Crate corophage

Expand description

§Corophage

Algebraic effects for stable Rust

corophage provides a way to separate the description of what your program should do from the implementation of how it gets done. This allows you to write clean, testable, and composable business logic.

§Usage

Add corophage to your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
corophage = "0.2.0"

§What are effect handlers?

Imagine you are writing a piece of business logic:

Log a “starting” message.
Read some configuration from a file.
Get the current application state.
Perform a calculation and update the state.
If a condition is met, cancel the entire operation.

Traditionally, you might write a function that takes a logger, a file system handle, and a mutable reference to the state. This function would be tightly coupled to these specific implementations.

With effect handlers, your business logic function does none of these things directly. Instead, it describes the side effects it needs to perform by yielding effects.

use corophage::prelude::*;

type MyEffects = Effects![Log, FileRead, GetState, SetState];

// This describes WHAT to do, not HOW.
let result = Program::new(|y: Yielder<'_, MyEffects>| async move {
    y.yield_(Log("Starting...")).await;
    let config = y.yield_(FileRead("config.toml")).await;
    let state = y.yield_(GetState).await;
    // ...and so on
})
.handle(|Log(msg)| { println!("{msg}"); Control::resume(()) })
.handle(|FileRead(f)| Control::resume(std::fs::read_to_string(f).unwrap()))
.handle(|_: GetState| Control::resume(42u64))
.handle(|SetState(x)| { /* ... */ Control::resume(()) })
.run_sync();

The responsibility of implementing these effects (e.g., actually printing to the console, reading from the disk, or managing state) is given to a set of handlers. You provide these handlers to a runner, which executes your logic and calls the appropriate handler whenever an effect is yielded.

This separation provides powerful benefits:

Testability: For tests, you can provide mock handlers that simulate logging, file I/O, or state management without touching the real world.
Modularity: The core logic is completely decoupled from its execution context. You can run the same logic with different handlers for different environments (e.g., production vs. testing, CLI vs. GUI).
Clarity: The business logic code becomes a pure, high-level description of the steps involved, making it easier to read and reason about.

[!NOTE] corophage provides single-shot effect handlers: each handler can resume the computation at most once. This means handlers cannot duplicate or replay continuations. This is a deliberate design choice that keeps the implementation efficient and compatible with Rust’s ownership model.

§Core concepts

corophage is built around a few key concepts: Effects, Computations, and Handlers.

§1. Effects

An Effect is a struct that represents a request for a side effect. It’s a message from your computation to the outside world. To define an effect, you implement the Effect trait.

The most important part of the Effect trait is the associated type Resume<'r> (a generic associated type), which defines the type of the value that the computation will receive back after the effect is handled.

use corophage::{Effect, Never};

// An effect to request logging a message.
// It doesn't need any data back, so we resume with `()`.
pub struct Log<'a>(pub &'a str);
impl<'a> Effect for Log<'a> {
    type Resume<'r> = ();
}

// An effect to request reading a file.
// It expects the file's contents back, so we resume with `String`.
pub struct FileRead(pub String);
impl Effect for FileRead {
    type Resume<'r> = String;
}

// An effect that cancels the computation.
// It will never resume, so we use the special `Never` type.
pub struct Cancel;
impl Effect for Cancel {
    type Resume<'r> = Never;
}

You can also use the #[effect] attribute macro to derive the Effect impl:

use corophage::prelude::*;

#[effect(())]
pub struct Log<'a>(pub &'a str);

#[effect(String)]
pub struct FileRead(pub String);

#[effect(Never)]
pub struct Cancel;

// The resume type may reference the GAT lifetime `'r`:
#[effect(&'r str)]
pub struct Lookup(pub String);

// Generics work too:
#[effect(T)]
pub struct Identity<T: Debug + Send + Sync>(pub T);

Or use the declare_effect! macro for a more concise syntax:

use corophage::prelude::*;

declare_effect!(Log(String) -> ());
declare_effect!(FileRead(String) -> String);
declare_effect!(Cancel -> Never);

// Lifetime and generic parameters are also supported:
declare_effect!(Borrow<'a>(&'a str) -> bool);
declare_effect!(Generic<T: std::fmt::Debug>(T) -> T);

// Named fields are also supported:
declare_effect!(FileRead { path: String, recursive: bool } -> Vec<u8>);

// The resume type may reference the GAT lifetime `'r`:
declare_effect!(Lookup(String) -> &'r str);

§2. Programs

A Program combines a computation with its effect handlers. The simplest way to create one is with the #[effectful] attribute macro:

use corophage::prelude::*;

#[effectful(Log<'static>, FileRead)]
fn fetch_data() -> String {
    yield_!(Log("fetching..."));
    yield_!(FileRead("data.txt".to_string()))
}

let result = fetch_data()
    .handle(|Log(msg)| { println!("{msg}"); Control::resume(()) })
    .handle(|FileRead(path)| Control::resume(format!("contents of {path}")))
    .run_sync();

assert_eq!(result, Ok("contents of data.txt".to_string()));

The #[effectful] macro transforms your function to return a Program and lets you use yield_!(effect) to perform effects. You can also create programs manually with Program::new:

use corophage::prelude::*;

type Effs = Effects![Log<'static>, FileRead];

let result = Program::new(|y: Yielder<'_, Effs>| async move {
    y.yield_(Log("fetching...")).await;
    y.yield_(FileRead("data.txt".to_string())).await
})
.handle(|Log(msg)| { println!("{msg}"); Control::resume(()) })
.handle(|FileRead(path)| Control::resume(format!("contents of {path}")))
.run_sync();

assert_eq!(result, Ok("contents of data.txt".to_string()));

When you call yield_! (or y.yield_(...).await in the manual style), the computation pauses, the effect is handled, and execution resumes with the value provided by the handler.

[!IMPORTANT] Handlers must be attached in the same order as the effects appear in the Effects![...] list. This is enforced by the type system — attaching handlers in the wrong order is a compile error.

§3. Handlers

A Handler is a function (sync or async) that implements the logic for a specific effect. It receives the Effect instance and returns a Control<R> (where R is the effect’s Resume type), which tells the runner what to do next:

Control::resume(value): Resumes the computation, passing value back as the result of the yield_. The type of value must match the effect’s Resume type.
Control::cancel(): Aborts the entire computation immediately. The final result of the run will be Err(Cancelled).

// Sync handler — a regular closure
|Log(msg)| {
    println!("LOG: {msg}");
    Control::resume(())
}

// Async handler — an async closure
async |FileRead(file)| {
    let content = tokio::fs::read_to_string(file).await.unwrap();
    Control::resume(content)
}

§4. Shared state

Handlers can share mutable state via run_sync_stateful / run_stateful. The state is passed as a &mut S first argument to every handler:

let mut count: u64 = 0;

let result = Program::new(|y: Yielder<'_, Effects![Counter]>| async move {
    let a = y.yield_(Counter).await;
    let b = y.yield_(Counter).await;
    a + b
})
.handle(|s: &mut u64, _: Counter| {
    *s += 1;
    Control::resume(*s)
})
.run_sync_stateful(&mut count);

assert_eq!(result, Ok(3));
assert_eq!(count, 2);

[!NOTE] If your handlers don’t need shared state, use .run_sync() / .run() instead. You can also use RefCell or other interior mutability patterns to share state without run_stateful.

§5. Program composition

Programs can invoke other programs. The sub-program’s effects must be a subset of the outer program’s effects — each yielded effect is forwarded to the outer handler automatically.

use corophage::prelude::*;

#[effect(&'static str)]
struct Ask(&'static str);

#[effect(())]
struct Print(String);

#[effect(())]
struct Log(&'static str);

#[effectful(Ask, Print)]
fn greet() {
    let name: &str = yield_!(Ask("name?"));
    yield_!(Print(format!("Hello, {name}!")));
}

#[effectful(Ask, Print, Log)]
fn main_program() {
    yield_!(Log("Starting..."));
    invoke!(greet());
    yield_!(Log("Done!"));
}

let result = main_program()
    .handle(|_: Ask| Control::resume("world"))
    .handle(|Print(msg)| { println!("{msg}"); Control::resume(()) })
    .handle(|_: Log| Control::resume(()))
    .run_sync();

assert_eq!(result, Ok(()));

With the manual Program::new API, use y.invoke(program).await:

let result = Program::new(|y: Yielder<'_, Effects![Ask, Print, Log]>| async move {
    y.yield_(Log("Starting...")).await;
    y.invoke(greet()).await;
    y.yield_(Log("Done!")).await;
})
.handle(|_: Ask| Control::resume("world"))
.handle(|Print(msg)| { println!("{msg}"); Control::resume(()) })
.handle(|_: Log| Control::resume(()))
.run_sync();

Sub-programs can be nested arbitrarily — a sub-program can itself invoke other sub-programs.

§Advanced: `Co`, `CoSend`, and the direct API

For cases where you need to pass a computation around before attaching handlers (e.g., returning it from a function, or storing it in a data structure), you can use Co and CoSend directly.

use corophage::{Co, CoSend, sync, Control};
use corophage::prelude::*;

// Co — the computation type (not Send)
let co: Co<'_, Effects![FileRead], String> = Co::new(|y| async move {
    y.yield_(FileRead("data.txt".to_string())).await
});

// Run directly with all handlers at once via hlist
let result = sync::run(co, &mut hlist![
    |FileRead(f)| Control::resume(format!("contents of {f}"))
]);

// Or wrap in a Program for incremental handling
let result = Program::from_co(co).handle(/* ... */).run_sync();

CoSend is the Send-able variant, for use with multi-threaded runtimes:

fn my_computation() -> CoSend<'static, Effects![FileRead], String> {
    CoSend::new(|y| async move {
        y.yield_(FileRead("test".to_string())).await
    })
}

// Can be spawned on tokio
tokio::spawn(async move {
    let result = Program::from_co(my_computation())
        .handle(async |FileRead(f)| Control::resume(format!("contents of {f}")))
        .run()
        .await;
});

The direct API (sync::run, sync::run_stateful, asynk::run, asynk::run_stateful) accepts a Co/CoSend and an hlist! of all handlers at once. This is useful for concise one-shot execution but requires providing all handlers together.

§Borrowing non-`'static` data

Effects can borrow data from the local scope by using a non-'static lifetime:

use corophage::prelude::*;

struct Log<'a>(pub &'a str);
impl<'a> Effect for Log<'a> {
    type Resume<'r> = ();
}

let msg = String::from("hello from a local string");
let msg_ref = msg.as_str();

let result = Program::new(move |y: Yielder<'_, Effects![Log<'_>]>| async move {
    y.yield_(Log(msg_ref)).await;
})
.handle(|Log(m)| { println!("{m}"); Control::resume(()) })
.run_sync();

assert_eq!(result, Ok(()));

§Borrowed resume types

Because Effect::Resume<'r> is a generic associated type (GAT), handlers can resume computations with borrowed data instead of requiring owned values.

use corophage::prelude::*;
use std::collections::HashMap;

struct Lookup<'a> {
    map: &'a HashMap<String, String>,
    key: &'a str,
}

impl<'a> Effect for Lookup<'a> {
    // The handler can resume with a &str borrowed from the map
    type Resume<'r> = &'r str;
}

let map = HashMap::from([
    ("host".to_string(), "localhost".to_string()),
    ("port".to_string(), "5432".to_string()),
]);

let result = Program::new({
    let map = &map;
    move |y: Yielder<'_, Effects![Lookup<'_>]>| async move {
        let host: &str = y.yield_(Lookup { map, key: "host" }).await;
        let port: &str = y.yield_(Lookup { map, key: "port" }).await;
        format!("{host}:{port}")
    }
})
.handle(|Lookup { map, key }| {
    let value = map.get(key).unwrap();
    Control::resume(value.as_str())
})
.run_sync();

assert_eq!(result, Ok("localhost:5432".to_string()));

§Performance

Benchmarks were run using Divan. Run them with cargo bench.

§Coroutine Overhead

Benchmark	Median	Notes
`coroutine_creation`	~7 ns	Just struct initialization
`empty_coroutine`	~30 ns	Full lifecycle with no yields
`single_yield`	~38 ns	One yield/resume cycle

Coroutine creation is nearly free, and the baseline overhead for running a coroutine is ~30 ns.

§Yield Scaling (Sync vs Async)

Yields	Sync	Async	Overhead
10	131 ns	178 ns	+36%
100	1.0 µs	1.27 µs	+27%
1000	9.5 µs	11.1 µs	+17%

Async adds ~30% overhead at small scales, but the gap narrows as yield count increases. Per-yield cost is approximately 9-10 ns for sync and 11 ns for async.

§Effect Dispatch Position

Position	Median
First (index 0)	49 ns
Middle (index 2)	42 ns
Last (index 4)	47 ns

Dispatch position has negligible impact. While the source-level dispatch uses recursive trait impls over nested Coproduct::Inl/Inr variants, the compiler monomorphizes and inlines the entire chain into a flat discriminant-based branch — the same code LLVM would emit for a plain match on a flat enum. The result is effectively O(1).

§State Management

Pattern	Median
Stateless (`run`)	38 ns
Stateful (`run_stateful`)	53 ns
RefCell pattern	55 ns

Stateful handlers add ~15 ns overhead. RefCell is nearly equivalent to run_stateful.

§Handler Complexity

Handler	Median
Noop (returns `()`)	42 ns
Allocating (returns `String`)	83 ns

Allocation dominates handler cost. Consider returning references or zero-copy types for performance-critical effects.

§Acknowledgments

corophage is heavily inspired by effing-mad, a pioneering algebraic effects library for nightly Rust. effing-mad demonstrated that algebraic effects and effect handlers are viable in Rust by leveraging coroutines to let effectful functions suspend, pass control to their callers, and resume with results. While effing-mad requires nightly Rust for its #[coroutine]-based approach, corophage supports stable Rust by leveraging async coroutines (via fauxgen). Big thanks as well to frunk for its coproduct and hlist implementation.

§License

Licensed under either of

Apache License, Version 2.0 (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
MIT license (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)

at your option.

§Contribution

Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.

Re-exports§

pub use coroutine::Yielder;

Modules§

asynk: Async effect runners.
coroutine: Coroutine types for defining effectful computations.
prelude: Re-exports of the most commonly used types and traits.
sync: Synchronous effect runners.

Macros§

Effects: Constructs a coproduct type from a list of Effect types.
declare_effect: Declare an effect type.
invoke: Fallback invoke! macro that produces a clear error when used outside an #[effectful] function.
yield_: Fallback yield_! macro that produces a clear error when used outside an #[effectful] function.

Structs§

Cancelled: Error returned when a computation is cancelled by a handler.
Local: Marker for coroutines that are not Send.
Program: A computation with incrementally attached effect handlers.
Sendable: Marker for coroutines that are Send.

Enums§

Control: The result returned by an effect handler.
Never: An uninhabited type for effects that never resume.

Traits§

Effect: An algebraic effect that can be yielded from a computation.
Locality: Sealed trait that controls whether a Co coroutine is Send.

Type Aliases§

Eff: An effectful computation with no handlers attached.

Attribute Macros§

effect: Derive an [Effect] implementation for a struct.
effectful: Mark a function as an effectful computation.

Crate corophage

Crate corophage Copy item path

§Corophage

§Usage

§What are effect handlers?

§Core concepts

§1. Effects

§2. Programs

§3. Handlers

§4. Shared state

§5. Program composition

§Advanced: Co, CoSend, and the direct API

§Borrowing non-'static data

§Borrowed resume types

§Performance

§Coroutine Overhead

§Yield Scaling (Sync vs Async)

§Effect Dispatch Position

§State Management

§Handler Complexity

§Acknowledgments

§License

§Contribution

Re-exports§

Modules§

Macros§

Structs§

Enums§

Traits§

Type Aliases§

Attribute Macros§

Crate corophage

§Advanced: `Co`, `CoSend`, and the direct API

§Borrowing non-`'static` data