Trait kvarn_async::prelude::compact_str::core::clone::Clone

1.0.0 · source ·

pub trait Clone: Sized {
    // Required method
    fn clone(&self) -> Self;

    // Provided method
    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) { ... }
}

Expand description

A common trait for the ability to explicitly duplicate an object.

Differs from Copy in that Copy is implicit and an inexpensive bit-wise copy, while Clone is always explicit and may or may not be expensive. In order to enforce these characteristics, Rust does not allow you to reimplement Copy, but you may reimplement Clone and run arbitrary code.

Since Clone is more general than Copy, you can automatically make anything Copy be Clone as well.

§Derivable

This trait can be used with #[derive] if all fields are Clone. The derived implementation of Clone calls clone on each field.

For a generic struct, #[derive] implements Clone conditionally by adding bound Clone on generic parameters.

// `derive` implements Clone for Reading<T> when T is Clone.
#[derive(Clone)]
struct Reading<T> {
    frequency: T,
}

§How can I implement `Clone`?

Types that are Copy should have a trivial implementation of Clone. More formally: if T: Copy, x: T, and y: &T, then let x = y.clone(); is equivalent to let x = *y;. Manual implementations should be careful to uphold this invariant; however, unsafe code must not rely on it to ensure memory safety.

An example is a generic struct holding a function pointer. In this case, the implementation of Clone cannot be derived, but can be implemented as:

struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

impl<T> Copy for Generate<T> {}

impl<T> Clone for Generate<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        *self
    }
}

If we derive:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

the auto-derived implementations will have unnecessary T: Copy and T: Clone bounds:


// Automatically derived
impl<T: Copy> Copy for Generate<T> { }

// Automatically derived
impl<T: Clone> Clone for Generate<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Generate<T> {
        Generate(Clone::clone(&self.0))
    }
}

The bounds are unnecessary because clearly the function itself should be copy- and cloneable even if its return type is not:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

struct NotCloneable;

fn generate_not_cloneable() -> NotCloneable {
    NotCloneable
}

Generate(generate_not_cloneable).clone(); // error: trait bounds were not satisfied
// Note: With the manual implementations the above line will compile.

§Additional implementors

In addition to the implementors listed below, the following types also implement Clone:

Function item types (i.e., the distinct types defined for each function)
Function pointer types (e.g., fn() -> i32)
Closure types, if they capture no value from the environment or if all such captured values implement Clone themselves. Note that variables captured by shared reference always implement Clone (even if the referent doesn’t), while variables captured by mutable reference never implement Clone.

Required Methods§

source

fn clone(&self) -> Self

Returns a copy of the value.

§Examples

let hello = "Hello"; // &str implements Clone

assert_eq!("Hello", hello.clone());

Provided Methods§

source

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

a.clone_from(&b) is equivalent to a = b.clone() in functionality, but can be overridden to reuse the resources of a to avoid unnecessary allocations.

Object Safety§

This trait is not object safe.

Implementors§

1.7.0 · source§

Trait kvarn_async::prelude::compact_str::core::clone::Clone

§Derivable

§How can I implement Clone?

§Additional implementors

Required Methods§

fn clone(&self) -> Self

§Examples

Provided Methods§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Object Safety§

Implementors§

impl Clone for IpAddr

impl Clone for SocketAddr

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::fmt::Alignment

impl Clone for ErrorKind

impl Clone for SeekFrom

impl Clone for Ipv6MulticastScope

impl Clone for Shutdown

impl Clone for CacheControlError

impl Clone for SanitizeError

impl Clone for AsciiChar

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::compact_str::core::cmp::Ordering

impl Clone for Infallible

impl Clone for FpCategory

impl Clone for IntErrorKind

impl Clone for SearchStep

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::compact_str::core::sync::atomic::Ordering

impl Clone for TryReserveErrorKind

impl Clone for VarError

impl Clone for BacktraceStyle

impl Clone for RecvTimeoutError

impl Clone for std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError

impl Clone for Level

impl Clone for LevelFilter

impl Clone for tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError

impl Clone for tokio::sync::broadcast::error::TryRecvError

impl Clone for tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError

impl Clone for tokio::sync::oneshot::error::TryRecvError

impl Clone for MissedTickBehavior

impl Clone for bool

impl Clone for char

impl Clone for f32

impl Clone for f64

impl Clone for i8

impl Clone for i16

impl Clone for i32

impl Clone for i64

impl Clone for i128

impl Clone for isize

impl Clone for !

impl Clone for u8

impl Clone for u16

impl Clone for u32

impl Clone for u64

impl Clone for u128

impl Clone for usize

impl Clone for PresentExtensions

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::fmt::Error

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::io::Empty

impl Clone for Sink

impl Clone for AddrParseError

impl Clone for Ipv4Addr

impl Clone for Ipv6Addr

impl Clone for SocketAddrV4

impl Clone for SocketAddrV6

impl Clone for CacheControl

impl Clone for ParseBoolError

impl Clone for Utf8Error

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::Bytes

impl Clone for BytesMut

impl Clone for CompactString

impl Clone for Duration

impl Clone for HeaderName

impl Clone for HeaderValue

impl Clone for kvarn_async::prelude::Instant

impl Clone for Method

impl Clone for PathBuf

impl Clone for StatusCode

impl Clone for Uri

impl Clone for Version

§How can I implement `Clone`?