (layout engine)">Servo</a> layout or <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rustinservo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rustinservo-20">[20]</a></sup> and the Rust <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>. The compiler is <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-licensing" title="Multi-licensing">dual-licensed</a> under the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a>.
</p><p>Rust has been the "most loved programming language" in the <a href="/wiki/Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a> Developer Survey every year since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Design"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Design</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Performance_of_idiomatic_Rust"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Performance of idiomatic Rust</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Memory_safety"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Memory safety</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Memory_management"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Memory management</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ownership"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Types_and_polymorphism"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Types and polymorphism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Hello_World"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hello World</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Factorial_function"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Factorial function</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Recursive"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Recursive</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Iterative"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Iterative</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Using_iterators"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Using iterators</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Projects"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Projects</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Web_browser"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Web browser</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Operating_systems"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Operating systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Conferences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Conferences</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/854px--Rust_101.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="5447.921" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Rust_101.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="211440" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="328208" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Rust_101.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="204248" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="118816" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="129832" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="316768" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="159048" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="564024" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Rust 101.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/220px--Rust_101.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Rust_101.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rust_101.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A presentation on Rust by Emily Dunham from <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>'s Rust team (<a href="/wiki/Linux.conf.au" title="Linux.conf.au">linux.conf.au</a> conference, Hobart, 2017).</div></div></div>
<p>Rust is intended to be a language for highly concurrent and highly safe <a href="/wiki/System_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="System programming">systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-infoq2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoq2012-25">[25]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Programming_in_the_large" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming in the large">programming in the large</a></i>, that is, creating and maintaining boundaries that preserve large-system integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> This has led to a feature set with an emphasis on safety, control of <a href="/wiki/Memory_map" title="Memory map">memory layout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Performance_of_idiomatic_Rust">Performance of idiomatic Rust</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance of idiomatic Rust">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Performance of <a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">idiomatic</a> Rust is comparable to the performance of idiomatic C++.<sup id="cite_ref-cpp-design-goals_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpp-design-goals-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-how-fast-is-rust_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The concrete <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> of Rust is similar to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and C++, with blocks of code delimited by <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Curly_brackets" title="Bracket">curly brackets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> keywords such as <code><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">if</a></code>, <code>else</code>, <code>while</code>, and <code>for</code>. Not all C or C++ keywords are implemented, however, and some Rust functions (such as the use of the keyword <code>match</code> for <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>) will be less familiar to those versed in these languages. Despite the superficial resemblance to C and C++, the syntax of Rust in a deeper sense is closer to that of the <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML family</a> of languages and the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell language</a>. Nearly every part of a function body is an <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-grammar_expr_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grammar_expr-29">[29]</a></sup> even control flow operators. For example, the ordinary <code>if</code> expression also takes the place of <a href="/wiki/%3F:" title="?:">C's ternary conditional</a>. A function need not end with a <code>return</code> expression: in this case if the semicolon is omitted, the last expression in the function creates the <a href="/wiki/Return_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Return value">return value</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memory_safety">Memory safety</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memory safety">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rust is designed to be <a href="/wiki/Memory_safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory safe">memory safe</a>, and thus it does not permit <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null pointers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangling_pointer" title="Dangling pointer">dangling pointers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Data_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Data race">data races</a> in safe code.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lwn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Rust_Programming_Language_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rust_Programming_Language-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Rustonomicon_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-33">[33]</a></sup> Data values can only be initialized through a fixed set of forms, all of which require their inputs to be already initialized.<sup id="cite_ref-lang-faq_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-faq-34">[34]</a></sup> To replicate the function in other languages of pointers being either valid or <code>NULL</code>, such as in linked list or <a href="/wiki/Binary_tree" title="Binary tree">binary tree</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>, the Rust core library provides an <a href="/wiki/Option_type" title="Option type">option type</a>, which can be used to test whether a pointer has <code>Some</code> value or <code>None</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-lwn_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-31">[31]</a></sup> Rust also introduces added syntax to manage <a href="/wiki/Object_lifetime" title="Object lifetime">lifetimes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> reasons about these through its <i>borrow checker</i>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memory_management">Memory management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Memory management">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rust does not use an <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#AUTOMATIC" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">automated garbage collection</a> system like those used by <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>. Instead, memory and other resources are managed through the <i><a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">resource acquisition is initialization</a></i> (RAII) convention, with optional <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>. Rust provides deterministic management of resources, with very low <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(computing)" title="Overhead (computing)">overhead</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rust also favors <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack allocation</a> of values and does not perform implicit <a href="/wiki/Object_type_(object-oriented_programming)#Boxing" title="Object type (object-oriented programming)">boxing</a>.
</p><p>There is also a concept of references (using the <code>&</code> symbol), which do not involve run-time reference counting. The safety of using such pointers is verified at compile time by the borrow checker, preventing dangling pointers and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior">undefined behavior</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ownership">Ownership</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ownership">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rust has an ownership system where all values have a unique owner, and the scope of the value is the same as the scope of the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-RustBook_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RustBook-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Values can be passed by immutable reference, using <code>&T</code>, by mutable reference, using <code>&mut T</code>, or by value, using <code>T</code>. At all times, there can either be multiple immutable references or one mutable reference (an implicit <a href="/wiki/Readers-writer_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Readers-writer lock">readers-writer lock</a>). The Rust compiler enforces these rules at compile time and also checks that all references are valid.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_and_polymorphism">Types and polymorphism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types and polymorphism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> supports a mechanism similar to <a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a>, called "<a href="/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)" title="Trait (computer programming)">traits</a>", inspired directly by the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell language</a>. This is a facility for <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_polymorphism" title="Ad hoc polymorphism">ad hoc polymorphism</a>, achieved by adding constraints to type variable declarations. Other features from Haskell, such as <a href="/wiki/Type_class#Higher-kinded_polymorphism" title="Type class">higher-kinded polymorphism</a>, are not yet supported.
</p><p>Rust features <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a>, for variables declared with the <a href="/wiki/Reserved_word" title="Reserved word">keyword</a> <code>let</code>. Such variables do not require a value to be initially assigned to determine their type. A <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile-time</a> error results if any branch of code fails to assign a value to the variable.<sup id="cite_ref-type-inference_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-type-inference-37">[37]</a></sup> Variables assigned multiple times must be marked with the keyword <code>mut</code>.
</p><p>Functions can be given <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameters</a>, which usually require the generic type to implement a certain trait or traits. Within such a function, the generic value can only be used through those traits. This means that a generic function can be type-checked as soon as it is defined. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Template_(C%2B%2B)" title="Template (C++)">C++ templates</a>, which are fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typed</a> and cannot be checked until instantiated with concrete types. C++ <a href="/wiki/Concepts_(C%2B%2B)" title="Concepts (C++)">concepts</a> address the same issue and are expected to be part of <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a> (2020).
</p><p>However, the <i>implementation</i> of Rust generics is similar to the typical implementation of C++ templates: a separate copy of the code is generated for each instantiation. This is called monomorphization and contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Type_erasure" title="Type erasure">type erasure</a> scheme typically used in Java and Haskell. The benefit of monomorphization is optimized code for each specific use case; the drawback is increased compile time and size of the resulting binaries.
</p><p>The object system within Rust is based around implementations, <a href="/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)" title="Trait (computer programming)">traits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Struct_(C_programming_language)" title="Struct (C programming language)">structured types</a>. Implementations fulfill a role similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> within other languages and are defined with the keyword <code>impl</code>. <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">Inheritance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a> are provided by traits; they allow <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">methods</a> to be defined and <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">mixed in</a> to implementations. Structured types are used to define fields. Implementations and traits cannot define fields themselves, and only traits can provide inheritance. Among other benefits, this prevents the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond problem">diamond problem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a>, as in C++. In other words, Rust supports interface inheritance, but replaces implementation inheritance with <a href="/wiki/Object_composition" title="Object composition">composition</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance" title="Composition over inheritance">composition over inheritance</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg" class="image"><img alt="A bright orange crab icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/220px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/330px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/440px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rust users refer to themselves as Rustaceans and use Ferris as their mascot</div></div></div>
<p>The language grew out of a personal project begun in 2006 by Mozilla employee Graydon Hoare,<sup id="cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-16">[16]</a></sup> who stated that the project was possibly named after the <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust family of fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-name_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-name-38">[38]</a></sup> Mozilla began sponsoring the project in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-16">[16]</a></sup> and announced it in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-future-tense_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-tense-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> The same year, work shifted from the initial <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> (written in <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosting compiler</a> written in Rust.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-in-rust_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-in-rust-41">[41]</a></sup> Named <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">rustc</span>, it successfully <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(compilers)" title="Bootstrapping (compilers)">compiled itself</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-compiles-rust_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-compiles-rust-42">[42]</a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"/><span class="monospaced">rustc</span> uses <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">back end</a>.
</p><p>The first numbered <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Pre-alpha" title="Software release life cycle">pre-alpha release</a> of the Rust compiler occurred in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-rustc-0.1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rustc-0.1-43">[43]</a></sup> Rust 1.0, the first stable release, was released on May 15, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Version_history_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Version_history-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Following 1.0, stable point releases are delivered every six weeks, while features are developed in nightly Rust and then tested with alpha and beta releases that last six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheduling_the_Trains_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheduling_the_Trains-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Along with conventional <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static typing</a>, before version 0.4, Rust also supported <a href="/wiki/Typestate_analysis" title="Typestate analysis">typestates</a>. The typestate system modeled assertions before and after program statements, through use of a special <code>check</code> statement. Discrepancies could be discovered at compile time, rather than when a program was running, as might be the case with <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (computing)">assertions</a> in C or C++ code. The typestate concept was not unique to Rust, as it was first introduced in the language <a href="/wiki/NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)">NIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-typestate_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-typestate-47">[47]</a></sup> Typestates were removed because in practice they were little used, though the same function can still be achieved with a <i>branding pattern</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brand-pattern_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brand-pattern-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The style of the object system changed considerably within versions 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 of Rust. Version 0.2 introduced classes for the first time, with version 0.3 adding several features, including destructors and polymorphism through the use of interfaces. In Rust 0.4, traits were added as a means to provide inheritance; interfaces were unified with traits and removed as a separate feature. Classes were also removed, replaced by a combination of implementations and structured types.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Starting in Rust 0.9 and ending in Rust 0.11, Rust had two built-in pointer types: <code>~</code> and <code>@</code>, simplifying the core memory model. It reimplemented those pointer types in the standard library as <code>Box</code> and (the now removed) <code>Gc</code>.
</p><p>In January 2014, before the first stable release, Rust 1.0, the editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Dr_Dobb%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Dobb's">Dr Dobb's</a></i>, Andrew Binstock, commented on Rust's chances to become a competitor to C++ and to the other upcoming languages <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> (then Nimrod). According to Binstock, while Rust was "widely viewed as a remarkably elegant language", adoption slowed because it changed repeatedly between versions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rust was the third-most-loved programming language in the 2015 Stack Overflow annual survey<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> and took first place for 2016–2019.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>The language is referenced in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mozilla#The_Book_of_Mozilla,_11:14" title="The Book of Mozilla">The Book of Mozilla</a></i> as "oxidised metal".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hello_World">Hello World</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hello World">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3><p>
Here is a simple <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> written in Rust. The <code>println!</code> <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> prints the message to <a href="/wiki/Standard_output" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard output">standard output</a>.</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello World!"</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Factorial_function">Factorial function</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Factorial function">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Recursive">Recursive</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recursive">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span>: <span class="kt">u64</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="kt">u64</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Iterative">Iterative</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iterative">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span>: <span class="kt">u64</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="kt">u64</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Using_iterators">Using iterators</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Using iterators">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span>: <span class="kt">u64</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="kt">u64</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">product</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="c1">//</span>
</pre></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Projects">Projects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Projects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_programmed_in_Rust" title="Category:Software programmed in Rust">Category:Software programmed in Rust</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Web_browser">Web browser</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Web browser">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a> and several related components are being written in Rust, including:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servo_(software)" title="Servo (software)">Servo</a> – Mozilla's <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a> web-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> developed in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum (software)">Quantum</a> – a project, composed of several sub-projects, to improve the <a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a> web-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, developed by Mozilla<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operating systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Many <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (OS) and related components are being written in Rust. As of January 2019, the OSes included: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BlogOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BlogOS (page does not exist)">BlogOS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IntermezzOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IntermezzOS (page does not exist)">intermezzOS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=QuiltOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QuiltOS (page does not exist)">QuiltOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RustOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RustOS (page does not exist)">RustOS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rux_(operating_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rux (operating system) (page does not exist)">Rux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefflin_(operating_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefflin (operating system) (page does not exist)">Tefflin</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tock_(operating_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tock (operating system) (page does not exist)">Tock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Wikipedia articles exist on:
</p>
<ul><li>Magic Pocket – <a href="/wiki/Dropbox_(service)" title="Dropbox (service)">Dropbox</a>'s <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> that powers their Diskotech <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" title="Petabyte">petabyte</a> storage machines<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stratis_(configuration_daemon)" title="Stratis (configuration daemon)">Stratis</a> – a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> and RHEL 8<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
<li>Railcar – a <a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-level virtualisation">container runtime</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a><sup id="cite_ref-railcar_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railcar-65">[65]</a></sup></li>
<li>Firecracker – secure and fast microVMs for <a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">serverless computing</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exa_(command-line_utility)" title="Exa (command-line utility)">exa</a> – a "modern replacement for <a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> IoT Edge – a platform used to run Azure services and artificial intelligence on IoT devices has components implemented in Rust<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenDNS" title="OpenDNS">OpenDNS</a> – used in two of its components<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Anonymity_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymity network">anonymity network</a>, written in C originally, is experimenting with porting to Rust for its security features<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tor_port_Rust_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tor_port_Rust-72">[72]</a></sup></li>
<li>TiKV – a distributed key-value database first developed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pingcap.com/">PingCAP</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Native_Computing_Foundation" title="Cloud Native Computing Foundation">Cloud Native Computing Foundation</a> member project<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wargroove" title="Wargroove">Wargroove</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Chucklefish" title="Chucklefish">Chucklefish</a> that uses Rust for its server software<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></li>
<li>Xi – a <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Raph_Levien" title="Raph Levien">Raph Levien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> used within the <a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia operating system</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a> – a secure runtime for <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a> built with <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a>, Rust, and Tokio<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkerd.io/2/overview/">Linkerd 2.x</a> ('service mesh', tool for micro-service monitoring) is largely written in Rust<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>, <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terminusdb.com/">TerminusDB</a> Data structure design and layout. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/terminusdb/terminus-server/blob/dev/docs/whitepaper/terminusdb.pdf">terminus-store</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conferences">Conferences</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conferences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>RustConf – an annual conference in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>. Held since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></li>
<li>Rust Belt Rust – a #rustlang conference in the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup>
<ul><li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a></li>
<li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a></li>
<li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li>
<li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania</li></ul></li>
<li>RustFest – Europe's @rustlang conference<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
<ul><li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</li>
<li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li>
<li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li>
<li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland</li>
<li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (<span lang="uk" title="Ukrainian language text">Київ</span>), Ukraine</li>
<li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li></ul></li>
<li>RustCon Asia
<ul><li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li>Rust LATAM
<ul><li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay</li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Rust Release Team (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2020/03/12/Rust-1.42.html">"Announcing Rust 1.42.0"</a>. <i>The Rust Programming Language Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language+Blog&rft.atitle=Announcing+Rust+1.42.0&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.au=The+Rust+Release+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2020%2F03%2F12%2FRust-1.42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-influences-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html">"The Rust Reference: Appendix: Influences"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Rust is not a particularly original language, with design elements coming from a wide range of sources. Some of these are listed below (including elements that have since been removed): SML, OCaml [...] C++ [...] ML Kit, Cyclone [...] Haskell [...] Newsqueak, Alef, Limbo [...] Erlang [...] Ruby [...] Swift [...] Scheme [...] C# [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Reference%3A+Appendix%3A+Influences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Finfluences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jaloyan, Georges-Axel (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.07047">"Safe Pointers in SPARK 2014"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Safe+Pointers+in+SPARK+2014&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Jaloyan&rft.aufirst=Georges-Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F1710.07047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lattner, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre/">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. <i>Nondot.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nondot.org&rft.atitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hoare, Graydon (2016-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graydon2.dreamwidth.org/247406.html">"Rust is mostly safety"</a>. <i>Graydon2</i>. Dreamwidth Studios<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graydon2&rft.atitle=Rust+is+mostly+safety&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Graydon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraydon2.dreamwidth.org%2F247406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rustinservo-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rustinservo_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bright, Peter (2013-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/04/samsung-teams-up-with-mozilla-to-build-browser-engine-for-multicore-machines/">"Samsung teams up with Mozilla to build browser engine for multicore machines"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Samsung+teams+up+with+Mozilla+to+build+browser+engine+for+multicore+machines&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2013%2F04%2Fsamsung-teams-up-with-mozilla-to-build-browser-engine-for-multicore-machines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/insights/survey/2016#technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2016 Results"</a>. <i>Stack Overflow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2016+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstackoverflow.com%2Finsights%2Fsurvey%2F2016%23technology-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2018/#most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2018"</a>. <i>Stack Overflow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.stackoverflow.com%2Fsurvey%2F2018%2F%23most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#technology-_-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019"</a>. <i>Stack Overflow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.stackoverflow.com%2Fsurvey%2F2019%23technology-_-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-infoq2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infoq2012_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Avram, Abel (2012-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/news/2012/08/Interview-Rust">"Interview on Rust, a Systems Programming Language Developed by Mozilla"</a>. InfoQ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-17</span></span>. <q><i>GH:</i> A lot of obvious good ideas, known and loved in other languages, haven't made it into widely used systems languages ... There were a lot of good competitors in the late 1970s and early 1980s in that space, and I wanted to revive some of their ideas and give them another go, on the theory that circumstances have changed: the internet is highly concurrent and highly security-conscious, so the design-tradeoffs that always favor C and C++ (for example) have been shifting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+on+Rust%2C+a+Systems+Programming+Language+Developed+by+Mozilla&rft.pub=InfoQ&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft.aulast=Avram&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F08%2FInterview-Rust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/sid/main/rustc">"Debian package description: rustc"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+package+description%3A+rustc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackages.debian.org%2Fsid%2Fmain%2Frustc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cpp-design-goals-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpp-design-goals_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walton, Patrick (2010-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcwalton.blogspot.com/2010/12/c-design-goals-in-context-of-rust.html">"C++ Design Goals in the Context of Rust"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-21</span></span>. <q>It's impossible to be 'as fast as C' in all cases while remaining safe ... <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> allows all sorts of low-level tricks, mostly involving circumventing the type system, that offer practically unlimited avenues for optimization. In practice, though, C++ programmers restrict themselves to a few tools for the vast majority of the code they write, including stack-allocated variables owned by one function and passed by alias, uniquely owned objects (often used with <code>auto_ptr</code> or the C++0x <code>unique_ptr</code>), and reference counting via <code>shared_ptr</code> or COM. One of the goals of Rust's type system is to support these patterns exactly as C++ does, but to enforce their safe usage. In this way, the goal is to be competitive with the vast majority of idiomatic C++ in performance, while remaining memory-safe ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Design+Goals+in+the+Context+of+Rust&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcwalton.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fc-design-goals-in-context-of-rust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-how-fast-is-rust_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.0.0/complement-lang-faq.html#how-fast-is-rust?">"How Fast Is Rust?"</a>. <i>The Rust Programming Language FAQ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language+FAQ&rft.atitle=How+Fast+Is+Rust%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2F1.0.0%2Fcomplement-lang-faq.html%23how-fast-is-rust%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-grammar_expr-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grammar_expr_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/5b13bff5203c1bdc6ac6dc87f69b5359a9503078/src/grammar/parser-lalr.y#L1309-L1573">"rust/src/grammar/parser-lalr.y"</a>. 2017-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=rust%2Fsrc%2Fgrammar%2Fparser-lalr.y&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frust%2Fblob%2F5b13bff5203c1bdc6ac6dc87f69b5359a9503078%2Fsrc%2Fgrammar%2Fparser-lalr.y%23L1309-L1573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cnet-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnet_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rosenblatt, Seth (2013-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-3514_7-57577639/samsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust/">"Samsung joins Mozilla's quest for Rust"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-05</span></span>. <q>[Brendan Eich] noted that every year browsers fall victim to hacking in the annual Pwn2Own contest at the CanSecWest conference. "There's no free memory reads" in Rust, he said, but there are in C++. Those problems "lead to a lot of browser vulnerabilities" and would be solved by Rust, which is a self-compiling language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsung+joins+Mozilla%27s+quest+for+Rust&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freviews.cnet.com%2F8301-3514_7-57577639%2Fsamsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lwn-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lwn_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lwn_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brown, Neil (2013-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/547145/">"A taste of Rust"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-25</span></span>. <q>... Other more complex data structures could clearly be implemented to allow greater levels of sharing, while making sure the interface is composed only of owned and managed references, and thus is safe from unplanned concurrent access and from dangling pointer errors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+taste+of+Rust&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F547145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Rust_Programming_Language-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Rust_Programming_Language_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/first-edition/unsafe.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>unsafe' – The Rust Programming Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27unsafe%27+%E2%80%93+The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fbook%2Ffirst-edition%2Funsafe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Rustonomicon_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/races.html">"Data Races and Race Conditions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Races+and+Race+Conditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fnomicon%2Fraces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lang-faq-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lang-faq_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420104147/http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/complement-lang-faq.html">"The Rust Language FAQ"</a>. <i>static.rust-lang.org</i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/complement-lang-faq.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=static.rust-lang.org&rft.atitle=The+Rust+Language+FAQ&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.rust-lang.org%2Fdoc%2Fmaster%2Fcomplement-lang-faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RustBook-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RustBook_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (June 2018). "Chapter 4: Understanding Ownership". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nostarch.com/rust"><i>The Rust Programming Language</i></a>. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-593-27828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-593-27828-1"><bdi>978-1-593-27828-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Understanding+Ownership&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2018-06&rft.isbn=978-1-593-27828-1&rft.aulast=Klabnik&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnostarch.com%2Frust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html">"The Rust Programming Language: What is Ownership"</a>. <i>Rust-lang.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust-lang.org&rft.atitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language%3A+What+is+Ownership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fbook%2Fch04-01-what-is-ownership.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-type-inference-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-type-inference_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walton, Patrick (2010-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcwalton.blogspot.com/2010/10/rust-features-i-type-inference.html">"Rust Features I: Type Inference"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rust+Features+I%3A+Type+Inference&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcwalton.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F10%2Frust-features-i-type-inference.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rustc-0.1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rustc-0.1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">catamorphism (2012-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/opgxd/mozilla_and_the_rust_community_release_rust_01_a/">"Mozilla and the Rust community release Rust 0.1 (a strongly-typed systems programming language with a focus on memory safety and concurrency)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozilla+and+the+Rust+community+release+Rust+0.1+%28a+strongly-typed+systems+programming+language+with+a+focus+on+memory+safety+and+concurrency%29&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.au=catamorphism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Fprogramming%2Fcomments%2Fopgxd%2Fmozilla_and_the_rust_community_release_rust_01_a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Rust Core Team (May 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html">"Announcing Rust 1.0"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+Rust+1.0&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.au=The+Rust+Core+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2015%2F05%2F15%2FRust-1.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Levien, Raph (2018-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recurse.com/events/localhost-raph-levien">"Xi: an editor for the next 20 years"</a>. Recurse Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xi%3A+an+editor+for+the+next+20+years&rft.pub=Recurse+Center&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=Levien&rft.aufirst=Raph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recurse.com%2Fevents%2Flocalhost-raph-levien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Garbutt, James (27 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://43081j.com/2019/01/first-look-at-deno">"First thoughts on Deno, the JavaScript/TypeScript run-time"</a>. <i>43081j.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=43081j.com&rft.atitle=First+thoughts+on+Deno%2C+the+JavaScript%2FTypeScript+run-time&rft.date=2019-01-27&rft.aulast=Garbutt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F43081j.com%2F2019%2F01%2Ffirst-look-at-deno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Morgan, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/articles/linkerd-v2-production-adoption/">"Linkerd v2: How Lessons from Production Adoption Resulted in a Rewrite of the Service Mesh"</a>. <i>InfoQ: Software Development News, Videos & Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ%3A+Software+Development+News%2C+Videos+%26+Books&rft.atitle=Linkerd+v2%3A+How+Lessons+from+Production+Adoption+Resulted+in+a+Rewrite+of+the+Service+Mesh&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Farticles%2Flinkerd-v2-production-adoption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkerd.io/2/overview/">"Linkerd Overview"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linkerd+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkerd.io%2F2%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rustconf.com/">"RustConf"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RustConf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frustconf.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rust-belt-rust.com/"><i>Rust Belt Rust</i></a>. Dayton, Ohio. 2019-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rust+Belt+Rust&rft.place=Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frust-belt-rust.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.rustfest.eu/past_events/"><i>RustFest</i></a>. Barcelona, Spain: asquera Event UG. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=RustFest&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=asquera+Event+UG&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rustfest.eu%2Fpast_events%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rustcon.asia/">"RustCon Asia 2019 – Beijing"</a>. <i>rustcon.asia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rustcon.asia&rft.atitle=RustCon+Asia+2019+%E2%80%93+Beijing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frustcon.asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mozilla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mozilla" title="Template:Mozilla"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mozilla" title="Template talk:Mozilla"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mozilla&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mozilla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Projects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br />Labs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla">Bugzilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ChatZilla" title="ChatZilla">ChatZilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolysis Project">Electrolysis Project</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_(Firefox_project)" title="Jetpack (Firefox project)">Jetpack</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(software)" title="Lightning (software)">Lightning</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Persona" title="Mozilla Persona">Persona</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Prism" title="Mozilla Prism">Prism</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Raindrop" title="Mozilla Raindrop">Raindrop</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Skywriter" title="Mozilla Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Sunbird" title="Mozilla Sunbird">Sunbird</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF.js" title="PDF.js">PDF.js</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Sync" title="Firefox Sync">Sync</a></li>
<li><i>Tinderbox</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(Firefox)" title="Ubiquity (Firefox)">Ubiquity</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br />Research</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenFlint" title="OpenFlint">OpenFlint</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Open Media</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Servo_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servo (layout engine)">Servo</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shumway_(software)" title="Shumway (software)">Shumway</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WebVR" title="WebVR">WebVR</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla<br />Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Location_Service" title="Mozilla Location Service">Mozilla Location Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Firefox</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Browser</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox 1">1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox 1.5">1.5</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_2" title="Firefox 2">2</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox 3">3</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_3.5" title="Firefox 3.5">3.5</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_3.6" title="Firefox 3.6">3.6</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_4" title="Firefox 4">4</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Firefox#Rapid_release" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Firefox">5–current</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Firefox#Future_releases" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Firefox">Future releases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_for_Android" title="Firefox for Android">for Android</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefox_Preview&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firefox Preview (page does not exist)">Preview</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_for_iOS" title="Firefox for iOS">for iOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Focus" title="Firefox Focus">Focus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lockwise" title="Firefox Lockwise">Firefox Lockwise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Monitor" title="Firefox Monitor">Firefox Monitor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Send" title="Firefox Send">Firefox Send</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IRL_-_Online_Life_is_Real_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="IRL - Online Life is Real Life">IRL - Online Life is Real Life</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla Application Suite</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communicator" title="Netscape Communicator">Netscape Communicator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape Communications</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex Communicator</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forks</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNewSense#Comparison_with_other_distributions" title="GNewSense">BurningDog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goanna_(software)" title="Goanna (software)">Goanna</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian#Iceape" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Iceape</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian#Icedove" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Icedove</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian#Iceowl" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Iceowl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miro_(software)" title="Miro (software)">Miro</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator_9" title="Netscape Navigator 9">Netscape 9</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">Pale Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Portable" title="Firefox Portable">Portable Edition</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)#UXP" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">UXP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB Browser</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Add-on_(Mozilla)" title="Add-on (Mozilla)">Add-on</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_application_framework" title="Mozilla application framework">Necko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">NPAPI</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/XPCOM" title="XPCOM">XPCOM</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/XPInstall" title="XPInstall">XPInstall</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/XULRunner" title="XULRunner">XULRunner</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Composer" title="Mozilla Composer">Composer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Portable_Runtime" title="Netscape Portable Runtime">NSPR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">SpiderMonkey</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamarin_(software)" title="Tamarin (software)">Tamarin</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fira_Sans" title="Fira Sans">Fira Sans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zilla_Slab" title="Zilla Slab">Zilla Slab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Calendar_Project" title="Mozilla Calendar Project">Calendar Project</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox Home">Firefox Home</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Grendel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Grendel">Grendel</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Discontinued projects are in <i>italics</i>. Some projects abandoned by Mozilla that are still maintained by third parties are in <b>bold</b>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organization</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Former <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Organization">Mozilla Organization</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation" title="Mozilla Corporation">Mozilla Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Messaging" title="Mozilla Messaging">Mozilla Messaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation#Mozilla_Online" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Online</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_China" title="Mozilla China">Mozilla China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Europe" title="Mozilla Europe">Mozilla Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Japan" title="Mozilla Japan">Mozilla Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Taiwan" title="Mozilla Taiwan">Mozilla Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Barron" title="David W. Barron">David W. Barron</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheeri_Cabral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheeri Cabral (page does not exist)">Sheeri Cabral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tantek_%C3%87elik" title="Tantek Çelik">Tantek Çelik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hammink" title="John Hammink">John Hammink</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_O%27Callahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert O'Callahan (page does not exist)">Robert O'Callahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Stenb%C3%A4ck" title="Johnny Stenbäck">Johnny Stenbäck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Turner_(Mozilla)" title="Doug Turner (Mozilla)">Doug Turner</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Zbarsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Zbarsky (page does not exist)">Boris Zbarsky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Community" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozdev.org" title="Mozdev.org">mozdev.org</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Add-ons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Add-ons">Mozilla Add-ons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDN_Web_Docs" title="MDN Web Docs">MDN Web Docs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MozillaZine" title="MozillaZine">MozillaZine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox#Promotion" title="Firefox">Spread Firefox</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mozilla" title="The Book of Mozilla">The Book of Mozilla</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Rush" title="Code Rush">Code Rush</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_localizations" title="Mozilla localizations">Localizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_(mascot)" title="Mozilla (mascot)">Mascot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Rebranding / forking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Voice" title="Common Voice">Common Voice</a></li></ul>
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