Crate nc

source
Expand description

Execute system call directly without std or libc.

§Usage

Add this to Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
nc = "0.9"

§Examples

Get file stat:

let mut statbuf = nc::stat_t::default();
let filepath = "/etc/passwd";
#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
let ret = {
    #[cfg(not(any(
        target_arch = "aarch64",
        target_arch = "loongarch64",
        target_arch = "riscv64"
    )))]
    unsafe {
        nc::stat(filepath, &mut statbuf)
    }

    #[cfg(any(
        target_arch = "aarch64",
        target_arch = "loongarch64",
        target_arch = "riscv64"
    ))]
    unsafe {
        nc::fstatat(nc::AT_FDCWD, filepath, &mut statbuf, 0)
    }
};
#[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "freebsd"))]
let ret = unsafe { nc::fstatat(nc::AT_FDCWD, filepath, &mut statbuf, 0) };
match ret {
    Ok(_) => println!("s: {:?}", statbuf),
    Err(errno) => eprintln!("Failed to get file status, got errno: {}", errno),
}

Fork process:

let pid = unsafe { nc::fork() };
match pid {
    Err(errno) => eprintln!("Failed to call fork(), err: {}", nc::strerror(errno)),
    Ok(0) => {
        // Child process
        println!("[child] pid: {}", unsafe { nc::getpid() });
        let args = ["ls", "-l", "-a"];
        let env = ["DISPLAY=wayland"];
        let ret = unsafe { nc::execve("/bin/ls", &args, &env) };
        assert!(ret.is_ok());
    }
    Ok(child_pid) => {
        // Parent process
        println!("[main] child pid is: {child_pid}");
    }
}

Kill init process:

let ret = unsafe { nc::kill(1, nc::SIGTERM) };
assert_eq!(ret, Err(nc::EPERM));

Or handle signals:

fn handle_alarm(signum: i32) {
    assert_eq!(signum, nc::SIGALRM);
}

fn main() {
    let sa = nc::sigaction_t {
        sa_handler: handle_alarm as nc::sighandler_t,
        #[cfg(not(nc_has_sa_restorer))]
        sa_flags: nc::SA_RESTART,
        #[cfg(nc_has_sa_restorer)]
        sa_flags: nc::SA_RESTORER | nc::SA_RESTART,
        #[cfg(nc_has_sa_restorer)]
        sa_restorer: nc::restore::get_sa_restorer(),
        ..nc::sigaction_t::default()
    };
    let ret = unsafe { nc::rt_sigaction(nc::SIGALRM, Some(&sa), None) };
    assert!(ret.is_ok());
    let remaining = unsafe { nc::alarm(1) };
    let mask = nc::sigset_t::default();
    let ret = unsafe { nc::rt_sigsuspend(&mask) };
    assert!(ret.is_err());
    assert_eq!(ret, Err(nc::EINTR));
    assert_eq!(remaining, Ok(0));
}

Or get system info:

pub fn cstr_to_str(input: &[u8]) -> &str {
    let nul_index = input.iter().position(|&b| b == 0).unwrap_or(input.len());
    std::str::from_utf8(&input[0..nul_index]).unwrap()
}

fn main() {
    let mut uts = nc::utsname_t::default();
    let ret = unsafe { nc::uname(&mut uts) };
    assert!(ret.is_ok());

    let mut result = Vec::new();

    result.push(cstr_to_str(&uts.sysname));
    result.push(cstr_to_str(&uts.nodename));
    result.push(cstr_to_str(&uts.release));
    result.push(cstr_to_str(&uts.version));
    result.push(cstr_to_str(&uts.machine));
    let domain_name = cstr_to_str(&uts.domainname);
    if domain_name != "(none)" {
        result.push(domain_name);
    }

    let result = result.join(" ");
    println!("{}", result);
}

§Supported Operating Systems and Architectures

  • linux
    • aarch64
    • arm
    • loongarch64
    • mips
    • mips64
    • mips64el
    • mipsel
    • powerpc64
    • powerpc64le
    • riscv64
    • s390x
    • x86
    • x86-64
  • android
    • aarch64
  • freebsd
    • x86-64
  • netbsd
    • x86-64
  • mac os
    • x86-64

Re-exports§

Modules§

Constants§

Functions§

  • _sysctl⚠
    Read/write system parameters.
  • accept⚠
    Accept a connection on a socket.
  • accept4⚠
    Accept a connection on a socket.
  • access⚠
    Check user’s permission for a file.
  • acct⚠
    Switch process accounting.
  • add_key⚠
    Add a key to the kernel’s key management facility.
  • adjtimex⚠
    Tune kernel clock. Returns clock state on success.
  • alarm⚠
    Set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal.
  • arch_prctl⚠
    Set architecture-specific thread state.
  • bind⚠
    Bind a name to a socket.
  • bpf⚠
    Perform a command on an extended BPF map or program
  • brk⚠
    Change data segment size.
  • cachestat⚠
    cachestat() returns the page cache statistics of a file in the bytes range specified by off and len.
  • capget⚠
    Get capabilities of thread.
  • capset⚠
    Set capabilities of thread.
  • chdir⚠
    Change working directory.
  • chmod⚠
    Change permissions of a file.
  • chown⚠
    Change ownership of a file.
  • chroot⚠
    Change the root directory.
  • clock_adjtime⚠
    Tune kernel clock.
  • clock_getres⚠
    Get resolution(precision) of the specific clock.
  • clock_gettime⚠
    Get time of specific clock.
  • clock_nanosleep⚠
    High resolution sleep with a specific clock.
  • clock_settime⚠
    Set time of specific clock.
  • clone⚠
    Create a child process.
  • clone3⚠
    New api to create child process.
  • close⚠
    Close a file descriptor.
  • close_range⚠
    Close all file descriptors in a given range
  • connect⚠
    Initialize a connection on a socket.
  • copy_file_range⚠
    Copy a range of data from one file to another.
  • creat⚠
    Create a file.
  • delete_module⚠
    Unlock a kernel module.
  • dup⚠
    Create a copy of the file descriptor oldfd, using the lowest available file descriptor.
  • dup2⚠
    Create a copy of the file descriptor oldfd, using the speficified file descriptor newfd.
  • dup3⚠
    Save as dup2(), but can set the close-on-exec flag on newfd.
  • epoll_create⚠
    Open an epoll file descriptor.
  • epoll_create1⚠
    Open an epoll file descriptor.
  • epoll_ctl⚠
    Control interface for an epoll file descriptor.
  • epoll_pwait⚠
    Wait for an I/O event on an epoll file descriptor.
  • epoll_pwait2⚠
    Wait for an I/O event on an epoll file descriptor.
  • epoll_wait⚠
    Wait for an I/O event on an epoll file descriptor.
  • eventfd⚠
    Create a file descriptor for event notification.
  • eventfd2⚠
    Create a file descriptor for event notification.
  • execve⚠
    Execute a new program.
  • execveat⚠
    Execute a new program relative to a directory file descriptor.
  • exit⚠
    Terminate current process.
  • exit_group⚠
    Exit all threads in a process’s thread group.
  • faccessat⚠
    Check user’s permission for a file.
  • faccessat2⚠
    Check user’s permission for a file.
  • fadvise64⚠
    Predeclare an access pattern for file data.
  • fallocate⚠
    Manipulate file space.
  • fanotify_init⚠
    Create and initialize fanotify group.
  • fanotify_mark⚠
    Add, remove, or modify an fanotify mark on a filesystem object
  • fchdir⚠
    Change working directory.
  • fchmod⚠
    Change permissions of a file.
  • fchmodat⚠
    Change permissions of a file.
  • fchmodat2⚠
    Change permissions of a file.
  • fchown⚠
    Change ownership of a file.
  • fchownat⚠
    Change ownership of a file.
  • fcntl⚠
    manipulate file descriptor.
  • fdatasync⚠
    Flush all modified in-core data (exclude metadata) refered by fd to disk.
  • fgetxattr⚠
    Get extended attribute value.
  • finit_module⚠
    Load a kernel module.
  • flistxattr⚠
    List extended attribute names.
  • flock⚠
    Apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file.
  • fork⚠
    Create a child process.
  • fremovexattr⚠
    Remove an extended attribute.
  • fsconfig⚠
    Set parameters and trigger actions on a context.
  • fsetxattr⚠
    Set extended attribute value.
  • fsmount⚠
    Create a kernel mount representation for a new, prepared superblock.
  • fsopen⚠
    Open a filesystem by name so that it can be configured for mounting.
  • fspick⚠
    Pick a superblock into a context for reconfiguration.
  • fstat⚠
    Get file status about a file descriptor.
  • fstatfs⚠
    Get filesystem statistics.
  • fsync⚠
    Flush all modified in-core data refered by fd to disk.
  • ftruncate⚠
    Truncate an opened file to a specified length.
  • futex⚠
    Fast user-space locking.
  • futex_requeue⚠
    Requeue a waiter from one futex to another.
  • futex_wait⚠
    Wait on a futex.
  • futex_waitv⚠
    Wait on a list of futexes.
  • futex_wake⚠
    Wake a number of futexes.
  • futimesat⚠
    Change timestamp of a file relative to a directory file discriptor.
  • get_mempolicy⚠
    Retrieve NUMA memory policy for a thread
  • get_robust_list⚠
    Get the robust-futex list head of a task.
  • get_thread_area⚠
    Get thread-local storage information.
  • getcpu⚠
    Determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running.
  • getcwd⚠
    Get current working directory.
  • getdents⚠
    Get directory entries.
  • getdents64⚠
    Get directory entries.
  • getegid⚠
    Get the effective group ID of the calling process.
  • geteuid⚠
    Get the effective user ID of the calling process.
  • getgid⚠
    Get the real group ID of the calling process.
  • getgroups⚠
    Get list of supplementary group Ids.
  • getitimer⚠
    Get value of an interval timer.
  • getpeername⚠
    Get name of connected peer socket.
  • getpgid⚠
    Returns the PGID(process group ID) of the process specified by pid.
  • getpgrp⚠
    Get the process group ID of the calling process.
  • getpid⚠
    Get the process ID (PID) of the calling process.
  • getppid⚠
    Get the process ID of the parent of the calling process.
  • getpriority⚠
    Get program scheduling priority.
  • getrandom⚠
    Obtain a series of random bytes.
  • getresgid⚠
    Get real, effect and saved group ID.
  • getresuid⚠
    Get real, effect and saved user ID.
  • getrlimit⚠
    Get resource limit.
  • getrusage⚠
    Get resource usage.
  • getsid⚠
    Get session Id.
  • getsockname⚠
    Get current address to which the socket sockfd is bound.
  • getsockopt⚠
    Get options on sockets
  • gettid⚠
    Get the caller’s thread ID (TID).
  • gettimeofday⚠
    Get time.
  • getuid⚠
    Get the real user ID of the calling process.
  • getxattr⚠
    Get extended attribute value.
  • init_module⚠
    Load a kernel module.
  • inotify_add_watch⚠
    Add a watch to an initialized inotify instance.
  • inotify_init⚠
    Initialize an inotify instance.
  • inotify_init1⚠
    Initialize an inotify instance.
  • inotify_rm_watch⚠
    Remove an existing watch from an inotify instance.
  • io_cancel⚠
    Attempts to cancel an iocb previously passed to io_submit.
  • io_destroy⚠
    Destroy the aio_context specified.
  • io_getevents⚠
    Attempts to read at least min_nr events and up to nr events from the completion queue for the aio_context specified by ctx_id.
  • io_pgetevents⚠
    Read asynchronous I/O events from the completion queue
  • io_setup⚠
    Create an asynchronous I/O context.
  • io_submit⚠
    Queue the nr iocbs pointed to by iocb for processing.
  • io_uring_enter⚠
    Initiate and/or complete asynchronous I/O
  • io_uring_register⚠
    Register files or user buffers for asynchronous I/O
  • io_uring_setup⚠
    Setup a context for performing asynchronous I/O.
  • ioctl⚠
    Control device.
  • ioperm⚠
    Set port input/output permissions.
  • iopl⚠
    Change I/O privilege level.
  • ioprio_get⚠
    Get I/O scheduling class and priority.
  • ioprio_set⚠
    Set I/O scheduling class and priority.
  • kcmp⚠
    Compare two processes to determine if they share a kernel resource.
  • kexec_file_load⚠
    Load a new kernel for later execution.
  • kexec_load⚠
    Load a new kernel for later execution.
  • keyctl⚠
    Manipulate the kernel’s key management facility.
  • kill⚠
    Send signal to a process.
  • lchown⚠
    Change ownership of a file. Does not deference symbolic link.
  • lgetxattr⚠
    Get extended attribute value.
  • link⚠
    Make a new name for a file.
  • linkat⚠
    Make a new name for a file.
  • listen⚠
    Listen for connections on a socket.
  • listmount⚠
  • listxattr⚠
    List extended attribute names.
  • llistxattr⚠
    List extended attribute names.
  • lookup_dcookie⚠
    Return a directory entry’s path.
  • lremovexattr⚠
    Remove an extended attribute.
  • lseek⚠
    Reposition file offset.
  • lsetxattr⚠
    Set extended attribute value.
  • lstat⚠
    Get file status about a file, without following symbolic.
  • madvise⚠
    Give advice about use of memory.
  • map_shadow_stack⚠
  • mbind⚠
    Set memory policy for a memory range.
  • membarrier⚠
    Issue memory barriers on a set of threads.
  • memfd_create⚠
    Create an anonymous file.
  • memfd_secret⚠
    create an anonymous RAM-based file to access secret memory regions.
  • migrate_pages⚠
    Move all pages in a process to another set of nodes
  • mincore⚠
    mincore() returns the memory residency status of the pages in the current process’s address space specified by [addr, addr + len).
  • mkdir⚠
    Create a directory.
  • mkdirat⚠
    Create a directory.
  • mknod⚠
    Create a special or ordinary file.
  • mknodat⚠
    Create a special or ordinary file.
  • mlock⚠
    Lock memory.
  • mlock2⚠
    Lock memory.
  • mlockall⚠
    Lock memory.
  • mmap⚠
    Map files or devices into memory.
  • mount⚠
    Mount filesystem.
  • move_mount⚠
    Move a mount from one place to another.
  • move_pages⚠
    Move individual pages of a process to another node
  • mprotect⚠
    Set protection on a region of memory.
  • mq_getsetattr⚠
    Get/set message queue attributes
  • mq_notify⚠
    Register for notification when a message is available
  • mq_open⚠
    Open a POSIX message queue.
  • mq_timedreceive⚠
    Receive a message from a message queue
  • mq_timedsend⚠
    Send message to a message queue.
  • mq_unlink⚠
    Remove a message queue.
  • mremap⚠
    Remap a virtual memory address
  • msgctl⚠
    System V message control operations.
  • msgget⚠
    Get a System V message queue identifier.
  • msgrcv⚠
    Receive messages from a System V message queue.
  • msgsnd⚠
    Append the message to a System V message queue.
  • msync⚠
    Synchronize a file with memory map.
  • munlock⚠
    Unlock memory.
  • munlockall⚠
    Unlock memory.
  • munmap⚠
    Unmap files or devices from memory.
  • name_to_handle_at⚠
    Obtain handle for a filename
  • nanosleep⚠
    High resolution sleep.
  • new_sigaction
  • newfstatat⚠
    Get file status.
  • open⚠
    Open and possibly create a file.
  • open_by_handle_at⚠
    Obtain handle for an open file
  • open_tree⚠
  • openat⚠
    Open and possibly create a file within a directory.
  • openat2⚠
    Open and possibly create a file (extended)
  • pause⚠
    Pause the calling process to sleep until a signal is delivered.
  • perf_event_open⚠
    Set up performance monitoring.
  • personality⚠
    Set the process execution domain.
  • pidfd_getfd⚠
    Obtain a duplicate of another process’s file descriptor.
  • pidfd_open⚠
    Obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process.
  • pidfd_send_signal⚠
    Signal a process through a pidfd.
  • pipe⚠
    Create a pipe.
  • pipe2⚠
    Create a pipe.
  • pivot_root⚠
    Change the root filesystem.
  • pkey_alloc⚠
    Create a new protection key.
  • pkey_free⚠
    Free a protection key.
  • pkey_mprotect⚠
    Set protection on a region of memory.
  • poll⚠
    Wait for some event on file descriptors.
  • ppoll⚠
    Wait for some event on a file descriptor.
  • prctl⚠
    Operations on a process.
  • pread64⚠
    Read from a file descriptor without changing file offset.
  • preadv⚠
    Read from a file descriptor without changing file offset.
  • preadv2⚠
    Read from a file descriptor without changing file offset.
  • prlimit64⚠
    Get/set the resource limits of an arbitary process.
  • process_vm_readv⚠
    Transfer data between process address spaces
  • process_vm_writev⚠
    Transfer data between process address spaces
  • pselect6⚠
    Sychronous I/O multiplexing.
  • ptrace⚠
    Process trace.
  • pwrite64⚠
    Write to a file descriptor without changing file offset.
  • pwritev⚠
    Write to a file descriptor without changing file offset.
  • pwritev2⚠
    Write to a file descriptor without changing file offset.
  • quotactl⚠
    Manipulate disk quotes.
  • quotactl_fd⚠
    Manipulate disk quotes.
  • read⚠
    Read from a file descriptor.
  • readahead⚠
    Initialize file head into page cache.
  • readlink⚠
    Read value of a symbolic link.
  • readlinkat⚠
    Read value of a symbolic link.
  • readv⚠
    Read from a file descriptor into multiple buffers.
  • reboot⚠
    Reboot or enable/disable Ctrl-Alt-Del.
  • recvfrom⚠
    Receive a message from a socket.
  • recvmmsg⚠
    Receives multile messages on a socket
  • recvmsg⚠
    Receive a msg from a socket.
  • remap_file_pages⚠
    Create a nonlinear file mapping.
  • removexattr⚠
    Remove an extended attribute.
  • rename⚠
    Change name or location of a file.
  • renameat⚠
    Change name or location of a file.
  • renameat2⚠
    Change name or location of a file.
  • request_key⚠
    Request a key from kernel’s key management facility.
  • restart_syscall⚠
    Restart a system call after interruption by a stop signal.
  • rmdir⚠
    Delete a directory.
  • rseq⚠
    Setup restartable sequences for caller thread.
  • rt_sigaction⚠
    Examine and change a signal action.
  • rt_sigpending⚠
    Examine pending signals.
  • rt_sigprocmask⚠
    Change the list of currently blocked signals.
  • rt_sigqueueinfo⚠
    Queue a signal and data.
  • rt_sigreturn⚠
    Return from signal handler and cleanup stack frame.
  • rt_sigsuspend⚠
    Wait for a signal.
  • rt_sigtimedwait⚠
    Synchronously wait for queued signals.
  • rt_tgsigqueueinfo⚠
    Queue a signal and data.
  • sched_get_priority_max⚠
    Get static priority max value.
  • sched_get_priority_min⚠
    Get static priority min value.
  • sched_getaffinity⚠
    Get a thread’s CPU affinity mask.
  • sched_getattr⚠
    Get scheduling policy and attributes
  • sched_getparam⚠
    Get scheduling paramters.
  • sched_getscheduler⚠
    Get scheduling parameter.
  • sched_rr_get_interval⚠
    Get the SCHED_RR interval for the named process.
  • sched_setaffinity⚠
    Set a thread’s CPU affinity mask.
  • sched_setattr⚠
    Set the RT priority of a thread.
  • sched_setparam⚠
    Set scheduling paramters.
  • sched_setscheduler⚠
    Set scheduling parameter.
  • sched_yield⚠
    Yield the processor.
  • seccomp⚠
    Operate on Secure Computing state of the process.
  • select⚠
    Sychronous I/O multiplexing.
  • semctl⚠
    System V semaphore control operations
  • semget⚠
    Get a System V semphore set identifier.
  • semop⚠
    System V semphore operations.
  • semtimedop⚠
    System V semaphore operations
  • sendfile⚠
    Transfer data between two file descriptors.
  • sendmmsg⚠
    Send multiple messages on a socket
  • sendmsg⚠
    Send a message on a socket.
  • sendto⚠
    Send a message on a socket.
  • set_mempolicy⚠
    Set default NUMA memory policy for a thread and its children
  • set_mempolicy_home_node⚠
  • set_robust_list⚠
    Set the robust-futex list head of a task.
  • set_thread_area⚠
    Set thread-local storage information.
  • set_tid_address⚠
    Set pointer to thread ID.
  • setdomainname⚠
    Set NIS domain name.
  • setfsgid⚠
    Set group identify used for filesystem checkes.
  • setfsuid⚠
    Set user identify used for filesystem checkes.
  • setgid⚠
    Set the group ID of the calling process to gid.
  • setgroups⚠
    Set list of supplementary group Ids.
  • sethostname⚠
    Set hostname.
  • setitimer⚠
    Set value of an interval timer.
  • setns⚠
    Reassociate thread with a namespace.
  • setpgid⚠
    Set the process group ID (PGID) of the process specified by pid to pgid.
  • setpriority⚠
    Set program scheduling priority.
  • setregid⚠
    Set real and effective group IDs of the calling process.
  • setresgid⚠
    Set real, effective and saved group Ids of the calling process.
  • setresuid⚠
    Set real, effective and saved user Ids of the calling process.
  • setreuid⚠
    Set real and effective user IDs of the calling process.
  • setrlimit⚠
    Set resource limit.
  • setsid⚠
    Create a new session if the calling process is not a process group leader.
  • setsockopt⚠
    Set options on sockets.
  • settimeofday⚠
    Set system time and timezone.
  • setuid⚠
    Set user ID of the calling process to uid.
  • setxattr⚠
    Set extended attribute value.
  • shmat⚠
    Attach the System V shared memory segment.
  • shmctl⚠
    System V shared memory control.
  • shmdt⚠
    Detach the System V shared memory segment.
  • shmget⚠
    Allocates a System V shared memory segment.
  • shutdown⚠
    Shutdown part of a full-duplex connection.
  • sigaltstack⚠
    Get/set signal stack context.
  • signalfd⚠
    Create a file descriptor to accept signals.
  • signalfd4⚠
    Create a file descriptor to accept signals.
  • socket⚠
    Create an endpoint for communication.
  • socketpair⚠
    Create a pair of connected socket.
  • splice⚠
    Splice data to/from pipe.
  • stat⚠
    Get file status about a file.
  • statfs⚠
    Get filesystem statistics.
  • statmount⚠
  • statx⚠
    Get file status about a file (extended).
  • strerror
    Get errno description.
  • swapoff⚠
    Stop swapping to file/device.
  • swapon⚠
    Start swapping to file/device.
  • symlink⚠
    Make a new name for a file.
  • symlinkat⚠
    Make a new name for a file.
  • sync⚠
    Commit filesystem caches to disk.
  • sync_file_range⚠
    Sync a file segment to disk
  • syncfs⚠
    Commit filesystem cache related to fd to disk.
  • sysfs⚠
    Get filesystem type information.
  • sysinfo⚠
    Return system information.
  • syslog⚠
    Read and/or clear kernel message ring buffer.
  • tee⚠
    Duplicate pipe content.
  • tgkill⚠
    Send a signal to a thread.
  • time⚠
    Get time in seconds.
  • timer_create⚠
    Create a per-process timer
  • timer_delete⚠
    Delete a per-process timer
  • timer_getoverrun⚠
    Get overrun count for a per-process timer.
  • timer_gettime⚠
    Fetch state of per-process timer>
  • timer_settime⚠
    Arm/disarm state of per-process timer.
  • timerfd_create⚠
    Create a timer that notifies via a file descriptor.
  • timerfd_gettime⚠
    Get current timer via a file descriptor.
  • timerfd_settime⚠
    Set current timer via a file descriptor.
  • times⚠
    Get process times.
  • tkill⚠
    Send a signal to a thread (obsolete).
  • truncate⚠
    Truncate a file to a specified length.
  • umask⚠
    Set file mode creation mask.
  • umount2⚠
    Unmount filesystem.
  • uname⚠
    Get name and information about current kernel.
  • unlink⚠
    Delete a name and possibly the file it refers to.
  • unlinkat⚠
    Delete a name and possibly the file it refers to.
  • unshare⚠
    Disassociate parts of the process execution context
  • uselib⚠
    Load shared library.
  • userfaultfd⚠
    Create a file descriptor to handle page faults in user space.
  • ustat⚠
    Get filesystem statistics
  • utime⚠
    Change file last access and modification time.
  • utimensat⚠
    Change time timestamps with nanosecond precision.
  • utimes⚠
    Change file last access and modification time.
  • vfork⚠
    Create a child process and wait until it is terminated.
  • vhangup⚠
    Virtually hang up the current terminal.
  • vmsplice⚠
    Splice user page into a pipe.
  • wait4⚠
    Wait for process to change state.
  • waitid⚠
    Wait for process to change state.
  • write⚠
    Write to a file descriptor.
  • writev⚠
    Write to a file descriptor from multiple buffers.