commonware_storage/index/

mod.rs

//! Memory-efficient index structures for mapping translated keys to values.
//!
//! # Multiple Values for a Key
//!
//! Keys are translated into a compressed, fixed-size representation using a `Translator`. Depending
//! on the size of the representation, this can lead to a non-negligible number of collisions (even
//! if the original keys are collision-free). To workaround this issue, `get` returns all values
//! that map to the same translated key. If the same key is inserted multiple times (and old values
//! are not `removed`), all values will be returned.
//!
//! # Warning
//!
//! If the `Translator` maps many keys to the same translated key, the performance of `Index` will
//! degrade substantially (each conflicting key may contain the desired value).

use crate::translator::Translator;
use commonware_runtime::Metrics;

mod storage;

pub mod ordered;
pub mod partitioned;
pub mod unordered;

/// A mutable iterator over the values associated with a translated key, allowing in-place
/// modifications.
///
/// The [Cursor] provides a way to traverse and modify the chain of values associated with a
/// translated key by an index while maintaining its structure. It supports:
///
/// - Iteration via `next()` to access values.
/// - Modification via `update()` to change the current value.
/// - Insertion via `insert()` to add new values.
/// - Deletion via `delete()` to remove values.
///
/// # Usage
///
/// - Must call `next()` before `update()`, `insert()`, or `delete()` to establish a valid position.
/// - Once `next()` returns `None`, only `insert()` can be called.
/// - The cursor mutates the chain of values in place. If the sole element is deleted, dropping the
///   cursor removes the map entry.
///
/// _If you don't need advanced functionality, just use `insert()`, `insert_and_retain()`, or
/// `remove()` from [Unordered] instead._
pub trait Cursor: Send + Sync {
    /// The type of values the cursor iterates over.
    type Value: Send + Sync;

    /// Advances the cursor to the next value in the chain, returning a reference to it.
    ///
    /// This method must be called before any other operations (`insert()`, `delete()`, etc.). If
    /// either `insert()` or `delete()` is called, `next()` must be called to set a new active item.
    /// If after `insert()`, the next active item is the item after the inserted item. If after
    /// `delete()`, the next active item is the item after the deleted item.
    ///
    /// Advances through cursor states and adjusts for deletions. Returns `None` when the chain is
    /// exhausted. It is safe to call `next()` even after it returns `None`.
    #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&Self::Value>;

    /// Inserts a new value at the current position.
    fn insert(&mut self, value: Self::Value);

    /// Deletes the current value, adjusting the chain structure.
    fn delete(&mut self);

    /// Updates the value at the current position in the iteration.
    ///
    /// Panics if called before `next()` or after iteration is complete.
    fn update(&mut self, value: Self::Value);

    /// Retains only the values in the cursor for which `should_retain` returns `true`. All other
    /// values are removed.
    fn retain(&mut self, should_retain: &impl Fn(&Self::Value) -> bool) {
        while let Some(old) = self.next() {
            if !should_retain(old) {
                self.delete();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Advances the cursor until finding a value matching the predicate.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if a matching value is found, with the cursor positioned at that element.
    /// Returns `false` if no match is found and the cursor is exhausted.
    ///
    /// After a successful find (returning `true`), the cursor is positioned at the found element,
    /// allowing operations like `update()` or `delete()` to be called on it without requiring
    /// another call to `next()`.
    ///
    /// This method follows similar semantics to `Iterator::find`, consuming items until a match is
    /// found or the iterator is exhausted.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let mut cursor = index.get_mut(&key)?;
    /// if cursor.find(|&value| value == 42) {
    ///     // Cursor is positioned at the element with value 42
    ///     cursor.update(100); // Update it to 100
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn find(&mut self, predicate: impl Fn(&Self::Value) -> bool) -> bool {
        loop {
            match self.next() {
                Some(value) if predicate(value) => return true,
                Some(_) => continue,
                None => return false,
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A trait defining the operations provided by a memory-efficient index that maps translated keys
/// to arbitrary values, with no ordering assumed over the key space.
pub trait Unordered: Send + Sync {
    /// The type of values the index stores.
    type Value: Send + Sync;

    /// The type of cursor returned by this index to iterate over values with conflicting keys.
    type Cursor<'a>: Cursor<Value = Self::Value>
    where
        Self: 'a;

    /// Returns an iterator over all values associated with a translated key.
    ///
    /// The iteration order is implementation-defined.
    fn get<'a>(&'a self, key: &[u8]) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Self::Value> + Send + 'a
    where
        Self::Value: 'a;

    /// Visits every value associated with each key, calling `visit(key_idx, value)`.
    ///
    /// Probe order is implementation-defined: implementations may reorder probes for locality,
    /// so visits are identified by `key_idx` rather than issued in input order.
    fn get_many<'a, K: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &'a self,
        keys: &[K],
        mut visit: impl FnMut(usize, &'a Self::Value),
    ) where
        Self::Value: 'a,
    {
        for (key_idx, key) in keys.iter().enumerate() {
            for value in self.get(key.as_ref()) {
                visit(key_idx, value);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Provides mutable access to the values associated with a translated key, if the key exists.
    fn get_mut<'a>(&'a mut self, key: &[u8]) -> Option<Self::Cursor<'a>>;

    /// Provides mutable access to the values associated with a translated key (if the key exists),
    /// otherwise inserts a new value and returns `None`.
    fn get_mut_or_insert<'a>(
        &'a mut self,
        key: &[u8],
        value: Self::Value,
    ) -> Option<Self::Cursor<'a>>;

    /// Inserts a new value for the translated key.
    fn insert(&mut self, key: &[u8], value: Self::Value);

    /// Insert a value at the given translated key, and remove any values for which
    /// `should_retain` returns `false`.
    ///
    /// If `should_retain` returns `false` for the new value, it will not be inserted.
    fn insert_and_retain(
        &mut self,
        key: &[u8],
        value: Self::Value,
        should_retain: impl Fn(&Self::Value) -> bool,
    );

    /// Retain only the values associated with a translated key for which `should_retain` returns
    /// `true`. All other values are removed.
    fn retain(&mut self, key: &[u8], should_retain: impl Fn(&Self::Value) -> bool) {
        if let Some(mut cursor) = self.get_mut(key) {
            cursor.retain(&should_retain);
        }
    }

    /// Remove all values associated with a translated key.
    fn remove(&mut self, key: &[u8]);

    /// Returns the number of translated keys in the index.
    #[cfg(test)]
    fn keys(&self) -> usize;

    /// Returns the number of items in the index, for use in testing. The number of items is always
    /// at least as large as the number of keys, but may be larger in the case of collisions.
    #[cfg(test)]
    fn items(&self) -> usize;

    /// Returns the total number of items pruned from the index, for use in testing.
    #[cfg(test)]
    fn pruned(&self) -> usize;
}

/// A trait for index types that can be constructed from a metrics context and translator.
pub trait Factory: Unordered + Sized {
    /// The translator used by this index.
    type Translator: Translator;

    /// Create a new index with the given metrics context and translator.
    fn new(ctx: impl Metrics, translator: Self::Translator) -> Self;
}

/// A trait defining the additional operations provided by a memory-efficient index that allows
/// ordered traversal of the indexed keys.
pub trait Ordered: Unordered {
    // Returns an iterator over all values associated with a translated key that lexicographically
    // precedes the result of translating `key`. The implementation will cycle around to the last
    // translated key if `key` is less than or equal to the first translated key. The returned
    // boolean indicates whether the result is from cycling. Returns None if there are no keys in
    // the index.
    fn prev_translated_key<'a>(
        &'a self,
        key: &[u8],
    ) -> Option<(impl Iterator<Item = &'a Self::Value> + Send + 'a, bool)>
    where
        Self::Value: 'a;

    // Returns an iterator over all values associated with a translated key that lexicographically
    // follows the result of translating `key`. The implementation will cycle around to the first
    // translated key if `key` is greater than or equal to the last translated key. The returned
    // boolean indicates whether the result is from cycling. Returns None if there are no keys in
    // the index.
    ///
    /// For example, if the translator is looking only at the first byte of a key, and the index
    /// contains values for translated keys 0b, 1c, and 2d, then `get_next([0b, 01, 02, ...])` would
    /// return the values associated with 1c, `get_next([2a, 01, 02, ...])` would return the values
    /// associated with 2d, and `get_next([2d])` would "cycle around" to the values associated with
    /// 0b, returning true for the bool. Because values associated with the same translated key can
    /// appear in any order, keys with the same first byte in this example would need to be ordered
    /// by the caller if a full ordering over the untranslated keyspace is desired.
    fn next_translated_key<'a>(
        &'a self,
        key: &[u8],
    ) -> Option<(impl Iterator<Item = &'a Self::Value> + Send + 'a, bool)>
    where
        Self::Value: 'a;

    // Returns an iterator over all values associated with the lexicographically first translated
    // key, or None if there are no keys in the index.
    fn first_translated_key<'a>(
        &'a self,
    ) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = &'a Self::Value> + Send + 'a>
    where
        Self::Value: 'a;

    // Returns an iterator over all values associated with the lexicographically last translated
    // key, or None if there are no keys in the index.
    fn last_translated_key<'a>(
        &'a self,
    ) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = &'a Self::Value> + Send + 'a>
    where
        Self::Value: 'a;
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::{
        index::partitioned::{
            ordered::Index as PartitionedOrdered, unordered::Index as PartitionedUnordered,
        },
        translator::{EightCap, OneCap, TwoCap},
    };
    use commonware_macros::test_traced;
    use commonware_runtime::{Runner, Supervisor as _, deterministic};
    use commonware_utils::sync::Mutex;
    use rand::RngExt as _;
    use std::{
        collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
        sync::Arc,
        thread,
    };

    fn values<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &I, key: &[u8]) -> Vec<u64> {
        index.get(key).copied().collect()
    }

    fn assert_values<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &I, key: &[u8], expected: &[u64]) {
        let mut actual = values(index, key);
        actual.sort_unstable();
        let mut expected = expected.to_vec();
        expected.sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
    }

    fn run_index_basic<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        // Generate a collision and check metrics to make sure it's captured
        let key = b"duplicate".as_slice();
        index.insert(key, 1);
        index.insert(key, 2);
        index.insert(key, 3);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);

        assert_values(index, key, &[1, 2, 3]);

        // Ensure cursor terminates
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(key).unwrap();
            let mut seen = Vec::new();
            while let Some(value) = cursor.next() {
                seen.push(*value);
            }
            seen.sort_unstable();
            assert_eq!(seen, vec![1, 2, 3]);
            assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
        }

        // Make sure we can remove keys with a predicate
        index.insert(key, 3);
        index.insert(key, 4);
        index.retain(key, |i| *i != 3);
        assert_values(index, key, &[1, 2, 4]);
        index.retain(key, |_| false);
        // Try removing all of a keys values.
        assert_eq!(
            index.get(key).copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            Vec::<u64>::new()
        );
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);

        assert!(index.get_mut(key).is_none());

        // Removing a key that doesn't exist should be a no-op.
        index.retain(key, |_| false);
    }

    fn new_unordered(context: deterministic::Context) -> unordered::Index<TwoCap, u64> {
        unordered::Index::new(context, TwoCap)
    }

    fn new_ordered(context: deterministic::Context) -> ordered::Index<TwoCap, u64> {
        ordered::Index::new(context, TwoCap)
    }

    fn new_partitioned_unordered(
        context: deterministic::Context,
    ) -> PartitionedUnordered<OneCap, u64, 1> {
        // A one byte prefix and a OneCap translator yields behavior that matches TwoCap translator
        // on an un-partitioned index.
        PartitionedUnordered::new(context, OneCap)
    }

    fn new_partitioned_ordered(
        context: deterministic::Context,
    ) -> PartitionedOrdered<OneCap, u64, 1> {
        // Same translator choice as the unordered variant to keep collision behavior consistent.
        PartitionedOrdered::new(context, OneCap)
    }

    /// A partitioned ordered index with a tiny spill threshold, so partitions convert to the
    /// spilled `BTreeMap` representation almost immediately. Routing the generic battery through
    /// this fixture re-validates every behavior against the spilled cursor / nav / value paths.
    fn new_partitioned_ordered_spilling(
        context: deterministic::Context,
    ) -> PartitionedOrdered<OneCap, u64, 1> {
        PartitionedOrdered::with_threshold(context, OneCap, 2)
    }

    /// Run the generic index battery against the spilling fixture, so the spilled-partition
    /// representation is exercised by the same assertions as the inline (SoA) representation.
    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_ordered_spilling() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|mut context| async move {
            macro_rules! spilled {
                ($($h:ident),+ $(,)?) => {$(
                    $h(&mut new_partitioned_ordered_spilling(
                        context.child(concat!("spill_", stringify!($h))),
                    ));
                )+};
            }
            spilled!(
                run_index_basic,
                run_index_get_many,
                run_index_cursor_find,
                run_index_key_lengths_and_metrics,
                run_index_values,
                run_index_remove_specific,
                run_index_empty_key,
                run_index_mutate_through_iterator,
                run_index_mutate_middle_of_four,
                run_index_remove_through_iterator,
                run_index_insert_through_iterator,
                run_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends,
                run_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add,
                run_index_insert_and_remove_cursor,
                run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant,
                run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained,
                run_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one,
                run_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert,
                run_index_insert_and_retain_single_value,
                run_index_remove_middle_then_next,
                run_index_remove_to_nothing,
                run_index_cursor_insert_with_next,
                run_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next,
                run_index_delete_in_middle_then_continue,
                run_index_delete_first,
                run_index_delete_first_and_insert,
                run_index_insert_at_entry_then_next,
                run_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done,
                run_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain,
                run_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision,
                run_index_large_collision_chain,
            );

            let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered_spilling(context.child("spill_many_keys"));
            run_index_many_keys(&mut index, |bytes| context.fill(bytes));

            // Make sure that the final test in this suite actually exercises spilling.
            assert!(
                index.spilled_count() > 0,
                "routing battery should exercise the spilled representation"
            );
        });
    }

    /// Verify ordered navigation returns keys in lexicographic order even when some keys are
    /// shorter than the partition prefix (the case the partitioned router must place correctly).
    /// Each key is inserted with its lexicographic rank as its value, and the keys have distinct
    /// translated keys under `EightCap`, so a correct ordering yields the ranks in order with no
    /// collision ambiguity. Run against both the flat and partitioned ordered indices below, which
    /// must agree.
    fn run_ordered_short_keys<I: Ordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        // Lexicographically increasing keys; `[0x01]` and `[0x03]` are shorter than the 2-byte
        // prefix and must still sort between their 2-byte neighbors.
        let keys: [&[u8]; 5] = [
            &[0x00, 0x05],
            &[0x01],
            &[0x02, 0x09, 0xAB],
            &[0x03],
            &[0xFF, 0xFF],
        ];
        for (rank, &key) in keys.iter().enumerate() {
            index.insert(key, rank as u64);
        }

        let first: Vec<u64> = index.first_translated_key().unwrap().copied().collect();
        let last: Vec<u64> = index.last_translated_key().unwrap().copied().collect();
        assert_eq!(first, vec![0], "first key");
        assert_eq!(last, vec![4], "last key");

        let n = keys.len() as u64;
        for (i, &key) in keys.iter().enumerate() {
            let i = i as u64;
            let (it, next_cycled) = index.next_translated_key(key).unwrap();
            let next: Vec<u64> = it.copied().collect();
            let (it, prev_cycled) = index.prev_translated_key(key).unwrap();
            let prev: Vec<u64> = it.copied().collect();
            if i + 1 < n {
                assert_eq!(
                    (next, next_cycled),
                    (vec![i + 1], false),
                    "next of rank {i}"
                );
            } else {
                assert_eq!((next, next_cycled), (vec![0], true), "next wraps past last");
            }
            if i > 0 {
                assert_eq!(
                    (prev, prev_cycled),
                    (vec![i - 1], false),
                    "prev of rank {i}"
                );
            } else {
                assert_eq!(
                    (prev, prev_cycled),
                    (vec![n - 1], true),
                    "prev wraps before first"
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_short_keys_flat() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = ordered::Index::<EightCap, u64>::new(context, EightCap);
            run_ordered_short_keys(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_short_keys_partitioned() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            // P=2 with EightCap on the 6-byte remainder orders by the same (<=8-byte) full key as
            // the flat EightCap index above, so both must produce identical navigation results.
            let mut index = PartitionedOrdered::<EightCap, u64, 2>::new(context, EightCap);
            run_ordered_short_keys(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_basic() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
            run_index_basic(&mut index);
            assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_basic() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
            run_index_basic(&mut index);
            assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_basic() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
                run_index_basic(&mut index);
                assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
                run_index_basic(&mut index);
                assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_get_many<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        // "ab" and "abX" share a translated bucket; "zz" lives in a different bucket (and a
        // different partition for partitioned indexes).
        index.insert(b"ab", 1);
        index.insert(b"ab", 2);
        index.insert(b"abX", 3);
        index.insert(b"zz", 4);

        // Visits must be attributed to the requesting slot regardless of probe order, missing
        // keys produce no visits, and duplicate input keys are visited once per slot.
        let keys: Vec<&[u8]> = vec![b"zz", b"missing", b"ab", b"zz"];
        let mut visits: Vec<Vec<u64>> = vec![Vec::new(); keys.len()];
        index.get_many(&keys, |key_idx, value| visits[key_idx].push(*value));
        visits[2].sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(visits[0], vec![4]);
        assert!(visits[1].is_empty());
        assert_eq!(visits[2], vec![1, 2, 3]);
        assert_eq!(visits[3], vec![4]);

        // Empty input visits nothing.
        index.get_many::<&[u8]>(&[], |_, _| panic!("no visits expected"));
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_get_many() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_get_many(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_get_many() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_get_many(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_get_many() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_get_many(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_get_many(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_find<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        let key = b"test_key";

        // Insert multiple values with collisions
        index.insert(key, 10);
        index.insert(key, 20);
        index.insert(key, 30);
        index.insert(key, 40);

        // Test finding an element that exists
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(key).unwrap();
            assert!(cursor.find(|&v| v == 30));
            // Cursor should be positioned at 30, so we can update it
            cursor.update(35);
        }

        // Verify the update worked
        let values: Vec<u64> = index.get(key).copied().collect();
        assert!(values.contains(&35));
        assert!(!values.contains(&30));

        // Test finding an element that doesn't exist
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(key).unwrap();
            assert!(!cursor.find(|&v| v == 100));
            // Cursor should be exhausted, so next() returns None
            assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
        }

        // Test finding and deleting
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(key).unwrap();
            assert!(cursor.find(|&v| v == 20));
            cursor.delete();
        }

        // Verify the delete worked
        let values: Vec<u64> = index.get(key).copied().collect();
        assert!(!values.contains(&20));
        assert_eq!(values.len(), 3); // 10, 35, 40
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_unordered_index_cursor_find() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_find(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_find() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_find(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_find() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_find(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_find(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_many_keys<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(
        index: &mut I,
        mut fill: impl FnMut(&mut [u8]),
    ) {
        let mut expected = HashMap::new();
        let mut translated = HashSet::new();
        cfg_if::cfg_if! {
            if #[cfg(miri)] {
                // Miri is very slow on the atomic-heavy metrics used by partitioned indices, so
                // keep collision coverage but reduce the generated key count.
                const NUM_KEYS: usize = 200;
            } else {
                const NUM_KEYS: usize = 2000;
            }
        }
        while expected.len() < NUM_KEYS {
            let mut key_array = [0u8; 32];
            fill(&mut key_array);
            translated.insert([key_array[0], key_array[1]]);
            let key = key_array.to_vec();

            let loc = expected.len() as u64;
            index.insert(&key, loc);
            expected.insert(key, loc);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), translated.len());
        assert_eq!(index.items(), NUM_KEYS);

        for (key, loc) in expected.iter() {
            let mut values = index.get(key);
            let res = values.find(|i| *i == loc);
            assert!(res.is_some());
        }
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_many_keys() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|mut context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context.child("storage"));
            run_index_many_keys(&mut index, |bytes| context.fill(bytes));
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_many_keys() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|mut context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context.child("storage"));
            run_index_many_keys(&mut index, |bytes| context.fill(bytes));
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_many_keys() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|mut context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_many_keys(&mut index, |bytes| context.fill(bytes));
            }
        });

        // Since we use context's random byte generator we need to run the two variants from the
        // same initial context state to ensure the expected identical outcome.
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|mut context| async move {
            let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("storage"));
            run_index_many_keys(&mut index, |bytes| context.fill(bytes));
        });
    }

    fn run_index_key_lengths_and_metrics<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"a", 1);
        index.insert(b"ab", 2);
        index.insert(b"abc", 3);

        assert_values(index, b"ab", &[2, 3]);
        assert_values(index, b"abc", &[2, 3]);

        index.insert(b"ab", 4);
        assert_values(index, b"ab", &[2, 3, 4]);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 2);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 4);

        index.retain(b"ab", |v| *v != 4);
        assert_values(index, b"ab", &[2, 3]);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 2);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 3);

        index.retain(b"ab", |_| false);
        assert_eq!(
            index.get(b"ab").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            Vec::<u64>::new()
        );
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 1);
        assert_values(index, b"a", &[1]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_key_lengths_and_key_item_metrics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_key_lengths_and_metrics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_key_lengths_and_key_item_metrics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_key_lengths_and_metrics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_key_lengths_and_key_item_metrics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_key_lengths_and_metrics(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_key_lengths_and_metrics(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_values<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        assert_values(index, b"key", &[1, 2, 3]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_values() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_values(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_values() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_values(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_values() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_values(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_values(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_remove_specific<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        index.retain(b"key", |v| *v != 2);
        assert_values(index, b"key", &[1, 3]);
        index.retain(b"key", |v| *v != 1);
        assert_values(index, b"key", &[3]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_remove_specific() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_remove_specific(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_remove_specific() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_remove_specific(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_remove_specific() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_remove_specific(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_remove_specific(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_empty_key<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"", 0);
        index.insert(b"\0", 1);
        index.insert(b"\0\0", 2);

        let mut values = index.get(b"").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        values.sort();
        assert_eq!(values, vec![0, 1, 2]);
        let mut values = index.get(b"\0").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        values.sort();
        assert_eq!(values, vec![0, 1, 2]);
        let mut values = index.get(b"\0\0").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        values.sort();
        assert_eq!(values, vec![0, 1, 2]);

        index.retain(b"", |v| *v != 1);
        let mut values = index.get(b"").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        values.sort();
        assert_eq!(values, vec![0, 2]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_empty_key() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_empty_key(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_empty_key() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_empty_key(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_empty_key() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_empty_key(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_empty_key(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_mutate_through_iterator<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            while let Some(old) = cursor.next().copied() {
                cursor.update(old + 10);
            }
        }
        assert_values(index, b"key", &[11, 12, 13]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_mutate_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_mutate_through_iterator(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_mutate_through_index() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_mutate_through_iterator(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_mutate_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_mutate_through_iterator(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_mutate_through_iterator(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_mutate_middle_of_four<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        index.insert(b"key", 4);
        let mut expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
            let _ = cursor.next().unwrap();
            cursor.update(99);
        }
        expected[2] = 99;
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), expected);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_mutate_middle_of_four() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_mutate_middle_of_four(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_mutate_middle_of_four() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_mutate_middle_of_four(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_mutate_middle_of_four() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_mutate_middle_of_four(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_mutate_middle_of_four(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_remove_through_iterator<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 10);
        index.insert(b"key", 20);
        index.insert(b"key", 30);
        index.insert(b"key", 40);
        let mut expected = values(index, b"key");
        assert_values(index, b"key", &[10, 20, 30, 40]);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 0);
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            cursor.delete();
        }
        expected.remove(0);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 1);
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), expected);
        index.insert(b"key", 50);
        expected.push(50);
        assert_values(index, b"key", &expected);
        expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[2]);
            cursor.delete();
        }
        expected.remove(2);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 2);
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), expected);
        index.insert(b"key", 60);
        expected.push(60);
        assert_values(index, b"key", &expected);
        expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            for value in &expected {
                assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), *value);
            }
            cursor.delete();
        }
        expected.pop();
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 3);
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), expected);
        index.remove(b"key");
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 6);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_remove_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_remove_through_iterator(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_remove_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_remove_through_iterator(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_remove_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_remove_through_iterator(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_remove_through_iterator(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }
    fn run_index_insert_through_iterator<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I)
    where
        I::Value: PartialEq<u64> + Eq,
    {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), 1);
            cursor.insert(3);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1, 3]);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 2);
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), 1);
            cursor.insert(42);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 3);
        {
            let mut iter = index.get(b"key");
            assert_eq!(*iter.next().unwrap(), 1);
            assert_eq!(*iter.next().unwrap(), 42);
        }
        index.insert(b"key", 100);
        assert_values(index, b"key", &[1, 3, 42, 100]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_through_iterator(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_through_iterator(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_through_iterator() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_through_iterator(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_through_iterator(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 10);
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), 10);
            assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
            cursor.insert(20);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![10, 20]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_insert_after_done_appends(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        for i in 0..4 {
            index.insert(b"key", i);
        }
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            let mut removed = Vec::new();
            while let Some(value) = cursor.next().copied() {
                removed.push(value);
                cursor.delete();
            }
            removed.sort_unstable();
            assert_eq!(removed, vec![0, 1, 2, 3]);
            assert_eq!(cursor.next(), None);
            cursor.insert(4);
            assert_eq!(cursor.next(), None);
            cursor.insert(5);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![4, 5]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_remove_to_nothing_then_add(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_and_remove_cursor<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 0);
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), 0);
            cursor.delete();
        }
        index.remove(b"key");
        assert!(index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>().is_empty());
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_and_remove_cursor() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_remove_cursor(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_and_remove_cursor() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_remove_cursor(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_and_remove_cursor() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_remove_cursor(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_remove_cursor(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert_and_retain(b"key", 1u64, |_| true);
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1]);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 0);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_and_retain_vacant() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_and_retain_vacant() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_and_retain_vacant() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert_and_retain(b"key", 1u64, |_| false);
        assert_eq!(
            index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            Vec::<u64>::new()
        );
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 0);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_vacant_not_retained(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1u64);
        index.insert_and_retain(b"key", 2u64, |v| *v != 1);
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![2]);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 1);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_replace_one(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 10u64);
        index.insert(b"key", 20u64);
        index.insert_and_retain(b"key", 30u64, |_| false);
        assert_eq!(
            index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
            Vec::<u64>::new()
        );
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 2);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_dead_insert(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    /// Exercises `insert_and_retain` on single-value (collision-free) keys, covering each
    /// combination of retaining the existing and new values.
    fn run_index_insert_and_retain_single_value<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        // Retain both: the new value joins the chain after the existing one.
        index.insert(b"both", 1u64);
        index.insert_and_retain(b"both", 2u64, |_| true);
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"both").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1, 2]);

        // Retain the existing value, drop the new one: a no-op.
        index.insert(b"keep", 1u64);
        index.insert_and_retain(b"keep", 2u64, |v| *v == 1);
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"keep").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1]);

        // Drop both: the key is removed.
        index.insert(b"drop", 1u64);
        index.insert_and_retain(b"drop", 2u64, |_| false);
        assert!(index.get(b"drop").next().is_none());

        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 2); // "both" and "keep" remain
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 3); // both -> [1, 2], keep -> [1]
        assert_eq!(index.pruned(), 1); // the dropped "drop" value
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_and_retain_single_value() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_single_value(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_and_retain_single_value() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_and_retain_single_value(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_and_retain_single_value() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_single_value(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_and_retain_single_value(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_across_threads<I>(index: Arc<Mutex<I>>)
    where
        I: Unordered<Value = u64> + 'static,
    {
        // Insert some initial data
        {
            let mut index = index.lock();
            index.insert(b"test_key1", 100);
            index.insert(b"test_key2", 200);
        }

        // Spawn a thread that will get a cursor and modify values
        let index_clone = Arc::clone(&index);
        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
            // Limit the lifetime of the lock and the cursor so they drop before returning

            {
                let mut index = index_clone.lock();
                let mut updated = false;
                if let Some(mut cursor) = index.get_mut(b"test_key2")
                    && cursor.find(|&value| value == 200)
                {
                    cursor.update(250);
                    updated = true;
                }
                updated
            }
        });

        // Wait for the thread to complete
        let result = handle.join().unwrap();
        assert!(result);

        // Verify the update was applied (and collision retained)
        {
            let index = index.lock();
            let values: Vec<u64> = index.get(b"test_key2").copied().collect();
            assert!(values.contains(&100));
            assert!(values.contains(&250));
            assert!(!values.contains(&200));
        }
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_across_threads() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let index = Arc::new(Mutex::new(new_unordered(context)));
            run_index_cursor_across_threads(index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_across_threads() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let index = Arc::new(Mutex::new(new_ordered(context)));
            run_index_cursor_across_threads(index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_across_threads() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let index = Arc::new(Mutex::new(new_partitioned_unordered(
                    context.child("unordered"),
                )));
                run_index_cursor_across_threads(index);
            }
            {
                let index = Arc::new(Mutex::new(new_partitioned_ordered(
                    context.child("ordered"),
                )));
                run_index_cursor_across_threads(index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_remove_middle_then_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        for i in 0..4 {
            index.insert(b"key", i);
        }
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
            cursor.delete();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[2]);
            cursor.delete();
        }
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), vec![expected[0], expected[3]]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_remove_middle_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_remove_middle_then_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_remove_middle_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_remove_middle_then_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_remove_middle_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_remove_middle_then_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_remove_middle_then_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_remove_to_nothing<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        for i in 0..4 {
            index.insert(b"key", i);
        }
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            let mut removed = Vec::new();
            while let Some(value) = cursor.next().copied() {
                removed.push(value);
                cursor.delete();
            }
            removed.sort_unstable();
            assert_eq!(removed, vec![0, 1, 2, 3]);
            assert_eq!(cursor.next(), None);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 0);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 0);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_remove_to_nothing() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_remove_to_nothing(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_remove_to_nothing() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_remove_to_nothing(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_remove_to_nothing() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_remove_to_nothing(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_remove_to_nothing(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        cursor.update(321);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        cursor.delete();
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_delete_before_next_panics(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_update_after_done<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), 123);
        assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
        cursor.update(321);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "no active item in Cursor")]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_update_after_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_update_after_done(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "no active item in Cursor")]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_update_after_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_update_after_done(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "no active item in Cursor")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_update_after_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_update_after_done(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_update_after_done(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_insert_before_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        cursor.insert(321);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_insert_before_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_insert_before_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_insert_before_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_insert_before_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_insert_before_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_insert_before_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_insert_before_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_delete_after_done<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), 123);
        assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
        cursor.delete();
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "no active item in Cursor")]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_delete_after_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_delete_after_done(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "no active item in Cursor")]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_delete_after_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_delete_after_done(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "no active item in Cursor")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_delete_after_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_delete_after_done(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_delete_after_done(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_insert_with_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        index.insert(b"key", 456);
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
        assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
        cursor.insert(789);
        assert_eq!(cursor.next(), None);
        cursor.insert(999);
        drop(cursor);
        let mut values = index.get(b"key").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        values.sort();
        assert_eq!(values, vec![123, 456, 789, 999]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_insert_with_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_insert_with_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_insert_with_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_insert_with_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_insert_with_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_insert_with_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_insert_with_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_double_delete<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 123);
        index.insert(b"key", 456);
        let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert!(cursor.next().is_some());
        cursor.delete();
        cursor.delete();
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_double_delete() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_double_delete(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_double_delete() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_double_delete(&mut index);
        });
    }

    fn run_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cursor = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            assert_eq!(*cursor.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
            cursor.delete();
            assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
            assert!(cursor.next().is_none());
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 1);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_cursor_delete_last_then_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_delete_in_middle_then_continue<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
        assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
        cur.delete();
        assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[2]);
        assert!(cur.next().is_none());
        assert!(cur.next().is_none());
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_delete_in_middle_then_continue() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_delete_in_middle_then_continue(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_delete_in_middle_then_continue() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_delete_in_middle_then_continue(&mut index);
        });
    }

    fn run_index_delete_first<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            cur.delete();
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[2]);
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
        }
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), expected[1..]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_delete_first() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_delete_first(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_delete_first() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_delete_first(&mut index);
        });
    }

    fn run_index_delete_first_and_insert<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        index.insert(b"key", 3);
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        {
            let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
            cur.delete();
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
            cur.insert(4);
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[2]);
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
        }
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"key"), vec![expected[1], 4, expected[2]]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_delete_first_and_insert() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_delete_first_and_insert(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_delete_first_and_insert() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_delete_first_and_insert(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_delete_first_and_insert() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_delete_first_and_insert(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_delete_first_and_insert(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_at_entry_then_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 1);
        index.insert(b"key", 2);
        let expected = values(index, b"key");
        let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[0]);
        cur.insert(99);
        assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), expected[1]);
        assert!(cur.next().is_none());
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_at_entry_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_at_entry_then_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_at_entry_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_at_entry_then_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_at_entry_then_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_at_entry_then_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_at_entry_then_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 10);
        index.insert(b"key", 20);
        let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert!(cur.next().is_some());
        cur.insert(15);
        cur.delete();
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_insert_at_entry_then_delete_head(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_delete_then_insert_without_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 10);
        index.insert(b"key", 20);
        let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert!(cur.next().is_some());
        assert!(cur.next().is_some());
        cur.delete();
        cur.insert(15);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_delete_then_insert_without_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_delete_then_insert_without_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_delete_then_insert_without_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_delete_then_insert_without_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_delete_then_insert_without_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_delete_then_insert_without_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_delete_then_insert_without_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_inserts_without_next<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"key", 10);
        index.insert(b"key", 20);
        let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"key").unwrap();
        assert!(cur.next().is_some());
        cur.insert(15);
        cur.insert(25);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_inserts_without_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_inserts_without_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_inserts_without_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_inserts_without_next(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_inserts_without_next() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_inserts_without_next(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_inserts_without_next(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"k", 7);
        {
            let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"k").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*cur.next().unwrap(), 7);
            cur.delete();
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
            cur.insert(8);
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
            cur.insert(9);
            assert!(cur.next().is_none());
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 2);
        assert_eq!(index.get(b"k").copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![8, 9]);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_delete_last_then_insert_while_done(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        for i in 0..5 {
            index.insert(b"z", i);
        }
        let expected = values(index, b"z");
        {
            let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"z").unwrap();
            cur.next();
            cur.next();
        }
        assert_eq!(values(index, b"z"), expected);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_drop_mid_iteration_preserves_chain(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_update_before_next_panics<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"p", 1);
        let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"p").unwrap();
        cur.update(2);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_hash_index_update_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_ordered_index_update_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must call Cursor::next()")]
    fn test_partitioned_index_update_before_next_panics() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_update_before_next_panics(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    fn run_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        index.insert(b"a", 1);
        {
            let mut cur = index.get_mut(b"a").unwrap();
            cur.next();
            cur.delete();
            cur.next();
            cur.insert(2);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), 1);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_entry_replacement_not_a_collision(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }

    /// Exercises a single translated key holding a very large overflow chain, ensuring inserts and
    /// the resulting `Vec` overflow stay correct at scale.
    fn run_index_large_collision_chain<I: Unordered<Value = u64>>(index: &mut I) {
        const ITEMS: usize = 50_000;
        for i in 0..ITEMS {
            index.insert(b"", i as u64);
        }
        assert_eq!(index.keys(), 1);
        assert_eq!(index.items(), ITEMS);
        let expected: Vec<u64> = (0..ITEMS as u64).collect();
        assert_values(index, b"", &expected);
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_hash_index_large_collision_chain() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_unordered(context);
            run_index_large_collision_chain(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_ordered_index_large_collision_chain() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            let mut index = new_ordered(context);
            run_index_large_collision_chain(&mut index);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_partitioned_index_large_collision_chain() {
        let runner = deterministic::Runner::default();
        runner.start(|context| async move {
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_unordered(context.child("unordered"));
                run_index_large_collision_chain(&mut index);
            }
            {
                let mut index = new_partitioned_ordered(context.child("ordered"));
                run_index_large_collision_chain(&mut index);
            }
        });
    }
}