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//! Interface to the select mechanism.
use std::fmt;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::mem;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
use channel::{self, Receiver, Sender};
use context::Context;
use err::{RecvError, SelectTimeoutError, SendError, TrySelectError};
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use utils;
use flavors;
/// Temporary data that gets initialized during select or a blocking operation, and is consumed by
/// `read` or `write`.
///
/// Each field contains data associated with a specific channel flavor.
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Token {
pub after: flavors::after::AfterToken,
pub array: flavors::array::ArrayToken,
pub list: flavors::list::ListToken,
pub never: flavors::never::NeverToken,
pub tick: flavors::tick::TickToken,
pub zero: flavors::zero::ZeroToken,
}
/// Identifier associated with an operation by a specific thread on a specific channel.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Operation(usize);
impl Operation {
/// Creates an operation identifier from a mutable reference.
///
/// This function essentially just turns the address of the reference into a number. The
/// reference should point to a variable that is specific to the thread and the operation,
/// and is alive for the entire duration of select or blocking operation.
#[inline]
pub fn hook<T>(r: &mut T) -> Operation {
let val = r as *mut T as usize;
// Make sure that the pointer address doesn't equal the numerical representation of
// `Selected::{Waiting, Aborted, Disconnected}`.
assert!(val > 2);
Operation(val)
}
}
/// Current state of a select or a blocking operation.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Selected {
/// Still waiting for an operation.
Waiting,
/// The attempt to block the current thread has been aborted.
Aborted,
/// A channel was disconnected.
Disconnected,
/// An operation became ready.
Operation(Operation),
}
impl From<usize> for Selected {
#[inline]
fn from(val: usize) -> Selected {
match val {
0 => Selected::Waiting,
1 => Selected::Aborted,
2 => Selected::Disconnected,
oper => Selected::Operation(Operation(oper)),
}
}
}
impl Into<usize> for Selected {
#[inline]
fn into(self) -> usize {
match self {
Selected::Waiting => 0,
Selected::Aborted => 1,
Selected::Disconnected => 2,
Selected::Operation(Operation(val)) => val,
}
}
}
/// A receiver or a sender that can participate in select.
///
/// This is a handle that assists select in executing the operation, registration, deciding on the
/// appropriate deadline for blocking, etc.
pub trait SelectHandle {
/// Attempts to execute the operation and returns `true` on success.
fn try(&self, token: &mut Token) -> bool;
/// Attempts to execute the operation again and returns `true` on success.
///
/// Retries are allowed to take a little bit more time than the initial try.
fn retry(&self, token: &mut Token) -> bool;
/// Returns a deadline for the operation, if there is one.
fn deadline(&self) -> Option<Instant>;
/// Registers the operation.
fn register(&self, token: &mut Token, oper: Operation, cx: &Context) -> bool;
/// Unregisters the operation.
fn unregister(&self, oper: Operation);
/// Attempts to execute the selected operation.
fn accept(&self, token: &mut Token, cx: &Context) -> bool;
/// Returns the current state of the opposite side of the channel.
///
/// This is typically represented by the current message index at the opposite side of the
/// channel.
///
/// For example, by calling `state()`, the receiving side can check how much activity the
/// sending side has had and viceversa.
fn state(&self) -> usize;
}
impl<'a, T: SelectHandle> SelectHandle for &'a T {
fn try(&self, token: &mut Token) -> bool {
(**self).try(token)
}
fn retry(&self, token: &mut Token) -> bool {
(**self).retry(token)
}
fn deadline(&self) -> Option<Instant> {
(**self).deadline()
}
fn register(&self, token: &mut Token, oper: Operation, cx: &Context) -> bool {
(**self).register(token, oper, cx)
}
fn unregister(&self, oper: Operation) {
(**self).unregister(oper);
}
fn accept(&self, token: &mut Token, cx: &Context) -> bool {
(**self).accept(token, cx)
}
fn state(&self) -> usize {
(**self).state()
}
}
/// Determines when a select operation should time out.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
enum Timeout {
/// Try firing operations without blocking.
Now,
/// Block forever.
Never,
/// Time out after an instant in time.
At(Instant),
}
/// Runs until one of the operations is fired, potentially blocking the current thread.
///
/// Successful receive operations will have to be followed up by `channel::read()` and successful
/// send operations by `channel::write()`.
fn run_select<S>(
handles: &mut [(&S, usize, *const u8)],
timeout: Timeout,
) -> Option<(Token, usize, *const u8)>
where
S: SelectHandle + ?Sized,
{
if handles.is_empty() {
// Wait until the timeout and return.
match timeout {
Timeout::Now => return None,
Timeout::Never => {
utils::sleep_until(None);
unreachable!();
}
Timeout::At(when) => {
utils::sleep_until(Some(when));
return None;
}
}
}
// Create a token, which serves as a temporary variable that gets initialized in this function
// and is later used by a call to `channel::read()` or `channel::write()` that completes the
// selected operation.
let mut token = Token::default();
// Is this is a non-blocking select?
if timeout == Timeout::Now {
if handles.len() <= 1 {
// Try firing the operations without blocking.
for &(handle, i, ptr) in handles.iter() {
if handle.try(&mut token) {
return Some((token, i, ptr));
}
}
return None;
}
// Shuffle the operations for fairness.
utils::shuffle(handles);
let mut states = SmallVec::<[usize; 4]>::with_capacity(handles.len());
// Snapshot the channel states of all operations.
for &(handle, _, _) in handles.iter() {
states.push(handle.state());
}
loop {
// Try firing the operations.
for &(handle, i, ptr) in handles.iter() {
if handle.try(&mut token) {
return Some((token, i, ptr));
}
}
let mut changed = false;
// Update the channel states and check whether any have been changed.
for (&(handle, _, _), state) in handles.iter().zip(states.iter_mut()) {
let current = handle.state();
if *state != current {
*state = current;
changed = true;
}
}
// If none of the states have changed, selection failed.
if !changed {
return None;
}
}
}
loop {
// Shuffle the operations for fairness.
if handles.len() >= 2 {
utils::shuffle(handles);
}
// Try firing the operations without blocking.
for &(handle, i, ptr) in handles.iter() {
if handle.try(&mut token) {
return Some((token, i, ptr));
}
}
// Before blocking, try firing the operations one more time. Retries are permitted to take
// a little bit more time than the initial tries, but they still mustn't block.
for &(handle, i, ptr) in handles.iter() {
if handle.retry(&mut token) {
return Some((token, i, ptr));
}
}
// Prepare for blocking.
let res = Context::with(|cx| {
let mut sel = Selected::Waiting;
let mut registered_count = 0;
// Register all operations.
for (handle, _, _) in handles.iter_mut() {
registered_count += 1;
// If registration returns `false`, that means the operation has just become ready.
if !handle.register(&mut token, Operation::hook::<&S>(handle), cx) {
// Try aborting select.
sel = match cx.try_select(Selected::Aborted) {
Ok(()) => Selected::Aborted,
Err(s) => s,
};
break;
}
// If another thread has already selected one of the operations, stop registration.
sel = cx.selected();
if sel != Selected::Waiting {
break;
}
}
if sel == Selected::Waiting {
// Check with each operation for how long we're allowed to block, and compute the
// earliest deadline.
let mut deadline: Option<Instant> = match timeout {
Timeout::Now => unreachable!(),
Timeout::Never => None,
Timeout::At(when) => Some(when),
};
for &(handle, _, _) in handles.iter() {
if let Some(x) = handle.deadline() {
deadline = deadline.map(|y| x.min(y)).or(Some(x));
}
}
// Block the current thread.
sel = cx.wait_until(deadline);
}
// Unregister all registered operations.
for (handle, _, _) in handles.iter_mut().take(registered_count) {
handle.unregister(Operation::hook::<&S>(handle));
}
match sel {
Selected::Waiting => unreachable!(),
Selected::Aborted => {}
Selected::Disconnected | Selected::Operation(_) => {
// Find the selected operation.
for (handle, i, ptr) in handles.iter_mut() {
// Is this the selected operation?
if sel == Selected::Operation(Operation::hook::<&S>(handle)) {
// Try firing this operation.
if handle.accept(&mut token, cx) {
return Some((*i, *ptr));
}
}
}
}
}
None
});
// Return if an operation was fired.
if let Some((i, ptr)) = res {
return Some((token, i, ptr));
}
// Check for timeout.
match timeout {
Timeout::Now => unreachable!(),
Timeout::Never => {}
Timeout::At(when) => {
if Instant::now() >= when {
// Fall back to one final non-blocking select. This is needed to make the whole
// select invocation appear from the outside as a single operation.
return run_select(handles, Timeout::Now);
}
}
};
}
}
/// Selects from a set of channel operations.
///
/// `Select` allows you to define a set of channel operations, wait until any one of them becomes
/// ready, and finally execute it. If multiple operations are ready at the same time, a random one
/// among them is selected.
///
/// An operation is considered to be ready if it doesn't have to block. Note that it is ready even
/// when it will simply return an error because the channel is disconnected.
///
/// The [`select!`] macro is a convenience wrapper around `Select`. However, it cannot select over a
/// dynamically created list of channel operations.
///
/// [`select!`]: macro.select.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::thread;
/// use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = unbounded();
/// let (s2, r2) = unbounded();
/// s1.send(10).unwrap();
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.recv(&r1);
/// let oper2 = sel.send(&s2);
///
/// // Both operations are initially ready, so a random one will be executed.
/// let oper = sel.select();
/// match oper.index() {
/// i if i == oper1 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r1), Ok(10)),
/// i if i == oper2 => assert_eq!(oper.send(&s2, 20), Ok(())),
/// _ => unreachable!(),
/// }
/// ```
pub struct Select<'a> {
/// A list of senders and receivers participating in selection.
handles: SmallVec<[(&'a SelectHandle, usize, *const u8); 4]>,
}
unsafe impl<'a> Send for Select<'a> {}
unsafe impl<'a> Sync for Select<'a> {}
impl<'a> Select<'a> {
/// Creates an empty list of channel operations for selection.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_channel::Select;
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
///
/// // The list of operations is empty, which means no operation can be selected.
/// assert!(sel.try_select().is_err());
/// ```
pub fn new() -> Select<'a> {
Select {
handles: SmallVec::new(),
}
}
/// Adds a send operation.
///
/// Returns the index of the added operation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::thread;
/// use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = unbounded::<i32>();
/// let (s2, r2) = unbounded::<i32>();
/// let (s3, r3) = unbounded::<i32>();
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.send(&s1);
/// let oper2 = sel.send(&s2);
/// let oper3 = sel.send(&s3);
///
/// assert_eq!(oper1, 0);
/// assert_eq!(oper2, 1);
/// assert_eq!(oper3, 2);
/// ```
pub fn send<T>(&mut self, s: &'a Sender<T>) -> usize {
let i = self.handles.len();
let ptr = s as *const Sender<_> as *const u8;
self.handles.push((s, i, ptr));
i
}
/// Adds a receive operation.
///
/// Returns the index of the added operation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::thread;
/// use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = unbounded::<i32>();
/// let (s2, r2) = unbounded::<i32>();
/// let (s3, r3) = unbounded::<i32>();
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.recv(&r1);
/// let oper2 = sel.recv(&r2);
/// let oper3 = sel.recv(&r3);
///
/// assert_eq!(oper1, 0);
/// assert_eq!(oper2, 1);
/// assert_eq!(oper3, 2);
/// ```
pub fn recv<T>(&mut self, r: &'a Receiver<T>) -> usize {
let i = self.handles.len();
let ptr = r as *const Receiver<_> as *const u8;
self.handles.push((r, i, ptr));
i
}
/// Attempts to execute one of the operations without blocking.
///
/// If an operation is ready, it is selected and returned. If multiple operations are ready at
/// the same time, a random one among them is selected. If none of the operations are ready, an
/// error is returned.
///
/// An operation is considered to be ready if it doesn't have to block. Note that it is ready
/// even when it will simply return an error because the channel is disconnected.
///
/// The selected operation must be completed with [`SelectedOperation::send`]
/// or [`SelectedOperation::recv`].
///
/// [`SelectedOperation::send`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.send
/// [`SelectedOperation::recv`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.recv
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::thread;
/// use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = unbounded();
/// let (s2, r2) = unbounded();
///
/// s1.send(10).unwrap();
/// s2.send(20).unwrap();
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.recv(&r1);
/// let oper2 = sel.recv(&r2);
///
/// // Both operations are initially ready, so a random one will be executed.
/// let oper = sel.try_select();
/// match oper {
/// Err(_) => panic!("both operations should be ready"),
/// Ok(oper) => match oper.index() {
/// i if i == oper1 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r1), Ok(10)),
/// i if i == oper2 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r2), Ok(20)),
/// _ => unreachable!(),
/// }
/// }
/// ```
pub fn try_select(&mut self) -> Result<SelectedOperation<'_>, TrySelectError> {
match run_select(&mut self.handles, Timeout::Now) {
None => Err(TrySelectError),
Some((token, index, ptr)) => Ok(SelectedOperation {
token,
index,
ptr,
_marker: PhantomData,
}),
}
}
/// Blocks until one of the operations becomes ready.
///
/// Once an operation becomes ready, it is selected and returned.
///
/// An operation is considered to be ready if it doesn't have to block. Note that it is ready
/// even when it will simply return an error because the channel is disconnected.
///
/// The selected operation must be completed with [`SelectedOperation::send`]
/// or [`SelectedOperation::recv`].
///
/// [`SelectedOperation::send`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.send
/// [`SelectedOperation::recv`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.recv
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if no operations have been added to `Select`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::thread;
/// use std::time::Duration;
/// use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = unbounded();
/// let (s2, r2) = unbounded();
///
/// thread::spawn(move || {
/// thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
/// s1.send(10).unwrap();
/// });
/// thread::spawn(move || s2.send(20).unwrap());
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.recv(&r1);
/// let oper2 = sel.recv(&r2);
///
/// // The second operation will be selected because it becomes ready first.
/// let oper = sel.select();
/// match oper.index() {
/// i if i == oper1 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r1), Ok(10)),
/// i if i == oper2 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r2), Ok(20)),
/// _ => unreachable!(),
/// }
/// ```
pub fn select(&mut self) -> SelectedOperation<'_> {
if self.handles.is_empty() {
panic!("no operations have been added to `Select`");
}
let (token, index, ptr) = run_select(&mut self.handles, Timeout::Never).unwrap();
SelectedOperation {
token,
index,
ptr,
_marker: PhantomData,
}
}
/// Waits until one of the operations becomes ready, but only for a limited time.
///
/// If an operation becomes ready, it is selected and returned. If multiple operations are
/// ready at the same time, a random one among them is selected. If none of the operations
/// become ready for the specified duration, an error is returned.
///
/// An operation is considered to be ready if it doesn't have to block. Note that it is ready
/// even when it will simply return an error because the channel is disconnected.
///
/// The selected operation must be completed with [`SelectedOperation::send`]
/// or [`SelectedOperation::recv`].
///
/// [`SelectedOperation::send`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.send
/// [`SelectedOperation::recv`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.recv
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::thread;
/// use std::time::Duration;
/// use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = unbounded();
/// let (s2, r2) = unbounded();
///
/// thread::spawn(move || {
/// thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
/// s1.send(10).unwrap();
/// });
/// thread::spawn(move || s2.send(20).unwrap());
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.recv(&r1);
/// let oper2 = sel.recv(&r2);
///
/// // The second operation will be selected because it becomes ready first.
/// let oper = sel.select_timeout(Duration::from_millis(500));
/// match oper {
/// Err(_) => panic!("should not have timed out"),
/// Ok(oper) => match oper.index() {
/// i if i == oper1 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r1), Ok(10)),
/// i if i == oper2 => assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r2), Ok(20)),
/// _ => unreachable!(),
/// }
/// }
/// ```
pub fn select_timeout(
&mut self,
timeout: Duration,
) -> Result<SelectedOperation<'_>, SelectTimeoutError> {
let timeout = Timeout::At(Instant::now() + timeout);
match run_select(&mut self.handles, timeout) {
None => Err(SelectTimeoutError),
Some((token, index, ptr)) => Ok(SelectedOperation {
token,
index,
ptr,
_marker: PhantomData,
}),
}
}
}
impl<'a> Clone for Select<'a> {
fn clone(&self) -> Select<'a> {
Select {
handles: self.handles.clone(),
}
}
}
impl<'a> fmt::Debug for Select<'a> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Select").finish()
}
}
/// A selected operation that needs to be completed.
///
/// To complete the operation, call [`send`] or [`recv`].
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Forgetting to complete the operation is an error and might lead to deadlocks. If a
/// `SelectedOperation` is dropped without completion, a panic occurs.
///
/// [`send`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.send
/// [`recv`]: struct.SelectedOperation.html#method.recv
#[must_use]
pub struct SelectedOperation<'a> {
/// Token needed to complete the operation.
token: Token,
/// The index of the selected operation.
index: usize,
/// The address of the selected `Sender` or `Receiver`.
ptr: *const u8,
/// Indicates that a `Select<'a>` is mutably borrowed.
_marker: PhantomData<&'a mut Select<'a>>,
}
impl<'a> SelectedOperation<'a> {
/// Returns the index of the selected operation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_channel::{bounded, Select};
///
/// let (s1, r1) = bounded::<()>(0);
/// let (s2, r2) = bounded::<()>(0);
/// let (s3, r3) = bounded::<()>(1);
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.send(&s1);
/// let oper2 = sel.recv(&r2);
/// let oper3 = sel.send(&s3);
///
/// // Only the last operation is ready.
/// let oper = sel.select();
/// assert_eq!(oper.index(), 2);
/// assert_eq!(oper.index(), oper3);
///
/// // Complete the operation.
/// oper.send(&s3, ()).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn index(&self) -> usize {
self.index
}
/// Completes the send operation.
///
/// The passed [`Sender`] reference must be the same one that was used in [`Select::send`]
/// when the operation was added.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if an incorrect [`Sender`] reference is passed.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_channel::{bounded, Select, SendError};
///
/// let (s, r) = bounded::<i32>(0);
/// drop(r);
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.send(&s);
///
/// let oper = sel.select();
/// assert_eq!(oper.index(), oper1);
/// assert_eq!(oper.send(&s, 10), Err(SendError(10)));
/// ```
///
/// [`Sender`]: struct.Sender.html
/// [`Select::send`]: struct.Select.html#method.send
pub fn send<T>(mut self, s: &Sender<T>, msg: T) -> Result<(), SendError<T>> {
assert!(
s as *const Sender<T> as *const u8 == self.ptr,
"passed a sender that wasn't selected",
);
let res = unsafe { channel::write(s, &mut self.token, msg) };
mem::forget(self);
res.map_err(SendError)
}
/// Completes the receive operation.
///
/// The passed [`Receiver`] reference must be the same one that was used in [`Select::recv`]
/// when the operation was added.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if an incorrect [`Receiver`] reference is passed.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_channel::{bounded, Select, RecvError};
///
/// let (s, r) = bounded::<i32>(0);
/// drop(s);
///
/// let mut sel = Select::new();
/// let oper1 = sel.recv(&r);
///
/// let oper = sel.select();
/// assert_eq!(oper.index(), oper1);
/// assert_eq!(oper.recv(&r), Err(RecvError));
/// ```
///
/// [`Receiver`]: struct.Receiver.html
/// [`Select::recv`]: struct.Select.html#method.recv
pub fn recv<T>(mut self, r: &Receiver<T>) -> Result<T, RecvError> {
assert!(
r as *const Receiver<T> as *const u8 == self.ptr,
"passed a receiver that wasn't selected",
);
let res = unsafe { channel::read(r, &mut self.token) };
mem::forget(self);
res.map_err(|_| RecvError)
}
}
impl<'a> fmt::Debug for SelectedOperation<'a> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("SelectedOperation").finish()
}
}
impl<'a> Drop for SelectedOperation<'a> {
fn drop(&mut self) {
panic!("dropped `SelectedOperation` without completing the operation");
}
}