Struct na::DualQuaternion
source · [−]#[repr(C)]pub struct DualQuaternion<T> {
pub real: Quaternion<T>,
pub dual: Quaternion<T>,
}
Expand description
A dual quaternion.
Indexing
DualQuaternions
are stored as [..real, ..dual].
Both of the quaternion components are laid out in i, j, k, w
order.
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
assert_eq!(dq[0], 2.0);
assert_eq!(dq[1], 3.0);
assert_eq!(dq[4], 6.0);
assert_eq!(dq[7], 5.0);
NOTE: As of December 2020, dual quaternion support is a work in progress. If a feature that you need is missing, feel free to open an issue or a PR. See https://github.com/dimforge/nalgebra/issues/487
Fields
real: Quaternion<T>
The real component of the quaternion
dual: Quaternion<T>
The dual component of the quaternion
Implementations
sourceimpl<T> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcepub fn normalize(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T>
pub fn normalize(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T>
Normalizes this quaternion.
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
let dq_normalized = dq.normalize();
relative_eq!(dq_normalized.real.norm(), 1.0);
sourcepub fn normalize_mut(&mut self) -> T
pub fn normalize_mut(&mut self) -> T
Normalizes this quaternion.
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let mut dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
dq.normalize_mut();
relative_eq!(dq.real.norm(), 1.0);
sourcepub fn conjugate(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T>
pub fn conjugate(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T>
The conjugate of this dual quaternion, containing the conjugate of the real and imaginary parts..
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
let conj = dq.conjugate();
assert!(conj.real.i == -2.0 && conj.real.j == -3.0 && conj.real.k == -4.0);
assert!(conj.real.w == 1.0);
assert!(conj.dual.i == -6.0 && conj.dual.j == -7.0 && conj.dual.k == -8.0);
assert!(conj.dual.w == 5.0);
sourcepub fn conjugate_mut(&mut self)
pub fn conjugate_mut(&mut self)
Replaces this quaternion by its conjugate.
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let mut dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
dq.conjugate_mut();
assert!(dq.real.i == -2.0 && dq.real.j == -3.0 && dq.real.k == -4.0);
assert!(dq.real.w == 1.0);
assert!(dq.dual.i == -6.0 && dq.dual.j == -7.0 && dq.dual.k == -8.0);
assert!(dq.dual.w == 5.0);
sourcepub fn try_inverse(&self) -> Option<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: RealField,
pub fn try_inverse(&self) -> Option<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: RealField,
Inverts this dual quaternion if it is not zero.
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
let inverse = dq.try_inverse();
assert!(inverse.is_some());
assert_relative_eq!(inverse.unwrap() * dq, DualQuaternion::identity());
//Non-invertible case
let zero = Quaternion::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(zero, zero);
let inverse = dq.try_inverse();
assert!(inverse.is_none());
sourcepub fn try_inverse_mut(&mut self) -> bool where
T: RealField,
pub fn try_inverse_mut(&mut self) -> bool where
T: RealField,
Inverts this dual quaternion in-place if it is not zero.
Example
let real = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dual = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(real, dual);
let mut dq_inverse = dq;
dq_inverse.try_inverse_mut();
assert_relative_eq!(dq_inverse * dq, DualQuaternion::identity());
//Non-invertible case
let zero = Quaternion::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
let mut dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(zero, zero);
assert!(!dq.try_inverse_mut());
sourcepub fn lerp(&self, other: &DualQuaternion<T>, t: T) -> DualQuaternion<T>
pub fn lerp(&self, other: &DualQuaternion<T>, t: T) -> DualQuaternion<T>
Linear interpolation between two dual quaternions.
Computes self * (1 - t) + other * t
.
Example
let dq1 = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
Quaternion::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 4.0),
Quaternion::new(0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let dq2 = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
Quaternion::new(2.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
Quaternion::new(0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0)
);
assert_eq!(dq1.lerp(&dq2, 0.25), DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
Quaternion::new(1.25, 0.0, 0.25, 3.0),
Quaternion::new(0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0)
));
sourceimpl<T> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar,
impl<T> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar,
sourcepub fn from_real_and_dual(
real: Quaternion<T>,
dual: Quaternion<T>
) -> DualQuaternion<T>
pub fn from_real_and_dual(
real: Quaternion<T>,
dual: Quaternion<T>
) -> DualQuaternion<T>
Creates a dual quaternion from its rotation and translation components.
Example
let rot = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let trans = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(rot, trans);
assert_eq!(dq.real.w, 1.0);
sourcepub fn identity() -> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
pub fn identity() -> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
The dual quaternion multiplicative identity.
Example
let dq1 = DualQuaternion::identity();
let dq2 = DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
Quaternion::new(1.,2.,3.,4.),
Quaternion::new(5.,6.,7.,8.)
);
assert_eq!(dq1 * dq2, dq2);
assert_eq!(dq2 * dq1, dq2);
sourcepub fn cast<To>(self) -> DualQuaternion<To> where
To: Scalar,
DualQuaternion<To>: SupersetOf<DualQuaternion<T>>,
pub fn cast<To>(self) -> DualQuaternion<To> where
To: Scalar,
DualQuaternion<To>: SupersetOf<DualQuaternion<T>>,
Cast the components of self
to another type.
Example
let q = DualQuaternion::from_real(Quaternion::new(1.0f64, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0));
let q2 = q.cast::<f32>();
assert_eq!(q2, DualQuaternion::from_real(Quaternion::new(1.0f32, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)));
sourceimpl<T> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcepub fn from_real(real: Quaternion<T>) -> DualQuaternion<T>
pub fn from_real(real: Quaternion<T>) -> DualQuaternion<T>
Creates a dual quaternion from only its real part, with no translation component.
Example
let rot = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let dq = DualQuaternion::from_real(rot);
assert_eq!(dq.real.w, 1.0);
assert_eq!(dq.dual.w, 0.0);
Trait Implementations
sourceimpl<T> AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RealField<Epsilon = T> + AbsDiffEq<T>,
impl<T> AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RealField<Epsilon = T> + AbsDiffEq<T>,
type Epsilon = T
type Epsilon = T
Used for specifying relative comparisons.
sourcefn default_epsilon(
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
fn default_epsilon(
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
The default tolerance to use when testing values that are close together. Read more
sourcefn abs_diff_eq(
&self,
other: &DualQuaternion<T>,
epsilon: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
) -> bool
fn abs_diff_eq(
&self,
other: &DualQuaternion<T>,
epsilon: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
) -> bool
A test for equality that uses the absolute difference to compute the approximate equality of two numbers. Read more
fn abs_diff_ne(&self, other: &Rhs, epsilon: Self::Epsilon) -> bool
fn abs_diff_ne(&self, other: &Rhs, epsilon: Self::Epsilon) -> bool
The inverse of [AbsDiffEq::abs_diff_eq
].
sourceimpl<'a, 'b, T> Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, 'b, T> Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the +
operator.
sourcefn add(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn add(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the +
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the +
operator.
sourcefn add(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn add(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Add<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the +
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, T> Add<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Add<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the +
operator.
sourcefn add(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Add<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn add(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Add<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the +
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Add<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Add<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the +
operator.
sourcefn add(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Add<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn add(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Add<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the +
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> AddAssign<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> AddAssign<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>)
fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>)
Performs the +=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> AddAssign<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> AddAssign<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: DualQuaternion<T>)
fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: DualQuaternion<T>)
Performs the +=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> AsMut<[T; 8]> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
impl<T> AsMut<[T; 8]> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
sourceimpl<T> AsRef<[T; 8]> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
impl<T> AsRef<[T; 8]> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
sourceimpl<T> Clone for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Clone,
impl<T> Clone for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Clone,
sourcefn clone(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T>
fn clone(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T>
Returns a copy of the value. Read more
1.0.0 · sourcefn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)
fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)
Performs copy-assignment from source
. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Debug for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Debug,
impl<T> Debug for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Debug,
sourceimpl<T> Default for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar + Zero,
impl<T> Default for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar + Zero,
sourcefn default() -> DualQuaternion<T>
fn default() -> DualQuaternion<T>
Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, 'b, T> Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, 'b, T> Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the /
operator.
sourcefn div(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn div(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the /
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the /
operator.
sourcefn div(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn div(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Div<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the /
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, T> Div<T> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Div<T> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the /
operator.
sourceimpl<T> Div<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Div<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the /
operator.
sourceimpl<'a, T> Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the /
operator.
sourcefn div(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn div(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the /
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the /
operator.
sourcefn div(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn div(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Div<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the /
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> DivAssign<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> DivAssign<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
Performs the /=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> DivAssign<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> DivAssign<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn div_assign(&mut self, n: T)
fn div_assign(&mut self, n: T)
Performs the /=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> DivAssign<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> DivAssign<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
Performs the /=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Index<usize> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Index<usize> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
sourceimpl<T> IndexMut<usize> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
impl<T> IndexMut<usize> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
sourceimpl<'a, 'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, 'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, 'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, 'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, 'b, T> Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, 'b, T> Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a Unit<DualQuaternion<T>> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Mul<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Mul<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Mul<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourceimpl<'a, T> Mul<T> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Mul<T> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourceimpl<'a, T> Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the *
operator.
sourcefn mul(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
fn mul(
self,
rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Mul<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>>>::Output
Performs the *
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> MulAssign<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> MulAssign<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>)
fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>)
Performs the *=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> MulAssign<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> MulAssign<&'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
Performs the *=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> MulAssign<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> MulAssign<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: DualQuaternion<T>)
fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: DualQuaternion<T>)
Performs the *=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> MulAssign<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> MulAssign<T> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn mul_assign(&mut self, n: T)
fn mul_assign(&mut self, n: T)
Performs the *=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> MulAssign<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> MulAssign<Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: Unit<DualQuaternion<T>>)
Performs the *=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, T> Neg for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Neg for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the -
operator.
sourceimpl<T> Neg for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Neg for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the -
operator.
sourceimpl<T> Normed for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Normed for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
type Norm = <T as SimdComplexField>::SimdRealField
type Norm = <T as SimdComplexField>::SimdRealField
The type of the norm.
sourcefn norm(&self) -> <T as SimdComplexField>::SimdRealField
fn norm(&self) -> <T as SimdComplexField>::SimdRealField
Computes the norm.
sourcefn norm_squared(&self) -> <T as SimdComplexField>::SimdRealField
fn norm_squared(&self) -> <T as SimdComplexField>::SimdRealField
Computes the squared norm.
sourcefn scale_mut(&mut self, n: <DualQuaternion<T> as Normed>::Norm)
fn scale_mut(&mut self, n: <DualQuaternion<T> as Normed>::Norm)
Multiply self
by n.
sourcefn unscale_mut(&mut self, n: <DualQuaternion<T> as Normed>::Norm)
fn unscale_mut(&mut self, n: <DualQuaternion<T> as Normed>::Norm)
Divides self
by n.
sourceimpl<T> One for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> One for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn one() -> DualQuaternion<T>
fn one() -> DualQuaternion<T>
Returns the multiplicative identity element of Self
, 1
. Read more
sourceimpl<T> PartialEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar,
impl<T> PartialEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar,
sourceimpl<T> RelativeEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RealField<Epsilon = T> + RelativeEq<T>,
impl<T> RelativeEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RealField<Epsilon = T> + RelativeEq<T>,
sourcefn default_max_relative(
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
fn default_max_relative(
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
The default relative tolerance for testing values that are far-apart. Read more
sourcefn relative_eq(
&self,
other: &DualQuaternion<T>,
epsilon: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon,
max_relative: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
) -> bool
fn relative_eq(
&self,
other: &DualQuaternion<T>,
epsilon: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon,
max_relative: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon
) -> bool
A test for equality that uses a relative comparison if the values are far apart.
fn relative_ne(
&self,
other: &Rhs,
epsilon: Self::Epsilon,
max_relative: Self::Epsilon
) -> bool
fn relative_ne(
&self,
other: &Rhs,
epsilon: Self::Epsilon,
max_relative: Self::Epsilon
) -> bool
The inverse of [RelativeEq::relative_eq
].
sourceimpl<'b, T> Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the -
operator.
sourcefn sub(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn sub(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the -
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, 'b, T> Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, 'b, T> Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the -
operator.
sourcefn sub(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn sub(
self,
rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<&'b DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the -
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'a, T> Sub<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'a, T> Sub<DualQuaternion<T>> for &'a DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the -
operator.
sourcefn sub(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn sub(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <&'a DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the -
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> Sub<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Sub<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
type Output = DualQuaternion<T>
The resulting type after applying the -
operator.
sourcefn sub(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
fn sub(
self,
rhs: DualQuaternion<T>
) -> <DualQuaternion<T> as Sub<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Output
Performs the -
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<'b, T> SubAssign<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<'b, T> SubAssign<&'b DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>)
fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'b DualQuaternion<T>)
Performs the -=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T> SubAssign<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> SubAssign<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
sourcefn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: DualQuaternion<T>)
fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: DualQuaternion<T>)
Performs the -=
operation. Read more
sourceimpl<T1, T2> SubsetOf<DualQuaternion<T2>> for DualQuaternion<T1> where
T1: SimdRealField,
T2: SimdRealField + SupersetOf<T1>,
impl<T1, T2> SubsetOf<DualQuaternion<T2>> for DualQuaternion<T1> where
T1: SimdRealField,
T2: SimdRealField + SupersetOf<T1>,
sourcefn to_superset(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T2>
fn to_superset(&self) -> DualQuaternion<T2>
The inclusion map: converts self
to the equivalent element of its superset.
sourcefn is_in_subset(dq: &DualQuaternion<T2>) -> bool
fn is_in_subset(dq: &DualQuaternion<T2>) -> bool
Checks if element
is actually part of the subset Self
(and can be converted to it).
sourcefn from_superset_unchecked(dq: &DualQuaternion<T2>) -> DualQuaternion<T1>
fn from_superset_unchecked(dq: &DualQuaternion<T2>) -> DualQuaternion<T1>
Use with care! Same as self.to_superset
but without any property checks. Always succeeds.
sourcefn from_superset(element: &T) -> Option<Self>
fn from_superset(element: &T) -> Option<Self>
The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self
from the equivalent element of its
superset. Read more
sourceimpl<T> UlpsEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RealField<Epsilon = T> + UlpsEq<T>,
impl<T> UlpsEq<DualQuaternion<T>> for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RealField<Epsilon = T> + UlpsEq<T>,
sourcefn default_max_ulps() -> u32
fn default_max_ulps() -> u32
The default ULPs to tolerate when testing values that are far-apart. Read more
sourcefn ulps_eq(
&self,
other: &DualQuaternion<T>,
epsilon: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon,
max_ulps: u32
) -> bool
fn ulps_eq(
&self,
other: &DualQuaternion<T>,
epsilon: <DualQuaternion<T> as AbsDiffEq<DualQuaternion<T>>>::Epsilon,
max_ulps: u32
) -> bool
A test for equality that uses units in the last place (ULP) if the values are far apart.
sourceimpl<T> Zero for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Zero for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: SimdRealField,
<T as SimdValue>::Element: SimdRealField,
impl<T> Copy for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Copy,
impl<T> Eq for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Scalar + Eq,
Auto Trait Implementations
impl<T> RefUnwindSafe for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: RefUnwindSafe,
impl<T> Send for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Send,
impl<T> Sync for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Sync,
impl<T> Unpin for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: Unpin,
impl<T> UnwindSafe for DualQuaternion<T> where
T: UnwindSafe,
Blanket Implementations
sourceimpl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T where
T: ?Sized,
impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T where
T: ?Sized,
const: unstable · sourcefn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T
fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T
Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
sourceimpl<T> IntoVec<Matrix<T, Const<2_usize>, Const<1_usize>, ArrayStorage<T, 2_usize, 1_usize>>> for T where
T: Scalar,
impl<T> IntoVec<Matrix<T, Const<2_usize>, Const<1_usize>, ArrayStorage<T, 2_usize, 1_usize>>> for T where
T: Scalar,
sourceimpl<T> IntoVec<Matrix<T, Const<3_usize>, Const<1_usize>, ArrayStorage<T, 3_usize, 1_usize>>> for T where
T: Scalar,
impl<T> IntoVec<Matrix<T, Const<3_usize>, Const<1_usize>, ArrayStorage<T, 3_usize, 1_usize>>> for T where
T: Scalar,
sourceimpl<T> IntoVec<Matrix<T, Const<4_usize>, Const<1_usize>, ArrayStorage<T, 4_usize, 1_usize>>> for T where
T: Scalar,
impl<T> IntoVec<Matrix<T, Const<4_usize>, Const<1_usize>, ArrayStorage<T, 4_usize, 1_usize>>> for T where
T: Scalar,
sourceimpl<SS, SP> SupersetOf<SS> for SP where
SS: SubsetOf<SP>,
impl<SS, SP> SupersetOf<SS> for SP where
SS: SubsetOf<SP>,
sourcefn to_subset(&self) -> Option<SS>
fn to_subset(&self) -> Option<SS>
The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self
from the equivalent element of its
superset. Read more
sourcefn is_in_subset(&self) -> bool
fn is_in_subset(&self) -> bool
Checks if self
is actually part of its subset T
(and can be converted to it).
sourcefn to_subset_unchecked(&self) -> SS
fn to_subset_unchecked(&self) -> SS
Use with care! Same as self.to_subset
but without any property checks. Always succeeds.
sourcefn from_subset(element: &SS) -> SP
fn from_subset(element: &SS) -> SP
The inclusion map: converts self
to the equivalent element of its superset.
sourceimpl<T> ToOwned for T where
T: Clone,
impl<T> ToOwned for T where
T: Clone,
type Owned = T
type Owned = T
The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
sourcefn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)
fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)
toowned_clone_into
)Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more