concordium_base/

base.rs

//! Basis type definitions that are used throughout the crate.

use crate::{
    common::{
        base16_decode_string, deserial_string, types::Signature, Buffer, Deserial, Get,
        ParseResult, Put, ReadBytesExt, SerdeBase16Serialize, SerdeDeserialize, SerdeSerialize,
        Serial, Serialize,
    },
    curve_arithmetic::Curve,
    id::{
        constants::ArCurve,
        types::{GlobalContext, VerifyKey},
    },
    pedersen_commitment::{Randomness, Value},
    random_oracle::RandomOracle,
};
use concordium_contracts_common::AccountAddress;
pub use concordium_contracts_common::{
    AccountThreshold, Address, ContractAddress, ContractIndex, ContractSubIndex, ExchangeRate,
    ZeroSignatureThreshold,
};
use derive_more::{Add, Display, From, FromStr, Into, Sub, Sum};
use ed25519_dalek::Signer;
use rand::{CryptoRng, Rng};
use std::{
    convert::{TryFrom, TryInto},
    fmt,
    hash::Hash,
    str::FromStr,
};
use thiserror::Error;

/// An equivalence class of account addresses. Two account addresses are
/// equivalent if they are aliases of each other.
///
/// Account aliases share the first 29 bytes of the address, so the
/// [`PartialEq`]/[`PartialOrd`] for this type adheres to that.
#[repr(transparent)] // this is essential for the AsRef implementation
#[derive(Eq, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct AccountAddressEq(pub(crate) AccountAddress);

impl From<AccountAddressEq> for AccountAddress {
    fn from(aae: AccountAddressEq) -> Self {
        aae.0
    }
}

impl From<AccountAddress> for AccountAddressEq {
    fn from(address: AccountAddress) -> Self {
        Self(address)
    }
}

impl PartialEq for AccountAddressEq {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        let bytes_1 = &self.0 .0;
        let bytes_2 = &other.0 .0;
        bytes_1[0..29] == bytes_2[0..29]
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for AccountAddressEq {
    #[inline]
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}

impl Ord for AccountAddressEq {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
        let bytes_1 = &self.0 .0;
        let bytes_2 = &other.0 .0;
        bytes_1[0..29].cmp(&bytes_2[0..29])
    }
}

impl Hash for AccountAddressEq {
    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.0 .0[0..29].hash(state)
    }
}

// NB: We cannot implement `Borrow` since the equality instance for
// AccountAddressEq is, deliberately, different, from the one for account
// addresses.
impl AsRef<AccountAddressEq> for AccountAddress {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &AccountAddressEq {
        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
    }
}

// NB: We cannot implement `Borrow` since the equality instance for
// AccountAddressEq is, deliberately, different, from the one for account
// addresses.
impl AsRef<AccountAddress> for AccountAddressEq {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &AccountAddress {
        &self.0
    }
}

/// Duration of a slot in milliseconds.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct SlotDuration {
    pub millis: u64,
}

/// The slot duration is not representable as a [`Duration`](chrono::Duration).
/// It is too large.
#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
#[error("Slot duration is not representable as chrono::Duration.")]
pub struct SlotDurationConversionError;

impl TryFrom<SlotDuration> for chrono::Duration {
    type Error = SlotDurationConversionError;

    fn try_from(s: SlotDuration) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        let Ok(millis) = s.millis.try_into() else {
            return Err(SlotDurationConversionError);
        };
        Self::try_milliseconds(millis).ok_or(SlotDurationConversionError)
    }
}

/// Duration in seconds.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct DurationSeconds {
    pub seconds: u64,
}

/// The duration in seconds is not representable as a
/// [`Duration`](chrono::Duration). It is too large.
#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
#[error("Duration in seconds is not representable as chrono::Duration.")]
pub struct DurationSecondsConversionError;

impl TryFrom<DurationSeconds> for chrono::Duration {
    type Error = SlotDurationConversionError;

    fn try_from(s: DurationSeconds) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        let Ok(millis) = s.seconds.try_into() else {
            return Err(SlotDurationConversionError);
        };
        Self::try_seconds(millis).ok_or(SlotDurationConversionError)
    }
}

/// Internal short id of the baker.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct BakerId {
    pub id: AccountIndex,
}

/// Internal short id of the delegator.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct DelegatorId {
    pub id: AccountIndex,
}

/// A unicode representation of a Url.
/// The Utf8 encoding of the Url must be at most
/// [`MAX_URL_TEXT_LENGTH`](crate::constants::MAX_URL_TEXT_LENGTH) bytes.
///
/// The default instance produces the empty URL.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(
    SerdeSerialize,
    SerdeDeserialize,
    Serial,
    Clone,
    Eq,
    PartialEq,
    Ord,
    PartialOrd,
    Debug,
    Display,
    Into,
    Default,
)]
#[serde(try_from = "String", into = "String")]
pub struct UrlText {
    #[string_size_length = 2]
    url: String,
}

impl Deserial for UrlText {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let len: u16 = source.get()?;
        anyhow::ensure!(
            usize::from(len) <= crate::constants::MAX_URL_TEXT_LENGTH,
            "URL length exceeds maximum allowed."
        );
        let url = deserial_string(source, len.into())?;
        Ok(Self { url })
    }
}

impl TryFrom<String> for UrlText {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_from(value: String) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        anyhow::ensure!(
            value.as_bytes().len() <= crate::constants::MAX_URL_TEXT_LENGTH,
            "URL length exceeds maximum allowed."
        );
        Ok(Self { url: value })
    }
}

/// The status of whether a baking pool allows delegators to join.
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum OpenStatus {
    /// New delegators may join the pool.
    OpenForAll = 0,
    /// New delegators may not join, but existing delegators are kept.
    ClosedForNew = 1,
    /// No delegators are allowed.
    ClosedForAll = 2,
}

impl Serial for OpenStatus {
    fn serial<B: Buffer>(&self, out: &mut B) {
        (*self as u8).serial(out)
    }
}

impl Deserial for OpenStatus {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let tag: u8 = source.get()?;
        match tag {
            0 => Ok(Self::OpenForAll),
            1 => Ok(Self::ClosedForNew),
            2 => Ok(Self::ClosedForAll),
            _ => anyhow::bail!("Unrecognized OpenStatus tag {}", tag),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", tag = "delegateType")]
/// Target of delegation.
pub enum DelegationTarget {
    #[serde(rename = "Passive")]
    /// Delegate passively, i.e., to no specific baker.
    Passive,
    #[serde(rename = "Baker")]
    /// Delegate to a specific baker.
    Baker {
        #[serde(rename = "bakerId")]
        baker_id: BakerId,
    },
}

impl From<BakerId> for DelegationTarget {
    fn from(baker_id: BakerId) -> Self {
        Self::Baker { baker_id }
    }
}

impl Serial for DelegationTarget {
    fn serial<B: Buffer>(&self, out: &mut B) {
        match self {
            DelegationTarget::Passive => 0u8.serial(out),
            DelegationTarget::Baker { baker_id } => {
                1u8.serial(out);
                baker_id.serial(out)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Deserial for DelegationTarget {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let tag: u8 = source.get()?;
        match tag {
            0 => Ok(Self::Passive),
            1 => {
                let baker_id = source.get()?;
                Ok(Self::Baker { baker_id })
            }
            _ => anyhow::bail!("Unrecognized delegation target tag: {}", tag),
        }
    }
}

/// Slot number
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct Slot {
    pub slot: u64,
}

/// Epoch number
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct Epoch {
    pub epoch: u64,
}

/// Round number. Applies to protocol 6 and onward.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct Round {
    pub round: u64,
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
/// A sequence number ordering transactions from a specific account. The initial
/// sequence number is `1`, and a transaction with sequence number `m` must be
/// followed by a transaction with sequence number `m+1`.
pub struct Nonce {
    pub nonce: u64,
}

impl Nonce {
    /// Get the next nonce.
    pub fn next(self) -> Self {
        Self {
            nonce: self.nonce + 1,
        }
    }

    /// Increase the nonce to the next nonce.
    pub fn next_mut(&mut self) {
        self.nonce += 1;
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
/// Equivalent of a transaction nonce but for update instructions. Update
/// sequence numbers are per update type. The minimum sequence number is 1.
pub struct UpdateSequenceNumber {
    pub number: u64,
}

impl UpdateSequenceNumber {
    /// Get the next sequence number. This is marked as must_use to prevent
    /// mistakes in combination with next_mut.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn next(self) -> Self {
        Self {
            number: self.number + 1,
        }
    }

    /// Increase the sequence number.
    pub fn next_mut(&mut self) {
        self.number += 1;
    }
}

impl Default for UpdateSequenceNumber {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { number: 1 }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
/// Limit on the number of credential deployments in a block. Since credential
/// deployments create accounts, this is in effect a limit on the number of
/// accounts that can be created in a block.
pub struct CredentialsPerBlockLimit {
    pub limit: u16,
}

/// Height of a block. Last genesis block is at height 0, a child of a block at
/// height n is at height n+1. This height counts from the last protocol update.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct BlockHeight {
    pub height: u64,
}

/// Type indicating the index of a (re)genesis block.
/// The initial genesis block has index `0` and each subsequent regenesis
/// has an incrementally higher index.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct GenesisIndex {
    pub height: u32,
}

/// An enumeration of the supported versions of the consensus protocol.
/// Binary and JSON serializations are as Word64 corresponding to the protocol
/// number.
#[derive(
    SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, Display,
)]
#[serde(into = "u64", try_from = "u64")]
pub enum ProtocolVersion {
    #[display(fmt = "P1")]
    /// The initial protocol version at mainnet launch.
    P1,
    #[display(fmt = "P2")]
    /// Protocol `P2` introduces support for transfers with memos.
    P2,
    #[display(fmt = "P3")]
    /// Protocol `P3` introduces support for account aliases. Each account can
    /// now be referred to by `2^24` different addresses.
    P3,
    #[display(fmt = "P4")]
    /// Protocol `P4` is a major upgrade that adds support for delegation,
    /// baking pools, and V1 smart contracts.
    P4,
    #[display(fmt = "P5")]
    /// Protocol `P5` is a minor upgrade that adds support for smart contract
    /// upgradability, smart contract queries, relaxes some limitations and
    /// improves the structure of internal node datastructures related to
    /// accounts.
    P5,
    #[display(fmt = "P6")]
    /// Protocol `P6` uses a new ConcordiumBFT consensus protocol. It also fixes
    /// state rollback behaviour for version 1 smart contracts, adds support for
    /// Wasm instructions, and adds host functions for supporting sponsored
    /// transactions.
    P6,
    #[display(fmt = "P7")]
    /// Protocol `P7` modifies hashing to better support light clients, and
    /// implements tokenomics changes.
    P7,
    #[display(fmt = "P8")]
    /// Protocol `P8` introduces support for suspended validators.
    P8,
    #[display(fmt = "P9")]
    /// Protocol `P9` introduces support for protocol level tokens (PLT).
    P9,
}

#[derive(Debug, Error, Display)]
/// A structure to represent conversion errors when converting integers to
/// protocol versions.
pub struct UnknownProtocolVersion {
    /// The version that was attempted to be converted, but is not supported.
    version: u64,
}

impl TryFrom<u64> for ProtocolVersion {
    type Error = UnknownProtocolVersion;

    fn try_from(value: u64) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        match value {
            1 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P1),
            2 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P2),
            3 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P3),
            4 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P4),
            5 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P5),
            6 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P6),
            7 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P7),
            8 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P8),
            9 => Ok(ProtocolVersion::P9),
            version => Err(UnknownProtocolVersion { version }),
        }
    }
}

impl From<ProtocolVersion> for u64 {
    fn from(pv: ProtocolVersion) -> Self {
        match pv {
            ProtocolVersion::P1 => 1,
            ProtocolVersion::P2 => 2,
            ProtocolVersion::P3 => 3,
            ProtocolVersion::P4 => 4,
            ProtocolVersion::P5 => 5,
            ProtocolVersion::P6 => 6,
            ProtocolVersion::P7 => 7,
            ProtocolVersion::P8 => 8,
            ProtocolVersion::P9 => 9,
        }
    }
}

impl Serial for ProtocolVersion {
    fn serial<B: Buffer>(&self, out: &mut B) {
        let n: u64 = (*self).into();
        out.put(&n);
    }
}

impl Deserial for ProtocolVersion {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let n: u64 = source.get()?;
        let pv = ProtocolVersion::try_from(n)?;
        Ok(pv)
    }
}

/// Height of a block since chain genesis.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
pub struct AbsoluteBlockHeight {
    pub height: u64,
}

impl AbsoluteBlockHeight {
    /// Get the next height.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn next(self) -> Self {
        AbsoluteBlockHeight {
            height: 1 + self.height,
        }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
/// Index of the account in the account table. These are assigned sequentially
/// in the order of creation of accounts. The first account has index 0.
pub struct AccountIndex {
    pub index: u64,
}

/// Energy measure.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(
    Copy,
    Clone,
    Eq,
    PartialEq,
    Ord,
    PartialOrd,
    Debug,
    Default,
    FromStr,
    Display,
    From,
    Into,
    Add,
    Sub,
    Sum,
)]
pub struct Energy {
    pub energy: u64,
}

impl Energy {
    /// Checked `Energy` subtraction.
    ///
    /// Computes `self - rhs` and returns `None` if an underflow occurred.
    pub fn checked_sub(self, rhs: Energy) -> Option<Energy> {
        self.energy.checked_sub(rhs.energy).map(From::from)
    }

    /// "Tick" energy: subtract the provided amount.
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the energy goes below `0`.
    pub fn tick_energy(&mut self, amount: Energy) -> Result<(), InsufficientEnergy> {
        if let Some(nrg) = self.energy.checked_sub(amount.energy) {
            self.energy = nrg;
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(InsufficientEnergy)
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Error)]
#[error("Out of energy")]
/// An error raised by [`tick_energy`](Energy::tick_energy) when subtracting the
/// required amount of energy would lead to a negative value.
pub struct InsufficientEnergy;

/// Position of the transaction in a block.
#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Debug, Serialize, Clone, Copy)]
#[serde(transparent)]
pub struct TransactionIndex {
    pub index: u64,
}

pub type AggregateSigPairing = crate::id::constants::IpPairing;

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeBase16Serialize, Serialize)]
/// A secret key used by bakers and finalizers to sign finalization records.
pub struct BakerAggregationSignKey {
    pub(crate) sign_key: crate::aggregate_sig::SecretKey<AggregateSigPairing>,
}

impl BakerAggregationSignKey {
    /// Generate a fresh key using the provided random number generatro.
    pub fn generate<T: Rng>(csprng: &mut T) -> Self {
        Self {
            sign_key: crate::aggregate_sig::SecretKey::generate(csprng),
        }
    }

    /// Prove knowledge of the baker aggregation signing key with respect to the
    /// challenge given via the random oracle.
    pub fn prove<T: Rng>(
        &self,
        csprng: &mut T,
        random_oracle: &mut RandomOracle,
    ) -> crate::aggregate_sig::Proof<AggregateSigPairing> {
        self.sign_key.prove(csprng, random_oracle)
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeBase16Serialize, Serialize, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
/// Public key corresponding to [`BakerAggregationVerifyKey`].
pub struct BakerAggregationVerifyKey {
    pub(crate) verify_key: crate::aggregate_sig::PublicKey<AggregateSigPairing>,
}

impl From<&BakerAggregationSignKey> for BakerAggregationVerifyKey {
    fn from(secret: &BakerAggregationSignKey) -> Self {
        Self {
            verify_key: crate::aggregate_sig::PublicKey::from_secret(&secret.sign_key),
        }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeBase16Serialize, Serialize)]
/// A secret key used by a baker to sign blocks.
pub struct BakerSignatureSignKey {
    pub(crate) sign_key: ed25519_dalek::SecretKey,
}

impl BakerSignatureSignKey {
    /// Generate a fresh key using the provided random number generator.
    pub fn generate<T: CryptoRng + Rng>(csprng: &mut T) -> Self {
        Self {
            sign_key: csprng.gen(),
        }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeBase16Serialize, Serialize, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
/// A public key that corresponds to [`BakerSignatureVerifyKey`].
pub struct BakerSignatureVerifyKey {
    pub(crate) verify_key: ed25519_dalek::VerifyingKey,
}

impl From<&BakerSignatureSignKey> for BakerSignatureVerifyKey {
    fn from(secret: &BakerSignatureSignKey) -> Self {
        Self {
            verify_key: ed25519_dalek::SigningKey::from(&secret.sign_key).verifying_key(),
        }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeBase16Serialize, Serialize)]
/// A secret key used by a baker to prove that they won the lottery to produce a
/// block.
pub struct BakerElectionSignKey {
    pub(crate) sign_key: crate::ecvrf::SecretKey,
}

impl BakerElectionSignKey {
    pub fn generate<T: CryptoRng + Rng>(csprng: &mut T) -> Self {
        Self {
            sign_key: crate::ecvrf::SecretKey::generate(csprng),
        }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeBase16Serialize, Serialize, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
/// A public key that corresponds to [`BakerElectionSignKey`].
pub struct BakerElectionVerifyKey {
    pub(crate) verify_key: crate::ecvrf::PublicKey,
}

impl From<&BakerElectionSignKey> for BakerElectionVerifyKey {
    fn from(secret: &BakerElectionSignKey) -> Self {
        Self {
            verify_key: crate::ecvrf::PublicKey::from(&secret.sign_key),
        }
    }
}

/// Baker keys containing both public and secret keys.
/// This is used to construct `BakerKeysPayload` for adding and updating baker
/// keys. It is also used to build the `BakerCredentials` required to have a
/// concordium node running as a baker.
///
/// Note: This type contains unencrypted secret keys and should be treated
/// carefully.
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
pub struct BakerKeyPairs {
    #[serde(rename = "signatureSignKey")]
    pub signature_sign: BakerSignatureSignKey,
    #[serde(rename = "signatureVerifyKey")]
    pub signature_verify: BakerSignatureVerifyKey,
    #[serde(rename = "electionPrivateKey")]
    pub election_sign: BakerElectionSignKey,
    #[serde(rename = "electionVerifyKey")]
    pub election_verify: BakerElectionVerifyKey,
    #[serde(rename = "aggregationSignKey")]
    pub aggregation_sign: BakerAggregationSignKey,
    #[serde(rename = "aggregationVerifyKey")]
    pub aggregation_verify: BakerAggregationVerifyKey,
}

impl BakerKeyPairs {
    /// Generate key pairs needed for becoming a baker.
    pub fn generate<T: Rng + CryptoRng>(csprng: &mut T) -> Self {
        let signature_sign = BakerSignatureSignKey::generate(csprng);
        let signature_verify = BakerSignatureVerifyKey::from(&signature_sign);
        let election_sign = BakerElectionSignKey::generate(csprng);
        let election_verify = BakerElectionVerifyKey::from(&election_sign);
        let aggregation_sign = BakerAggregationSignKey::generate(csprng);
        let aggregation_verify = BakerAggregationVerifyKey::from(&aggregation_sign);
        BakerKeyPairs {
            signature_sign,
            signature_verify,
            election_sign,
            election_verify,
            aggregation_sign,
            aggregation_verify,
        }
    }
}

/// Baker credentials type, which can be serialized to JSON and used by a
/// concordium-node for baking.
///
/// Note: This type contains unencrypted secret keys and should be treated
/// carefully.
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct BakerCredentials {
    #[serde(alias = "validatorId")]
    pub baker_id: BakerId,
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub keys: BakerKeyPairs,
}

impl BakerCredentials {
    pub fn new(baker_id: BakerId, keys: BakerKeyPairs) -> Self {
        BakerCredentials { baker_id, keys }
    }
}

#[derive(
    SerdeBase16Serialize,
    Serialize,
    Debug,
    Clone,
    Copy,
    derive_more::AsRef,
    derive_more::Into,
    PartialEq,
    Eq,
)]
/// A registration ID of a credential. This ID is generated from the user's PRF
/// key and a sequential counter. [`CredentialRegistrationID`]'s generated from
/// the same PRF key, but different counter values cannot easily be linked
/// together.
pub struct CredentialRegistrationID(crate::id::constants::ArCurve);

impl FromStr for CredentialRegistrationID {
    type Err = anyhow::Error;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        base16_decode_string(s)
    }
}

impl CredentialRegistrationID {
    pub fn new(g: crate::id::constants::ArCurve) -> Self {
        Self(g)
    }

    /// Construct the cred id from the exponent derived from the PRF key, in
    /// the context of chain cryptographic parameters `crypto_params`.
    pub fn from_exponent(
        crypto_params: &GlobalContext<ArCurve>,
        cexp: <crate::id::constants::ArCurve as Curve>::Scalar,
    ) -> Self {
        let cred_id = crypto_params
            .on_chain_commitment_key
            .hide(&Value::<ArCurve>::new(cexp), &Randomness::zero())
            .0;
        Self::new(cred_id)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for CredentialRegistrationID {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let s = hex::encode(crate::common::to_bytes(self));
        s.fmt(f)
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(Debug, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize, Clone, Into, From, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[serde(transparent)]
/// A single public key that can sign updates.
pub struct UpdatePublicKey {
    pub public: VerifyKey,
}

/// A ed25519 keypair. This is available in the `ed25519::dalek` crate, but the
/// JSON serialization there is not compatible with what we use, so we redefine
/// it there.
#[derive(Debug, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, derive_more::AsRef, Clone)]
#[serde(
    try_from = "update_key_pair_json::UpdateKeyPair",
    into = "update_key_pair_json::UpdateKeyPair"
)]
pub struct UpdateKeyPair {
    inner: ed25519_dalek::SigningKey,
}

mod update_key_pair_json {
    use crate::id::types::SchemeId;

    use super::*;
    /// A ed25519 keypair. This is available in the `ed25519::dalek` crate, but
    /// the JSON serialization there is not compatible with what we use, so
    /// we redefine it there.
    #[derive(Debug, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize)]
    pub struct UpdateKeyPair {
        #[serde(
            rename = "signKey",
            serialize_with = "crate::common::base16_encode_array",
            deserialize_with = "crate::common::base16_decode_array"
        )]
        pub secret: ed25519_dalek::SecretKey,
        #[serde(
            rename = "verifyKey",
            serialize_with = "crate::common::base16_encode",
            deserialize_with = "crate::common::base16_decode"
        )]
        pub public: ed25519_dalek::VerifyingKey,
        pub schema: Option<SchemeId>,
    }

    impl TryFrom<UpdateKeyPair> for super::UpdateKeyPair {
        type Error = ed25519_dalek::SignatureError;

        fn try_from(value: UpdateKeyPair) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
            let inner = ed25519_dalek::SigningKey::from_bytes(&value.secret);
            if inner.verifying_key() != value.public {
                Err(ed25519_dalek::SignatureError::from_source(
                    "Public key does not match secret key.",
                ))
            } else {
                Ok(Self { inner })
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<super::UpdateKeyPair> for UpdateKeyPair {
        fn from(value: super::UpdateKeyPair) -> Self {
            Self {
                secret: value.inner.to_bytes(),
                public: value.inner.verifying_key(),
                schema: Some(SchemeId::Ed25519),
            }
        }
    }
}

impl UpdateKeyPair {
    /// Generate a fresh key pair using the provided random number generator.
    pub fn generate<R: rand::CryptoRng + rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
        let inner = ed25519_dalek::SigningKey::generate(rng);
        Self { inner }
    }

    /// Sign the message with the keypair.
    pub fn sign(&self, msg: &[u8]) -> Signature {
        self.inner.sign(msg).into()
    }
}

impl From<&UpdateKeyPair> for UpdatePublicKey {
    fn from(kp: &UpdateKeyPair) -> Self {
        UpdatePublicKey {
            public: kp.inner.verifying_key().into(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(
    Debug, Clone, Copy, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize, Into, Display, Eq, PartialEq,
)]
#[serde(transparent)]
/// A lower bound on the number of signatures needed to sign a valid update
/// message of a particular type. This is never 0.
pub struct UpdateKeysThreshold {
    pub(crate) threshold: std::num::NonZeroU16,
}

impl From<UpdateKeysThreshold> for u16 {
    #[inline]
    fn from(u: UpdateKeysThreshold) -> Self {
        u.threshold.get()
    }
}

impl TryFrom<u16> for UpdateKeysThreshold {
    type Error = ZeroSignatureThreshold;

    fn try_from(value: u16) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        std::num::NonZeroU16::new(value).map_or(Err(ZeroSignatureThreshold), |threshold| {
            Ok(UpdateKeysThreshold { threshold })
        })
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(
    Debug,
    Clone,
    Copy,
    SerdeSerialize,
    SerdeDeserialize,
    Serialize,
    PartialEq,
    Eq,
    PartialOrd,
    Ord,
    From,
)]
#[serde(transparent)]
/// An identifier of a key that can sign update instructions. A signature of an
/// update instruction is a collection of signatures. An [`UpdateKeysIndex`]
/// identifies keys that correspond to the signatures.
pub struct UpdateKeysIndex {
    pub index: u16,
}

impl std::fmt::Display for UpdateKeysIndex {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        self.index.fmt(f)
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(
    Debug, Clone, Copy, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize, FromStr, PartialEq, Eq,
)]
#[serde(transparent)]
/// Representation of the election difficulty as parts per `100_000`. The
/// election difficulty is never more than `1`.
pub struct ElectionDifficulty {
    pub(crate) parts_per_hundred_thousands: PartsPerHundredThousands,
}

impl ElectionDifficulty {
    /// Construct a new election difficulty given the integer number of parts
    /// per `100_000`. Return [`None`] if the number of parts exceeds
    /// `100_000`.
    pub fn new(parts: u32) -> Option<Self> {
        let parts_per_hundred_thousands = PartsPerHundredThousands::new(parts)?;
        Some(Self {
            parts_per_hundred_thousands,
        })
    }

    /// Construct a new election without checking it is valid.
    pub fn new_unchecked(parts: u32) -> Self {
        Self {
            parts_per_hundred_thousands: PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(parts),
        }
    }
}

impl From<ElectionDifficulty> for rust_decimal::Decimal {
    fn from(ed: ElectionDifficulty) -> Self {
        ed.parts_per_hundred_thousands.into()
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Into)]
/// A fraction between 0 and 1 with a precision of 1/100_000.
/// The `Into<u32>` implementation returns the number of parts per `100_000`.
pub struct PartsPerHundredThousands {
    pub(crate) parts: u32,
}

impl PartsPerHundredThousands {
    /// Construct a new fraction given the integer number of parts per
    /// `100_000`. Return [`None`] if the number of parts exceeds `100_000`.
    pub fn new(parts: u32) -> Option<Self> {
        if parts <= 100_000 {
            Some(Self { parts })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Construct a new fraction, but does not check that the resulting fraction
    /// is valid.
    pub fn new_unchecked(parts: u32) -> Self {
        Self { parts }
    }
}

impl From<PartsPerHundredThousands> for rust_decimal::Decimal {
    fn from(pp: PartsPerHundredThousands) -> Self {
        rust_decimal::Decimal::new(pp.parts.into(), 5)
    }
}

impl Serial for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    fn serial<B: Buffer>(&self, out: &mut B) {
        self.parts.serial(out)
    }
}

impl Deserial for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let parts: u32 = source.get()?;
        Self::new(parts)
            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("No more than 100_000 parts per hundred thousand."))
    }
}

/// Display the value as a fraction.
impl fmt::Display for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let x = rust_decimal::Decimal::try_new(self.parts.into(), 5).map_err(|_| fmt::Error)?;
        x.fmt(f)
    }
}

#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct CommissionRates {
    /// Fraction of finalization rewards charged by the pool owner.
    #[serde(rename = "finalizationCommission")]
    pub finalization: AmountFraction,
    /// Fraction of baking rewards charged by the pool owner.
    #[serde(rename = "bakingCommission")]
    pub baking: AmountFraction,
    /// Fraction of transaction rewards charged by the pool owner.
    #[serde(rename = "transactionCommission")]
    pub transaction: AmountFraction,
}

#[derive(Serialize, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Debug, Clone)]
/// Ranges of allowed commission values that pools may choose from.
pub struct CommissionRanges {
    /// The range of allowed finalization commissions.
    #[serde(rename = "finalizationCommissionRange")]
    pub finalization: InclusiveRange<AmountFraction>,
    /// The range of allowed baker commissions.
    #[serde(rename = "bakingCommissionRange")]
    pub baking: InclusiveRange<AmountFraction>,
    /// The range of allowed transaction commissions.
    #[serde(rename = "transactionCommissionRange")]
    pub transaction: InclusiveRange<AmountFraction>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct InclusiveRange<T> {
    pub min: T,
    pub max: T,
}

impl<T: Serial> Serial for InclusiveRange<T> {
    fn serial<B: Buffer>(&self, out: &mut B) {
        self.min.serial(out);
        self.max.serial(out)
    }
}

impl<T: Deserial + Ord> Deserial for InclusiveRange<T> {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let min = source.get()?;
        let max = source.get()?;
        anyhow::ensure!(min <= max, "Invalid range.");
        Ok(Self { min, max })
    }
}

impl<T: Ord> InclusiveRange<T> {
    pub fn contains(&self, x: &T) -> bool {
        &self.min <= x && x <= &self.max
    }
}

#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serial, Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
#[serde(try_from = "leverage_factor_json::LeverageFactorRaw")]
/// The amount of leverage that a baker can get from delegation. A leverage
/// factor of 1 means that a baker does not gain anything from delegation.
pub struct LeverageFactor {
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "crate::internal::deserialize_non_default::deserialize")]
    pub numerator: u64,
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "crate::internal::deserialize_non_default::deserialize")]
    pub denominator: u64,
}

impl LeverageFactor {
    /// Construct an integral leverage factor that is assumed to be at least 1.
    pub fn new_integral(factor: u64) -> Self {
        Self {
            numerator: factor,
            denominator: 1,
        }
    }

    /// Construct a new leverage factor from a numerator and denominator,
    /// checking that it is well-formed.
    pub fn new(numerator: u64, denominator: u64) -> Option<Self> {
        if numerator >= denominator
            && denominator != 0
            && num::integer::gcd(numerator, denominator) == 1
        {
            Some(Self {
                numerator,
                denominator,
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

/// An internal helper to deserialize a leverage factor and ensure that it is
/// in reduced form.
mod leverage_factor_json {
    #[derive(super::SerdeDeserialize)]
    pub struct LeverageFactorRaw {
        pub numerator: u64,
        pub denominator: u64,
    }

    impl std::convert::TryFrom<LeverageFactorRaw> for super::LeverageFactor {
        type Error = anyhow::Error;

        fn try_from(value: LeverageFactorRaw) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
            let numerator = value.numerator;
            let denominator = value.denominator;
            super::LeverageFactor::new(numerator, denominator)
                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid leverage factor."))
        }
    }
}

impl Deserial for LeverageFactor {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let numerator = source.get()?;
        let denominator = source.get()?;
        Self::new(numerator, denominator).ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid leverage factor."))
    }
}

#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serial, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
/// Mint distribution that applies to protocol versions 1-3.
pub struct MintDistributionV0 {
    /// The increase in CCD amount per slot.
    pub mint_per_slot: MintRate,
    /// Fraction of newly minted CCD allocated to baker rewards.
    pub baking_reward: AmountFraction,
    /// Fraction of newly minted CCD allocated to finalization rewards.
    pub finalization_reward: AmountFraction,
}

#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serial, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
/// Mint distribution parameters that apply to protocol version 4 and up.
pub struct MintDistributionV1 {
    /// Fraction of newly minted CCD allocated to baker rewards.
    pub baking_reward: AmountFraction,
    /// Fraction of newly minted CCD allocated to finalization rewards.
    pub finalization_reward: AmountFraction,
}

impl Deserial for MintDistributionV0 {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let mint_per_slot = source.get()?;
        let baking_reward: AmountFraction = source.get()?;
        let finalization_reward: AmountFraction = source.get()?;
        anyhow::ensure!(
            (baking_reward + finalization_reward).is_some(),
            "Reward fractions exceed 100%."
        );
        Ok(Self {
            mint_per_slot,
            baking_reward,
            finalization_reward,
        })
    }
}

impl Deserial for MintDistributionV1 {
    fn deserial<R: ReadBytesExt>(source: &mut R) -> ParseResult<Self> {
        let baking_reward: AmountFraction = source.get()?;
        let finalization_reward: AmountFraction = source.get()?;
        anyhow::ensure!(
            (baking_reward + finalization_reward).is_some(),
            "Reward fractions exceed 100%."
        );
        Ok(Self {
            baking_reward,
            finalization_reward,
        })
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
/// Rate of creation of new CCDs. For example, A value of `0.05` would mean an
/// increase of 5 percent per unit of time. This value does not specify the time
/// unit, and this differs based on the protocol version.
///
/// The representation is base-10 floating point number representation.
/// The value is `mantissa * 10^(-exponent)`.
///
/// Note that the `Eq` instance is representational, so it is possible for
/// two `MintRate`s that represent the same number not be be equal. (For
/// example, 1 * 10^(-1) and 10 * 10^(-2).)
pub struct MintRate {
    pub mantissa: u32,
    pub exponent: u8,
}

#[derive(
    Default,
    Debug,
    Display,
    Clone,
    Copy,
    SerdeSerialize,
    SerdeDeserialize,
    Serialize,
    PartialEq,
    Eq,
    PartialOrd,
    Ord,
    Into,
    FromStr,
)]
#[serde(transparent)]
/// A fraction of an amount with a precision of `1/100_000`.
/// The [`FromStr`] instance will parse a decimal fraction with up to `5`
/// decimals.
pub struct AmountFraction {
    pub(crate) parts_per_hundred_thousands: PartsPerHundredThousands,
}

impl AmountFraction {
    /// Construct a new fraction given the integer number of parts per
    /// `100_000`. Return [`None`] if the number of parts exceeds `100_000`.
    pub fn new(parts: u32) -> Option<Self> {
        let parts_per_hundred_thousands = PartsPerHundredThousands::new(parts)?;
        Some(Self {
            parts_per_hundred_thousands,
        })
    }

    /// Construct a new fraction, but does not check that the resulting fraction
    /// is valid.
    pub fn new_unchecked(parts: u32) -> Self {
        Self {
            parts_per_hundred_thousands: PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(parts),
        }
    }
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(
    Debug, Clone, Copy, SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize, FromStr, Eq, PartialEq,
)]
#[serde(transparent)]
/// A bound on the relative share of the total staked capital that a baker can
/// have as its stake. This is required to be greater than 0.
pub struct CapitalBound {
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "crate::internal::deserialize_non_default::deserialize")]
    pub bound: AmountFraction,
}

#[repr(transparent)]
#[derive(SerdeSerialize, SerdeDeserialize, Serialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Debug, FromStr, Display, From, Into)]
/// Sequential index of finalization.
pub struct FinalizationIndex {
    pub index: u64,
}

/// Add two parts, checking that the result is still less than 100_000.
impl std::ops::Add for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    type Output = Option<Self>;

    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        let parts = self.parts.checked_add(rhs.parts)?;
        if parts <= 100_000 {
            Some(PartsPerHundredThousands { parts })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

/// Add two reward fractions checking that they sum up to no more than 1.
impl std::ops::Add for AmountFraction {
    type Output = Option<Self>;

    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        let parts_per_hundred_thousands =
            (self.parts_per_hundred_thousands + rhs.parts_per_hundred_thousands)?;
        Some(AmountFraction {
            parts_per_hundred_thousands,
        })
    }
}

impl SerdeSerialize for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
        let decimal = rust_decimal::Decimal::try_new(self.parts.into(), 5)
            .map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?;
        SerdeSerialize::serialize(&decimal, ser)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Error)]
/// An error that may be raised by converting from a
/// [`Decimal`](rust_decimal::Decimal) to a [`PartsPerHundredThousands`].
pub enum ConvertPartsPerHundredThousandsError {
    #[error("Parts per thousand should not have more than 5 decimals.")]
    TooManyDecimals,
    #[error("Parts per thousand should not be negative.")]
    Negative,
    #[error("Parts per thousand out of bounds.")]
    OutOfBounds,
    #[error("Scale out of bounds.")]
    ScaleError {
        #[from]
        inner: rust_decimal::Error,
    },
}

impl TryFrom<rust_decimal::Decimal> for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    type Error = ConvertPartsPerHundredThousandsError;

    fn try_from(value: rust_decimal::Decimal) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        let mut f = value;
        f.normalize_assign();
        if f.scale() > 5 {
            return Err(ConvertPartsPerHundredThousandsError::TooManyDecimals);
        }
        if !f.is_sign_positive() && !f.is_zero() {
            return Err(ConvertPartsPerHundredThousandsError::Negative);
        }
        f.rescale(5);
        if f.mantissa() > 100_000 {
            return Err(ConvertPartsPerHundredThousandsError::OutOfBounds);
        }
        Ok(PartsPerHundredThousands {
            parts: f.mantissa() as u32,
        })
    }
}

impl FromStr for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    type Err = ConvertPartsPerHundredThousandsError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        let decimal: rust_decimal::Decimal = s.parse()?;
        Self::try_from(decimal)
    }
}

impl<'de> SerdeDeserialize<'de> for PartsPerHundredThousands {
    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(des: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
        let f: rust_decimal::Decimal =
            SerdeDeserialize::deserialize(des).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
        let parts = PartsPerHundredThousands::try_from(f).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
        Ok(parts)
    }
}

impl SerdeSerialize for MintRate {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: serde::Serializer,
    {
        let x = rust_decimal::Decimal::try_new(self.mantissa.into(), self.exponent.into())
            .map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?;
        SerdeSerialize::serialize(&x, serializer)
    }
}

impl FromStr for MintRate {
    type Err = anyhow::Error;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        let f: rust_decimal::Decimal = s.parse()?;
        f.try_into()
    }
}

impl TryFrom<rust_decimal::Decimal> for MintRate {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_from(mut value: rust_decimal::Decimal) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        // FIXME: exponents will only be 28 at most for this type, so it is not entirely
        // compatible with the Haskell code.
        value.normalize_assign();
        if let Ok(exponent) = u8::try_from(value.scale()) {
            if let Ok(mantissa) = u32::try_from(value.mantissa()) {
                Ok(MintRate { mantissa, exponent })
            } else {
                anyhow::bail!("Unsupported mantissa range for MintRate.",);
            }
        } else {
            anyhow::bail!("Unsupported exponent range for MintRate.");
        }
    }
}

impl<'de> SerdeDeserialize<'de> for MintRate {
    fn deserialize<D>(des: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
    where
        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
    {
        let f: rust_decimal::Decimal = SerdeDeserialize::deserialize(des)?;
        MintRate::try_from(f).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    #[test]
    fn test_parts_0() {
        assert_eq!(
            Ok(PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12345)),
            "0.12345".parse(),
            "Case 1."
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Ok(PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12345)),
            "0.123450".parse(),
            "Case 2."
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Ok(PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12300)),
            "0.123".parse(),
            "Case 3."
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Ok(PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12300)),
            "0.123000".parse(),
            "Case 4."
        );
        assert!("0.123456".parse::<PartsPerHundredThousands>().is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parts_json() {
        assert_eq!(
            PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12345),
            serde_json::from_str("0.12345").unwrap(),
            "Case 1."
        );
        assert_eq!(
            PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12345),
            serde_json::from_str("0.123450").unwrap(),
            "Case 2."
        );
        assert_eq!(
            PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12300),
            serde_json::from_str("0.123").unwrap(),
            "Case 3."
        );
        assert_eq!(
            PartsPerHundredThousands::new_unchecked(12300),
            serde_json::from_str("0.123000").unwrap(),
            "Case 4."
        );
        assert!(serde_json::from_str::<PartsPerHundredThousands>("0.123456").is_err());
    }
}