coreshift_core/binder/

mod.rs

// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/

//! NDK binder primitives for querying Android system services.
//!
//! Uses `dlopen` on `libbinder_ndk.so` to avoid hard-linking against a library
//! absent from older NDK toolchains or non-Android targets.
//!
//! ## Transaction code resolution
//!
//! Transaction codes are resolved fresh from `framework.jar` DEX on each
//! startup; no persistent cache.
//!
//! ## Observer mode
//!
//! `ActivityManagerBinder::open_with_observer` registers this process as an
//! `IProcessObserver` with ActivityManager. Callbacks fire when foreground
//! activities change and signal an `eventfd` that callers can poll via epoll.
//! After the eventfd fires, call `get_focused_package` to read the new value.

// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Android-only implementation
// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
mod imp {
    use crate::CoreError;
    use crate::dex;
    use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd};
    use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_void};
    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicI32, AtomicU32, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
    use std::sync::Mutex;

    // ── NDK binder status codes ───────────────────────────────────────────────

    const STATUS_OK: i32 = 0;
    const STATUS_UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION: i32 = -2;
    const EX_NONE: i32 = 0;

    // ── Interface constants ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

    const AM_DESCRIPTOR:    &[u8] = b"android.app.IActivityManager\0";
    const OBS_DESCRIPTOR:   &[u8] = b"android.app.IProcessObserver\0";
    const FGPROC_DESCRIPTOR: &[u8] = b"android.app.IForegroundProcessObserver\0";
    const ACTIVITY_SERVICE: &[u8] = b"activity\0";
    #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
    const LIBBINDER_PATH: &[u8] = b"/system/lib64/libbinder_ndk.so\0";
    #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
    const LIBBINDER_PATH: &[u8] = b"/system/lib/libbinder_ndk.so\0";

    // ── Tx code cache ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    // Format (watcher.c compatible): observer_code query_code api_mode fg_code
    // api_mode: 1 = getFocusedRootTaskInfo, 2 = getFocusedStackInfo (API 29)

    // ── Statics for observer callback (binder thread pool context) ────────────
    // The core owns the eventfd for the observer lifetime; the consumer receives
    // a dup and may close it freely. The callback only ever writes to the core's
    // copy, so it can never touch a closed/recycled fd (C2). The mutex guards
    // publication/revocation against a callback firing concurrently.

    static OBS_FG_CODE: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
    static OBS_EVENTFD:  Mutex<Option<OwnedFd>> = Mutex::new(None);

    fn obs_eventfd_guard() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, Option<OwnedFd>> {
        OBS_EVENTFD.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner())
    }

    // ── IForegroundProcessObserver statics ───────────────────────────────────
    // Separate from the IProcessObserver pair; same C2 discipline (core owns
    // the eventfd, consumer gets a dup). FGPROC_READ_I32 holds the vtable's
    // AParcel_readInt32 fn pointer so the callback can decode the `int pid`
    // argument without owning the Vtable; it is published (non-zero) before
    // FGPROC_FG_CODE/eventfd, so the callback never races an unset reader.

    static FGPROC_FG_CODE: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
    static FGPROC_PID: AtomicI32 = AtomicI32::new(0);
    static FGPROC_EVENTFD: Mutex<Option<OwnedFd>> = Mutex::new(None);
    static FGPROC_READ_I32: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
    // Binder class mode: 0 = stock IForegroundProcessObserver (single int pid),
    // 1 = custom IProcessObserver (pid, uid, fg triplets). Only one of the two
    // is ever configured by open_with_fgproc_observer; the callback branches on
    // this to decode the in-parcel layout it actually receives.
    static FGPROC_IPROC_MODE: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);

    fn fgproc_eventfd_guard() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, Option<OwnedFd>> {
        FGPROC_EVENTFD.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner())
    }

    // ── Raw NDK type aliases ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

    type AIBinder = c_void;
    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
    type AIBinder_Class = c_void;
    type AParcel = c_void;
    type BinderStatus = i32;
    type StringAllocator = unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, i32, *mut *mut c_char) -> bool;

    // ── AIBinder_Class callbacks ──────────────────────────────────────────────

    // AM client — no-op server side (we're a client only)
    unsafe extern "C" fn am_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn am_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn am_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, _: u32, _: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus { STATUS_UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION }

    // IProcessObserver server callbacks
    unsafe extern "C" fn obs_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn obs_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn obs_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, code: u32, _: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus {
        if code == OBS_FG_CODE.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
            // Write while holding the lock: the fd can only be closed while
            // we hold it, so a revoke can never race us into a stale number.
            if let Some(fd) = obs_eventfd_guard().as_ref() {
                let val: u64 = 1;
                unsafe { libc::write(fd.as_raw_fd(), &val as *const u64 as *const c_void, 8) };
            }
        }
        STATUS_OK
    }

    // IForegroundProcessObserver server callbacks. Two parcel layouts, selected
    // by FGPROC_IPROC_MODE:
    //  - mode 0 (stock): `onForegroundProcessChanged(int pid)` — single int32.
    //  - mode 1 (custom ROMs without IForegroundProcessObserver): the ROM
    //    repurposes `IProcessObserver.onForegroundActivitiesChanged` to deliver
    //    `(int pid, int uid, int fg)`. The callback stores the pid and only
    //    signals the eventfd when fg != 0 (a foreground transition), so
    //    background transitions never cause the daemon to react.
    unsafe extern "C" fn fgproc_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn fgproc_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn fgproc_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, code: u32, in_parcel: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus {
        if code != FGPROC_FG_CODE.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
            return STATUS_UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
        }
        // Read fn is published non-zero before the code/eventfd, so a matching
        // code is never paired with an unset reader.
        let read_addr = FGPROC_READ_I32.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        if read_addr != 0 {
            let read_fn: unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut i32) -> BinderStatus =
                unsafe { std::mem::transmute(read_addr) };
            if FGPROC_IPROC_MODE.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 1 {
                // IProcessObserver.onForegroundActivitiesChanged(pid, uid, fg)
                let mut pid: i32 = 0;
                let mut _uid: i32 = 0;
                let mut fg: i32 = 0;
                let mut ok = unsafe { read_fn(in_parcel, &mut pid) } == STATUS_OK;
                ok &= unsafe { read_fn(in_parcel, &mut _uid) } == STATUS_OK;
                ok &= unsafe { read_fn(in_parcel, &mut fg) } == STATUS_OK;
                if ok {
                    FGPROC_PID.store(pid, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    // Only foreground transitions are actionable; suppress the
                    // background transition entirely (fg == 0).
                    if fg == 0 {
                        return STATUS_OK;
                    }
                } else {
                    return STATUS_OK;
                }
            } else {
                let mut pid: i32 = 0;
                if unsafe { read_fn(in_parcel, &mut pid) } == STATUS_OK {
                    FGPROC_PID.store(pid, Ordering::Relaxed);
                }
            }
        }
        // Write while holding the lock: the fd can only be closed while we
        // hold it, so a revoke can never race us into a stale number.
        if let Some(fd) = fgproc_eventfd_guard().as_ref() {
            let val: u64 = 1;
            unsafe { libc::write(fd.as_raw_fd(), &val as *const u64 as *const c_void, 8) };
        }
        STATUS_OK
    }

    /// The PID captured by the most recent `onForegroundProcessChanged`
    /// callback (requires `open_with_fgproc_observer`).
    pub fn last_foreground_pid() -> i32 {
        FGPROC_PID.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
    }

    // ── String allocator ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    unsafe extern "C" fn string_alloc(
        cookie: *mut c_void, length: i32, buffer: *mut *mut c_char,
    ) -> bool {
        if length < 0 { return true; }
        let s = unsafe { &mut *(cookie as *mut StringBuf) };
        s.0.reserve_exact(length as usize + 1);
        unsafe { s.0.as_mut_vec().resize(length as usize + 1, 0) };
        unsafe { *buffer = s.0.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_char };
        true
    }

    struct StringBuf(String);
    impl StringBuf {
        fn new() -> Self { Self(String::new()) }
        fn finish(mut self) -> Option<String> {
            if let Some(pos) = self.0.as_bytes().iter().position(|&b| b == 0) {
                unsafe { self.0.as_mut_vec().truncate(pos) };
            }
            if self.0.is_empty() { None } else { Some(self.0) }
        }
    }

    // ── Vtable ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    struct Vtable {
        get_service:         unsafe extern "C" fn(*const c_char) -> *mut AIBinder,
        class_define:        unsafe extern "C" fn(
                                 *const c_char,
                                 unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void) -> *mut c_void,
                                 unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void),
                                 unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, u32, *const AParcel, *mut AParcel) -> BinderStatus,
                             ) -> *mut AIBinder_Class,
        associate_class:     unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, *mut AIBinder_Class) -> bool,
        new_binder:          unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AIBinder_Class, *mut c_void) -> *mut AIBinder,
        prepare_transaction: unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, *mut *mut AParcel) -> BinderStatus,
        transact:            unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, u32, *mut *mut AParcel, *mut *mut AParcel, u32) -> BinderStatus,
        dec_strong:          unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder),
        parcel_delete:       unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel),
        read_int32:          unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut i32) -> BinderStatus,
        read_string:         unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut c_void, StringAllocator) -> BinderStatus,
        write_strong_binder: unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel, *mut AIBinder) -> BinderStatus,
        set_thread_pool_max: unsafe extern "C" fn(u32),
        join_thread_pool:    unsafe extern "C" fn(),
        get_user_data:       unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AIBinder) -> *mut c_void,
        write_int32:         unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel, i32) -> BinderStatus,
        // Optional: only present on API 29+, but all modern Android has this
        read_bool:           Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut bool) -> BinderStatus>,
    }

    // ── RAII wrappers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    struct DlHandle(*mut c_void);
    unsafe impl Send for DlHandle {}
    impl Drop for DlHandle {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            // Intentionally no dlclose: the binder thread pool spawned in
            // open_with_observer() keeps executing library code until process
            // exit. Unloading the library while that thread runs causes
            // use-after-free. libbinder_ndk.so is never unloaded during the
            // daemon lifetime; the OS reclaims it on exit.
        }
    }

    struct OwnedParcel { ptr: *mut AParcel, delete: unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel) }
    impl Drop for OwnedParcel {
        fn drop(&mut self) { if !self.ptr.is_null() { unsafe { (self.delete)(self.ptr) }; } }
    }

    struct OwnedBinder { ptr: *mut AIBinder, dec_strong: unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder) }
    unsafe impl Send for OwnedBinder {}
    impl Drop for OwnedBinder {
        fn drop(&mut self) { if !self.ptr.is_null() { unsafe { (self.dec_strong)(self.ptr) }; } }
    }

    // ── dlsym helper ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    macro_rules! dlsym_fn {
        ($handle:expr, $name:literal, $ty:ty) => {{
            let sym = unsafe {
                libc::dlsym($handle, concat!($name, "\0").as_ptr() as *const c_char)
            };
            if sym.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, concat!("dlsym:", $name)));
            }
            unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<*mut c_void, $ty>(sym) }
        }};
    }

    macro_rules! dlsym_opt {
        ($handle:expr, $name:literal, $ty:ty) => {{
            let sym = unsafe {
                libc::dlsym($handle, concat!($name, "\0").as_ptr() as *const c_char)
            };
            if sym.is_null() { None }
            else { Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<*mut c_void, $ty>(sym) }) }
        }};
    }

    fn load_vtable(handle: *mut c_void) -> Result<Vtable, CoreError> {
        Ok(Vtable {
            get_service: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AServiceManager_getService",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*const c_char) -> *mut AIBinder),
            class_define: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_Class_define",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(
                    *const c_char,
                    unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void) -> *mut c_void,
                    unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void),
                    unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, u32, *const AParcel, *mut AParcel) -> BinderStatus,
                ) -> *mut AIBinder_Class),
            associate_class: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_associateClass",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, *mut AIBinder_Class) -> bool),
            new_binder: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_new",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AIBinder_Class, *mut c_void) -> *mut AIBinder),
            prepare_transaction: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_prepareTransaction",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, *mut *mut AParcel) -> BinderStatus),
            transact: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_transact",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder, u32, *mut *mut AParcel, *mut *mut AParcel, u32) -> BinderStatus),
            dec_strong: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_decStrong",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AIBinder)),
            parcel_delete: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AParcel_delete",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel)),
            read_int32: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AParcel_readInt32",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut i32) -> BinderStatus),
            read_string: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AParcel_readString",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut c_void, StringAllocator) -> BinderStatus),
            write_strong_binder: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AParcel_writeStrongBinder",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel, *mut AIBinder) -> BinderStatus),
            set_thread_pool_max: dlsym_fn!(handle, "ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(u32)),
            join_thread_pool: dlsym_fn!(handle, "ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool",
                unsafe extern "C" fn()),
            get_user_data: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AIBinder_getUserData",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AIBinder) -> *mut c_void),
            write_int32: dlsym_fn!(handle, "AParcel_writeInt32",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut AParcel, i32) -> BinderStatus),
            read_bool: dlsym_opt!(handle, "AParcel_readBool",
                unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut bool) -> BinderStatus),
        })
    }

    // ── ParcelReader ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    struct ParcelReader<'a> { vt: &'a Vtable, parcel: &'a OwnedParcel }

    impl<'a> ParcelReader<'a> {
        fn read_i32(&self) -> Result<i32, CoreError> {
            let mut v = 0i32;
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.read_int32)(self.parcel.ptr, &mut v) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_readInt32")); }
            Ok(v)
        }
        fn read_string(&self) -> Result<Option<String>, CoreError> {
            let mut buf = StringBuf::new();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.read_string)(self.parcel.ptr, &mut buf as *mut StringBuf as *mut c_void, string_alloc)
            };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_readString")); }
            Ok(buf.finish())
        }
        fn skip_i32s(&self, n: usize) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            for _ in 0..n { self.read_i32()?; }
            Ok(())
        }
        fn skip_int_array(&self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            let count = self.read_i32()?.max(0) as usize;
            self.skip_i32s(count)
        }
        fn read_first_package_from_names(&self) -> Result<Option<String>, CoreError> {
            let count = self.read_i32()?.max(0) as usize;
            let mut first: Option<String> = None;
            for _ in 0..count {
                let s = self.read_string()?;
                if first.is_none() {
                    first = s.and_then(|c| c.split('/').next().map(str::to_owned));
                }
            }
            Ok(first)
        }
    }

    // ── Response parsers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn parse_stack_info_body(r: &ParcelReader<'_>) -> Result<Option<String>, CoreError> {
        r.skip_i32s(5)?;
        r.skip_int_array()?;
        r.read_first_package_from_names()
    }

    // RootTaskInfo → (taskId, first childTaskName package). Walks the parcel
    // once: prefix (bounds, childTaskIds), captures the first package from
    // childTaskNames, then skips childTaskBounds / childTaskUserIds / visible /
    // position / TaskInfo.userId to reach taskId — never touching the
    // Intent/TaskInfo tail. taskId and pkg come from the same transaction, so
    // callers pair them without a second (racy) round-trip.
    fn parse_root_task_info_task(r: &ParcelReader<'_>) -> Result<(i32, Option<String>), CoreError> {
        let scratch = r.read_i32()?;
        if scratch != 0 { r.skip_i32s(4)?; }
        r.skip_int_array()?; // childTaskIds
        let pkg = r.read_first_package_from_names()?; // childTaskNames → pkg
        // childTaskBounds: typed Rect array (nullable) — read count, skip 4 per entry
        let bounds_count = r.read_i32()?;
        let n = if bounds_count < 0 { 0 } else { bounds_count as usize };
        for _ in 0..n {
            let entry = r.read_i32()?;
            if entry != 0 { r.skip_i32s(4)?; }
        }
        r.skip_int_array()?; // childTaskUserIds
        r.skip_i32s(2)?;     // visible, position
        r.skip_i32s(1)?;     // TaskInfo.userId
        let task_id = r.read_i32()?;
        Ok((task_id, pkg))
    }

    // ── Tx code resolution ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    pub struct TxCodes {
        pub observer_code: u32,
        pub query_code:    u32,
        pub api_mode:      u8,  // 1 = RootTaskInfo, 2 = StackInfo
        pub fg_code:       u32,
    }

    pub fn resolve_tx_codes() -> Result<TxCodes, CoreError> {
        let (obs, query, api, fg) = dex::resolve_tx_codes_from_dex()
            .ok_or_else(|| CoreError::binder(-1, "tx_code_resolution:dex_parse_failed"))?;
        Ok(TxCodes { observer_code: obs, query_code: query, api_mode: api, fg_code: fg })
    }

    // ── ActivityManagerBinder ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

    pub struct ActivityManagerBinder {
        _lib:    DlHandle,
        vt:      Vtable,
        _class:  *mut AIBinder_Class,
        service: OwnedBinder,
        tx_code: u32,
        legacy:  bool,
    }
    unsafe impl Send for ActivityManagerBinder {}

    impl ActivityManagerBinder {
        fn open_inner(handle: *mut c_void) -> Result<(DlHandle, Vtable, *mut AIBinder_Class, OwnedBinder), CoreError> {
            let lib = DlHandle(handle);
            let vt = load_vtable(handle)?;

            let am_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    AM_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    am_on_create, am_on_destroy, am_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if am_class.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:AM")); }

            let raw = unsafe { (vt.get_service)(ACTIVITY_SERVICE.as_ptr() as *const c_char) };
            if raw.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AServiceManager_getService:activity")); }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(raw, am_class) };

            let service = OwnedBinder { ptr: raw, dec_strong: vt.dec_strong };
            Ok((lib, vt, am_class, service))
        }

        fn dlopen_libbinder() -> Result<*mut c_void, CoreError> {
            use std::os::raw::c_char;
            let handle = unsafe {
                libc::dlopen(LIBBINDER_PATH.as_ptr() as *const c_char, libc::RTLD_NOW | libc::RTLD_LOCAL)
            };
            if handle.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "dlopen:libbinder_ndk.so")); }
            Ok(handle)
        }

        /// Open ActivityManager binder (polling mode — no observer).
        /// Resolves the query tx code from cache or DEX.
        pub fn open() -> Result<Self, CoreError> {
            let handle = Self::dlopen_libbinder()?;
            let (lib, vt, class, service) = Self::open_inner(handle)?;
            let codes = resolve_tx_codes()?;
            let legacy = codes.api_mode == 2;
            Ok(Self { _lib: lib, vt, _class: class, service, tx_code: codes.query_code, legacy })
        }

        /// Open ActivityManager binder and register as IProcessObserver.
        ///
        /// Returns `(Self, OwnedFd)` where the eventfd is a dup of the core's
        /// callback fd. It becomes readable whenever `onForegroundActivitiesChanged`
        /// fires. Caller must add it to epoll and may close it at any time — the
        /// callback keeps writing to the core's copy, so closing the returned
        /// fd never invalidates the notification path (C2). After the event
        /// fires, call `get_focused_package`.
        pub fn open_with_observer() -> Result<(Self, OwnedFd), CoreError> {
            let handle = Self::dlopen_libbinder()?;
            let (lib, vt, am_class, service) = Self::open_inner(handle)?;
            let codes = resolve_tx_codes()?;
            let legacy = codes.api_mode == 2;

            // Create eventfd for callback → epoll bridge. Ownership stays in the
            // core for the observer lifetime; the consumer receives a dup below.
            let owned = unsafe {
                let raw = libc::eventfd(0, libc::EFD_NONBLOCK | libc::EFD_CLOEXEC);
                if raw < 0 { return Err(CoreError::sys(*libc::__errno(), "eventfd")); }
                OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw)
            };

            // Define IProcessObserver class (we're the server)
            let obs_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    OBS_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    obs_on_create, obs_on_destroy, obs_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if obs_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:Observer"));
            }

            // Instantiate our observer binder object
            let obs_binder = unsafe { (vt.new_binder)(obs_class, std::ptr::null_mut()) };
            if obs_binder.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_new:Observer"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(obs_binder, obs_class) };

            // Call registerProcessObserver(observer)
            let mut in_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (vt.prepare_transaction)(service.ptr, &mut in_ptr) };
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:registerObserver"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.write_strong_binder)(in_ptr, obs_binder) };
            let mut out_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (vt.transact)(service.ptr, codes.observer_code, &mut in_ptr, &mut out_ptr, 0)
            };
            if !out_ptr.is_null() { unsafe { (vt.parcel_delete)(out_ptr) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:registerProcessObserver"));
            }

            // Consumer dup — made before publishing, so an error path drops the
            // owned fd without ever leaving a stale handle for the callback.
            let consumer = owned.try_clone()
                .map_err(|e| CoreError::sys(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(-1), "dup:observer"))?;

            // Publish fg_code and the core-owned eventfd for the callback
            OBS_FG_CODE.store(codes.fg_code, Ordering::Relaxed);
            *obs_eventfd_guard() = Some(owned);

            // Start binder thread pool — blocks forever in background thread
            unsafe { (vt.set_thread_pool_max)(0) };
            let join_fn = vt.join_thread_pool;
            std::thread::spawn(move || unsafe { join_fn() });

            let binder = Self { _lib: lib, vt, _class: am_class, service, tx_code: codes.query_code, legacy };
            Ok((binder, consumer))
        }

        /// Open ActivityManager binder and register as the foreground process
        /// observer.
        ///
        /// The authoritative foreground PID is delivered in the callback; this
        /// is the low-noise foreground source. Two ROM variants are supported
        /// and selected automatically:
        ///
        /// - Stock: `IForegroundProcessObserver.onForegroundProcessChanged`
        ///   delivers a single `int pid`.
        /// - Custom ROMs that dropped that interface instead deliver `(int pid,
        ///   int uid, int fg)` through the repurposed
        ///   `IProcessObserver.onForegroundActivitiesChanged`; this registers
        ///   via `registerProcessObserver` and only signals on `fg != 0`.
        ///
        /// The callback stores the PID (readable via [`last_foreground_pid`])
        /// and signals the returned eventfd.
        ///
        /// Returns `(Self, OwnedFd)` where the eventfd is a dup of the core's
        /// callback fd. It becomes readable whenever a foreground process
        /// change fires. Same lifetime contract as
        /// [`ActivityManagerBinder::open_with_observer`] (C2): the core owns
        /// the eventfd and the callback only ever writes to that copy, so
        /// closing the returned dup never invalidates the notification path.
        pub fn open_with_fgproc_observer() -> Result<(Self, OwnedFd), CoreError> {
            let handle = Self::dlopen_libbinder()?;
            let (lib, vt, am_class, service) = Self::open_inner(handle)?;

            // Resolve the foreground-observer tx codes. Prefer the stock
            // IForegroundProcessObserver path; fall back to the custom
            // IProcessObserver pid-carrying form on ROMs that dropped it.
            // mode 0 = stock single-int callback, mode 1 = (pid, uid, fg).
            let (register_code, fgproc_code, mode, descriptor): (u32, u32, u32, &[u8]) =
                match crate::dex::resolve_fgproc_codes() {
                    Some((r, c)) => (r, c, 0, FGPROC_DESCRIPTOR),
                    None => match crate::dex::resolve_fgproc_codes_fallback() {
                        Some((r, c)) => (r, c, 1, OBS_DESCRIPTOR),
                        None => {
                            return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "tx_code_resolution:fgproc_dex_parse_failed"));
                        }
                    },
                };

            // Create eventfd for callback → epoll bridge. Ownership stays in the
            // core for the observer lifetime; the consumer receives a dup below.
            let owned = unsafe {
                let raw = libc::eventfd(0, libc::EFD_NONBLOCK | libc::EFD_CLOEXEC);
                if raw < 0 { return Err(CoreError::sys(*libc::__errno(), "eventfd")); }
                OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw)
            };

            // Define our observer class (we're the server). The descriptor must
            // match whichever interface we actually register as.
            let obs_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    descriptor.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    fgproc_on_create, fgproc_on_destroy, fgproc_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if obs_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:FGProcessObserver"));
            }

            // Instantiate our observer binder object
            let obs_binder = unsafe { (vt.new_binder)(obs_class, std::ptr::null_mut()) };
            if obs_binder.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_new:FGProcessObserver"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(obs_binder, obs_class) };

            // Call registerForegroundProcessObserver(observer) or the fallback
            // registerProcessObserver(observer) depending on resolved mode.
            let mut in_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (vt.prepare_transaction)(service.ptr, &mut in_ptr) };
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:registerForegroundProcessObserver"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.write_strong_binder)(in_ptr, obs_binder) };
            let mut out_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (vt.transact)(service.ptr, register_code, &mut in_ptr, &mut out_ptr, 0)
            };
            if !out_ptr.is_null() { unsafe { (vt.parcel_delete)(out_ptr) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:registerForegroundProcessObserver"));
            }

            // Consumer dup — made before publishing, so an error path drops the
            // owned fd without ever leaving a stale handle for the callback.
            let consumer = owned.try_clone()
                .map_err(|e| CoreError::sys(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(-1), "dup:fgproc_observer"))?;

            // Publish reader fn, mode, fg code, pid base, and the core-owned
            // eventfd for the callback. Reader and mode are published first so
            // the callback never sees a matching code with an unset reader or
            // mode (C2-adjacent init order).
            FGPROC_READ_I32.store(vt.read_int32 as usize, Ordering::Relaxed);
            FGPROC_IPROC_MODE.store(mode, Ordering::Relaxed);
            FGPROC_FG_CODE.store(fgproc_code, Ordering::Relaxed);
            FGPROC_PID.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
            *fgproc_eventfd_guard() = Some(owned);

            // Start binder thread pool — blocks forever in background thread
            unsafe { (vt.set_thread_pool_max)(0) };
            let join_fn = vt.join_thread_pool;
            std::thread::spawn(move || unsafe { join_fn() });

            let binder = Self { _lib: lib, vt, _class: am_class, service, tx_code: 0, legacy: false };
            Ok((binder, consumer))
        }

        fn do_transact(&self) -> Result<OwnedParcel, CoreError> {
            let mut in_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.service.ptr, &mut in_ptr) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AIBinder_prepareTransaction")); }
            let mut out_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.transact)(self.service.ptr, self.tx_code, &mut in_ptr, &mut out_ptr, 0)
            };
            let out = OwnedParcel { ptr: out_ptr, delete: self.vt.parcel_delete };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AIBinder_transact")); }
            Ok(out)
        }

        /// The focused root task's `(taskId, topActivity package)` from a single
        /// txn-31 transaction. Outer `None` = no focused root task (or legacy
        /// API 29, where the reply is `StackInfo` and carries no taskId); inner
        /// `None` = task known but no package in `childTaskNames`. Both values
        /// come from the same parcel, so the registration key and the report
        /// tag can never diverge.
        pub fn get_focused_task(&self) -> Result<Option<(i32, Option<String>)>, CoreError> {
            if self.legacy {
                // StackInfo has no taskId — report None rather than a wrong id.
                return Ok(None);
            }
            let out = self.do_transact()?;
            let r = ParcelReader { vt: &self.vt, parcel: &out };
            let ex = r.read_i32()?;
            if ex != EX_NONE { return Err(CoreError::binder(ex, "getFocusedTask:exception")); }
            let present = r.read_i32()?;
            if present == 0 { return Ok(None); }
            Ok(Some(parse_root_task_info_task(&r)?))
        }

        /// The `topActivity` package of the focused root task (legacy API 29
        /// builds use `StackInfo` and still resolve the package). Thin wrapper
        /// over [`ActivityManagerBinder::get_focused_task`].
        pub fn get_focused_package(&self) -> Result<Option<String>, CoreError> {
            if self.legacy {
                let out = self.do_transact()?;
                let r = ParcelReader { vt: &self.vt, parcel: &out };
                let ex = r.read_i32()?;
                if ex != EX_NONE { return Err(CoreError::binder(ex, "getFocusedTask:exception")); }
                let present = r.read_i32()?;
                if present == 0 { return Ok(None); }
                return parse_stack_info_body(&r);
            }
            Ok(self.get_focused_task()?.map(|(_, pkg)| pkg).flatten())
        }

        /// The `taskId` of the currently focused root task. Thin wrapper over
        /// [`ActivityManagerBinder::get_focused_task`]; returns `None` when there
        /// is no focused root task or on legacy API 29 builds.
        pub fn get_focused_task_id(&self) -> Result<Option<i32>, CoreError> {
            Ok(self.get_focused_task()?.map(|(task_id, _)| task_id))
        }
    }

    // ── DisplayManagerBinder ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

    const DISPLAY_SERVICE:    &[u8] = b"display\0";
    const DISPLAY_DESCRIPTOR: &[u8] = b"android.hardware.display.IDisplayManager\0";
    const CALLBACK_DESCRIPTOR: &[u8] = b"android.hardware.display.IDisplayManagerCallback\0";
    const POWER_SERVICE:      &[u8] = b"power\0";

    const TX_DISPLAY_REGISTER_CALLBACK: u32 = 4;

    // Core owns the callback eventfd; the consumer gets a dup and may close it
    // freely. Same lifetime discipline as the ActivityManager observer (C2).
    static DISP_EVENTFD: Mutex<Option<OwnedFd>> = Mutex::new(None);

    fn disp_eventfd_guard() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, Option<OwnedFd>> {
        DISP_EVENTFD.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner())
    }

    unsafe extern "C" fn disp_cb_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn disp_cb_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn disp_cb_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, code: u32, _: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus {
        if code == 1 {
            if let Some(fd) = disp_eventfd_guard().as_ref() {
                let val: u64 = 1;
                unsafe { libc::write(fd.as_raw_fd(), &val as *const u64 as *const c_void, 8) };
            }
        }
        STATUS_OK
    }

    pub struct DisplayManagerBinder {
        _lib:           DlHandle,
        vt:             Vtable,
        display:        OwnedBinder,
        power:          Option<OwnedBinder>,
        is_interactive_tx: u32,
    }
    unsafe impl Send for DisplayManagerBinder {}

    impl DisplayManagerBinder {
        pub fn open_with_callback() -> Result<(Self, crate::reactor::Fd), CoreError> {
            let handle = unsafe {
                libc::dlopen(LIBBINDER_PATH.as_ptr() as *const c_char, libc::RTLD_NOW | libc::RTLD_LOCAL)
            };
            if handle.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "dlopen:libbinder_ndk.so")); }
            let lib = DlHandle(handle);
            let vt = load_vtable(handle)?;

            // Blocking eventfd (no EFD_NONBLOCK) — callback writes, caller's
            // read_u64_blocking() waits. The core owns it for the callback's
            // lifetime; the consumer receives a dup below (C2).
            let owned = unsafe {
                let raw = libc::eventfd(0, libc::EFD_CLOEXEC);
                if raw < 0 { return Err(CoreError::sys(*libc::__errno(), "eventfd")); }
                OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw)
            };

            // Get display service (no class_define needed for client-only)
            let raw_display = unsafe { (vt.get_service)(DISPLAY_SERVICE.as_ptr() as *const c_char) };
            if raw_display.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AServiceManager_getService:display"));
            }
            let display = OwnedBinder { ptr: raw_display, dec_strong: vt.dec_strong };

            // Define IDisplayManagerCallback (we're the server receiving callbacks)
            let cb_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    CALLBACK_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    disp_cb_on_create, disp_cb_on_destroy, disp_cb_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if cb_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:DisplayCallback"));
            }

            let cb_binder = unsafe { (vt.new_binder)(cb_class, std::ptr::null_mut()) };
            if cb_binder.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_new:DisplayCallback"));
            }

            // registerCallback(callback) — tx 4
            let mut in_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (vt.prepare_transaction)(display.ptr, &mut in_ptr) };
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:registerCallback"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.write_strong_binder)(in_ptr, cb_binder) };
            let mut out_ptr: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (vt.transact)(display.ptr, TX_DISPLAY_REGISTER_CALLBACK, &mut in_ptr, &mut out_ptr, 0)
            };
            if !out_ptr.is_null() { unsafe { (vt.parcel_delete)(out_ptr) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:registerCallback"));
            }

            // Optional: grab power service for is_interactive()
            let power = {
                let raw = unsafe { (vt.get_service)(POWER_SERVICE.as_ptr() as *const c_char) };
                if raw.is_null() { None } else { Some(OwnedBinder { ptr: raw, dec_strong: vt.dec_strong }) }
            };

            // Resolve isInteractive tx code from DEX at open time
            let is_interactive_tx = crate::dex::resolve_is_interactive_tx()
                .ok_or_else(|| CoreError::binder(-1, "dex:TRANSACTION_isInteractive not found"))?;

            // Consumer dup — made before publishing, so an error path drops the
            // owned fd without ever leaving a stale handle for the callback.
            let efd_owned = owned.try_clone()
                .map_err(|e| CoreError::sys(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(-1), "dup:display"))
                .and_then(|dup| unsafe {
                    crate::reactor::Fd::from_owned_raw_fd(dup.into_raw_fd(), "display.efd")
                        .map_err(|_| CoreError::binder(-1, "Fd::from_owned_raw_fd:display.efd"))
                })?;

            // Publish the core-owned eventfd for the callback
            *disp_eventfd_guard() = Some(owned);

            // Join binder thread pool so callbacks can fire
            unsafe { (vt.set_thread_pool_max)(0) };
            let join_fn = vt.join_thread_pool;
            std::thread::spawn(move || unsafe { join_fn() });

            Ok((Self { _lib: lib, vt, display, power, is_interactive_tx }, efd_owned))
        }

        pub fn is_interactive(&self) -> Result<bool, CoreError> {
            let power = self.power.as_ref()
                .ok_or_else(|| CoreError::binder(-1, "power:unavailable"))?;
            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(power.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:isInteractive")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.transact)(power.ptr, self.is_interactive_tx, &mut inp, &mut out, 0)
            };
            let out = OwnedParcel { ptr: out, delete: self.vt.parcel_delete };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:isInteractive")); }
            let r = ParcelReader { vt: &self.vt, parcel: &out };
            let ex = r.read_i32()?;
            if ex != EX_NONE { return Err(CoreError::binder(ex, "isInteractive:exception")); }
            if let Some(rb) = self.vt.read_bool {
                let mut v = false;
                let s = unsafe { rb(out.ptr as *const AParcel, &mut v) };
                if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "readBool:isInteractive")); }
                Ok(v)
            } else {
                Ok(r.read_i32()? != 0)
            }
        }
    }

    // ── FpsListener (task FPS callback) ───────────────────────────────────────

    const WINDOW_SERVICE:    &[u8] = b"window\0";
    const WM_DESCRIPTOR:     &[u8] = b"android.view.IWindowManager\0";
    const FPS_DESCRIPTOR:    &[u8] = b"android.window.ITaskFpsCallback\0";
    // Core owns the callback eventfd; the consumer gets a dup and may close it
    // freely. Same lifetime discipline as the other callbacks (C2). The last
    // reported FPS (bit pattern of the f32) is published before the eventfd is
    // signalled, so the consumer never reads a stale value.
    static FPS_EVENTFD: Mutex<Option<OwnedFd>> = Mutex::new(None);
    static FPS_VALUE: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
    static FPS_CODE: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
    static FPS_READ_I32: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);

    fn fps_eventfd_guard() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, Option<OwnedFd>> {
        FPS_EVENTFD.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner())
    }

    // No-op callbacks for the client-only IWindowManager class (we never serve
    // transactions on the `window` binder — the class exists only to satisfy
    // AIBinder_prepareTransaction's remote-transaction contract).
    unsafe extern "C" fn wm_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn wm_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn wm_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, _: u32, _: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus { STATUS_OK }

    unsafe extern "C" fn fps_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn fps_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn fps_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, code: u32, in_parcel: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus {
        if code != FPS_CODE.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
            return STATUS_UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
        }
        // Reader is published non-zero before the code, so a matching code is
        // never paired with an unset reader.
        let read_addr = FPS_READ_I32.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        if read_addr != 0 {
            let read_fn: unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AParcel, *mut i32) -> BinderStatus =
                unsafe { std::mem::transmute(read_addr) };
            let mut bits: i32 = 0;
            if unsafe { read_fn(in_parcel, &mut bits) } == STATUS_OK {
                // Publish the value before signalling so the consumer always
                // sees the value that triggered the wakeup.
                FPS_VALUE.store(bits as u32, Ordering::Relaxed);
                if let Some(fd) = fps_eventfd_guard().as_ref() {
                    let val: u64 = 1;
                    unsafe { libc::write(fd.as_raw_fd(), &val as *const u64 as *const c_void, 8) };
                }
            }
        }
        STATUS_OK
    }

    /// Push-based per-task FPS listener registered with `WindowManager`.
    ///
    /// Uses `IWindowManager.registerTaskFpsCallback(taskId, callback)`; the
    /// daemon hosts the `ITaskFpsCallback` server object and receives
    /// `onFpsReported(float)` one-way transactions from the `FpsReporter` at
    /// most every ~500 ms.
    ///
    /// The registering UID must hold `ACCESS_FPS_COUNTER` (signature|privileged)
    /// — this process typically runs as shell (uid 2000) via `su`.
    ///
    /// Returns `(Self, OwnedFd)` where the eventfd is a dup of the core's
    /// callback fd. It becomes readable whenever `onFpsReported` fires; call
    /// [`FpsListener::last_fps`] after the event to read the value.
    pub struct FpsListener {
        _lib:       DlHandle,
        vt:         Vtable,
        window:     OwnedBinder,
        cb_binder:  *mut AIBinder,
        _wm_class:  *mut AIBinder_Class,
        register_code: u32,
        unregister_code: u32,
        task_id:    i32,
    }
    unsafe impl Send for FpsListener {}

    impl FpsListener {
        /// Open WindowManager and define the `ITaskFpsCallback` server object.
        ///
        /// Resolves the three tx codes from DEX. Does **not** register a task
        /// yet — call [`FpsListener::register`] once a taskId is known. Starts
        /// the binder thread pool so `onFpsReported` can fire.
        pub fn open() -> Result<(Self, OwnedFd), CoreError> {
            let handle = unsafe {
                libc::dlopen(LIBBINDER_PATH.as_ptr() as *const c_char, libc::RTLD_NOW | libc::RTLD_LOCAL)
            };
            if handle.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "dlopen:libbinder_ndk.so")); }
            let lib = DlHandle(handle);
            let vt = load_vtable(handle)?;

            let (register_code, unregister_code, on_fps_code) =
                crate::dex::resolve_fps_codes()
                    .ok_or_else(|| CoreError::binder(-1, "dex:TRANSACTION_registerTaskFpsCallback not found"))?;

            let window = {
                let raw = unsafe { (vt.get_service)(WINDOW_SERVICE.as_ptr() as *const c_char) };
                if raw.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AServiceManager_getService:window")); }
                OwnedBinder { ptr: raw, dec_strong: vt.dec_strong }
            };

            // Remote transactions require a class on the binder (same
            // AIBinder_prepareTransaction contract as the AM service above).
            let wm_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    WM_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    wm_on_create, wm_on_destroy, wm_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if wm_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:IWindowManager"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(window.ptr, wm_class) };

            let cb_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    FPS_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    fps_on_create, fps_on_destroy, fps_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if cb_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:ITaskFpsCallback"));
            }

            let cb_binder = unsafe { (vt.new_binder)(cb_class, std::ptr::null_mut()) };
            if cb_binder.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_new:ITaskFpsCallback"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(cb_binder, cb_class) };

            // Blocking eventfd — callback writes, consumer waits/reads. Core
            // owns it; the consumer receives a dup below (C2).
            let owned = unsafe {
                let raw = libc::eventfd(0, libc::EFD_CLOEXEC);
                if raw < 0 { return Err(CoreError::sys(*libc::__errno(), "eventfd")); }
                OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw)
            };

            let consumer = owned.try_clone()
                .map_err(|e| CoreError::sys(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(-1), "dup:fps"))?;

            // Publish reader, code, and eventfd — in that order so the callback
            // never sees a matching code with an unset reader or fd (C2-adjacent).
            FPS_READ_I32.store(vt.read_int32 as usize, Ordering::Relaxed);
            FPS_CODE.store(on_fps_code, Ordering::Relaxed);
            FPS_VALUE.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
            *fps_eventfd_guard() = Some(owned);

            unsafe { (vt.set_thread_pool_max)(0) };
            let join_fn = vt.join_thread_pool;
            std::thread::spawn(move || unsafe { join_fn() });

            Ok((Self {
                _lib: lib, vt, window, cb_binder, _wm_class: wm_class,
                register_code, unregister_code, task_id: -1,
            }, consumer))
        }

        /// Register the callback for `task_id`. If a task was already
        /// registered, it is unregistered first (WindowManager tracks one task
        /// per callback binder).
        pub fn register(&mut self, task_id: i32) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            if self.task_id == task_id {
                return Ok(());
            }
            if self.task_id >= 0 {
                let _ = self.unregister();
            }

            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.window.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:registerTaskFpsCallback")); }
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.write_int32)(inp, task_id) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_writeInt32:taskId")); }
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.write_strong_binder)(inp, self.cb_binder) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_writeStrongBinder")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.transact)(self.window.ptr, self.register_code, &mut inp, &mut out, 0)
            };
            if !out.is_null() { unsafe { (self.vt.parcel_delete)(out) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:registerTaskFpsCallback"));
            }
            self.task_id = task_id;
            Ok(())
        }

        /// Unregister the callback from WindowManager. No-op if nothing is
        /// registered.
        pub fn unregister(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            if self.task_id < 0 {
                return Ok(());
            }
            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.window.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:unregisterTaskFpsCallback")); }
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.write_strong_binder)(inp, self.cb_binder) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_writeStrongBinder")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.transact)(self.window.ptr, self.unregister_code, &mut inp, &mut out, 0)
            };
            if !out.is_null() { unsafe { (self.vt.parcel_delete)(out) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:unregisterTaskFpsCallback"));
            }
            self.task_id = -1;
            Ok(())
        }

        /// The most recent `onFpsReported` value (f32), or `None` if no report
        /// has arrived yet. Safe to call at any time; the bit pattern is
        /// published atomically.
        pub fn last_fps(&self) -> Option<f32> {
            let bits = FPS_VALUE.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            if bits == 0 { None } else { Some(f32::from_bits(bits)) }
        }

        /// The taskId currently registered, or `None` if none.
        pub fn task_id(&self) -> Option<i32> {
            (self.task_id >= 0).then_some(self.task_id)
        }
    }

    // ── TaskStackListener (task-stack change wake-up) ────────────────────────

    const TASK_SERVICE:     &[u8] = b"activity_task\0";
    const ATM_DESCRIPTOR:   &[u8] = b"android.app.IActivityTaskManager\0";
    const TASK_STACK_DESCRIPTOR: &[u8] = b"android.app.ITaskStackListener\0";

    // No-op callbacks for the client-only IActivityTaskManager class (we never
    // serve transactions on the `activity_task` binder — the class exists only
    // to satisfy AIBinder_prepareTransaction's remote-transaction contract).
    unsafe extern "C" fn atm_on_create(_: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { std::ptr::null_mut() }
    unsafe extern "C" fn atm_on_destroy(_: *mut c_void) {}
    unsafe extern "C" fn atm_on_transact(
        _: *mut AIBinder, _: u32, _: *const AParcel, _: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus { STATUS_OK }

    // Pure wake-up handler: any ITaskStackListener callback
    // (onTaskStackChanged, onTaskMovedToFront, …) just signals the eventfd.
    // The callback arguments are deliberately NOT parsed — the authoritative
    // (taskId, pkg) comes from re-querying getFocusedRootTaskInfo (txn 31) on
    // the event, so we never depend on a parcel layout (RunningTaskInfo places
    // taskId near the parcel tail).
    //
    // The wake eventfd is per-instance: the daemon hosts two listeners (the fg
    // task source and the fps channel), each with its own eventfd. It is handed
    // to AIBinder_new as the binder's userdata, so on_destroy must reclaim it.
    // No process-wide static — a shared fd would deliver every instance's
    // wake to whichever listener opened last.
    //
    // The callback resolves the per-binder eventfd through AIBinder_getUserData.
    // The symbol address is process-wide, so it is cached once in a static.
    static GET_USER_DATA: std::sync::Mutex<Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*const AIBinder) -> *mut c_void>> =
        std::sync::Mutex::new(None);

    unsafe extern "C" fn task_stack_on_create(userdata: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void { userdata }
    unsafe extern "C" fn task_stack_on_destroy(userdata: *mut c_void) {
        if !userdata.is_null() {
            unsafe { drop(Box::from_raw(userdata as *mut OwnedFd)) };
        }
    }
    unsafe extern "C" fn task_stack_on_transact(
        binder: *mut AIBinder, _code: u32, _in_parcel: *const AParcel, _reply: *mut AParcel,
    ) -> BinderStatus {
        let get_user_data = GET_USER_DATA
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        if let Some(get_user_data) = *get_user_data {
            let userdata = unsafe { get_user_data(binder) };
            if !userdata.is_null() {
                let efd = userdata as *mut OwnedFd;
                let val: u64 = 1;
                unsafe { libc::write((*efd).as_raw_fd(), &val as *const u64 as *const c_void, 8) };
            }
        }
        STATUS_OK
    }

    /// Push-based task-stack change listener registered with
    /// `IActivityTaskManager`.
    ///
    /// Uses `IActivityTaskManager.registerTaskStackListener(listener)`; the
    /// daemon hosts the `ITaskStackListener` server object. The callback is a
    /// pure wake-up: on any task-stack change it signals the eventfd and
    /// parses nothing. Consumers re-query `getFocusedRootTaskInfo` (txn 31) on
    /// the event for the authoritative `(taskId, pkg)`.
    ///
    /// This target's ROM exposes the legacy `ITaskStackListener` /
    /// `registerTaskStackListener` pair; the newer `ITaskChangeListener` /
    /// `registerTaskChangeListener` interface is absent.
    ///
    /// The registering UID must hold `MANAGE_ACTIVITY_TASKS` /
    /// `MANAGE_ACTIVITY_STACKS` — the same gate as txn 31, which root passes
    /// empirically on the target ROM.
    ///
    /// Returns `(Self, OwnedFd)` where the eventfd is a dup of the core's
    /// callback fd. It becomes readable on any task-stack change.
    pub struct TaskStackListener {
        _lib:       DlHandle,
        vt:         Vtable,
        service:    OwnedBinder,
        cb_binder:  *mut AIBinder,
        _atm_class: *mut AIBinder_Class,
        register_code: u32,
        unregister_code: u32,
    }
    unsafe impl Send for TaskStackListener {}

    impl TaskStackListener {
        /// Open `activity_task`, define the `ITaskStackListener` server object,
        /// and start the binder thread pool. Does **not** register yet — call
        /// [`TaskStackListener::register`] once consumers are active.
        pub fn open() -> Result<(Self, OwnedFd), CoreError> {
            let handle = unsafe {
                libc::dlopen(LIBBINDER_PATH.as_ptr() as *const c_char, libc::RTLD_NOW | libc::RTLD_LOCAL)
            };
            if handle.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "dlopen:libbinder_ndk.so")); }
            let lib = DlHandle(handle);
            let vt = load_vtable(handle)?;

            let (register_code, unregister_code) =
                crate::dex::resolve_task_stack_codes()
                    .ok_or_else(|| CoreError::binder(-1, "dex:TRANSACTION_registerTaskStackListener not found"))?;

            let service = {
                let raw = unsafe { (vt.get_service)(TASK_SERVICE.as_ptr() as *const c_char) };
                if raw.is_null() { return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AServiceManager_getService:activity_task")); }
                OwnedBinder { ptr: raw, dec_strong: vt.dec_strong }
            };

            // Remote transactions require a class on the binder (same
            // AIBinder_prepareTransaction contract as the other services).
            let atm_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    ATM_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    atm_on_create, atm_on_destroy, atm_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if atm_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:IActivityTaskManager"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(service.ptr, atm_class) };

            let cb_class = unsafe {
                (vt.class_define)(
                    TASK_STACK_DESCRIPTOR.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
                    task_stack_on_create, task_stack_on_destroy, task_stack_on_transact,
                )
            };
            if cb_class.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_Class_define:ITaskStackListener"));
            }

            // Blocking eventfd — callback writes, consumer waits/reads. Each
            // instance owns its own fd; it is handed to the callback binder as
            // userdata (per-instance routing, no process-wide static) and the
            // consumer receives a dup below (C2).
            let owned = unsafe {
                let raw = libc::eventfd(0, libc::EFD_CLOEXEC);
                if raw < 0 { return Err(CoreError::sys(*libc::__errno(), "eventfd")); }
                OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw)
            };

            let consumer = owned.try_clone()
                .map_err(|e| CoreError::sys(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(-1), "dup:task_stack"))?;

            let userdata = Box::into_raw(Box::new(owned)) as *mut c_void;
            let cb_binder = unsafe { (vt.new_binder)(cb_class, userdata) };
            if cb_binder.is_null() {
                // Reclaim the userdata box handed to AIBinder_new before bailing.
                unsafe { drop(Box::from_raw(userdata as *mut OwnedFd)) };
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AIBinder_new:ITaskStackListener"));
            }
            unsafe { (vt.associate_class)(cb_binder, cb_class) };

            // The callback resolves AIBinder_getUserData from this vtable; the
            // symbol address is process-wide, so a cached static is safe.
            *GET_USER_DATA.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner()) = Some(vt.get_user_data);

            unsafe { (vt.set_thread_pool_max)(0) };
            let join_fn = vt.join_thread_pool;
            std::thread::spawn(move || unsafe { join_fn() });

            Ok((Self {
                _lib: lib, vt, service, cb_binder, _atm_class: atm_class,
                register_code, unregister_code,
            }, consumer))
        }

        /// Register the task-stack listener with `activity_task` (one listener
        /// receives all task-stack events). Idempotent at the framework level;
        /// callers should register once and keep the object alive.
        pub fn register(&self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.service.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:registerTaskStackListener")); }
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.write_strong_binder)(inp, self.cb_binder) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_writeStrongBinder")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.transact)(self.service.ptr, self.register_code, &mut inp, &mut out, 0)
            };
            if !out.is_null() { unsafe { (self.vt.parcel_delete)(out) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:registerTaskStackListener"));
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        /// Unregister the task-stack listener from `activity_task`. No-op at
        /// the framework level if not registered; callers should unregister
        /// before dropping the object.
        pub fn unregister(&self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.service.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "prepareTransaction:unregisterTaskStackListener")); }
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.write_strong_binder)(inp, self.cb_binder) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_writeStrongBinder")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe {
                (self.vt.transact)(self.service.ptr, self.unregister_code, &mut inp, &mut out, 0)
            };
            if !out.is_null() { unsafe { (self.vt.parcel_delete)(out) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "transact:unregisterTaskStackListener"));
            }
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    // ── RawBinderService ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// Generic binder client for any named Android service.
    ///
    /// Handles its own `dlopen` on `libbinder_ndk.so`. Callers provide raw
    /// transaction codes (resolved via [`crate::dex::find_transaction_code`])
    /// and use [`RawBinderService::transact_bool`] /
    /// [`RawBinderService::transact_i32`] for typed round-trips.
    pub struct RawBinderService {
        _lib:    DlHandle,
        vt:      Vtable,
        service: OwnedBinder,
    }
    unsafe impl Send for RawBinderService {}

    impl RawBinderService {
        /// Open a connection to the named service (e.g. `"power"`, `"batterystats"`).
        pub fn open(service_name: &str) -> Result<Self, CoreError> {
            use std::ffi::CString;
            let handle = unsafe {
                libc::dlopen(LIBBINDER_PATH.as_ptr() as *const c_char, libc::RTLD_NOW | libc::RTLD_LOCAL)
            };
            if handle.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "dlopen:libbinder_ndk.so"));
            }
            let lib = DlHandle(handle);
            let vt = load_vtable(handle)?;
            let cs = CString::new(service_name)
                .map_err(|_| CoreError::binder(-1, "service_name:nul_byte"))?;
            let raw = unsafe { (vt.get_service)(cs.as_ptr()) };
            if raw.is_null() {
                return Err(CoreError::binder(-1, "AServiceManager_getService:null"));
            }
            let service = OwnedBinder { ptr: raw, dec_strong: vt.dec_strong };
            Ok(Self { _lib: lib, vt, service })
        }

        /// Send a no-argument transaction; read exception header then bool reply.
        pub fn transact_bool(&self, code: u32) -> Result<bool, CoreError> {
            let out = self.raw_noarg(code)?;
            let r = ParcelReader { vt: &self.vt, parcel: &out };
            let ex = r.read_i32()?;
            if ex != EX_NONE { return Err(CoreError::binder(ex, "transact_bool:exception")); }
            if let Some(rb) = self.vt.read_bool {
                let mut v = false;
                let s = unsafe { rb(out.ptr as *const AParcel, &mut v) };
                if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_readBool")); }
                Ok(v)
            } else {
                Ok(r.read_i32()? != 0)
            }
        }

        /// Send a transaction with one i32 argument; discard reply.
        pub fn transact_i32(&self, code: u32, arg: i32) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.service.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AIBinder_prepareTransaction")); }
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.write_int32)(inp, arg) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AParcel_writeInt32")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.transact)(self.service.ptr, code, &mut inp, &mut out, 0) };
            if !out.is_null() { unsafe { (self.vt.parcel_delete)(out) }; }
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AIBinder_transact")); }
            Ok(())
        }

        fn raw_noarg(&self, code: u32) -> Result<OwnedParcel, CoreError> {
            let mut inp: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.prepare_transaction)(self.service.ptr, &mut inp) };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AIBinder_prepareTransaction")); }
            let mut out: *mut AParcel = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let s = unsafe { (self.vt.transact)(self.service.ptr, code, &mut inp, &mut out, 0) };
            let out = OwnedParcel { ptr: out, delete: self.vt.parcel_delete };
            if s != STATUS_OK { return Err(CoreError::binder(s, "AIBinder_transact")); }
            Ok(out)
        }
    }
}

// ── Public re-exports ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
pub use imp::{ActivityManagerBinder, DisplayManagerBinder, FpsListener, RawBinderService, TaskStackListener, TxCodes, last_foreground_pid, resolve_tx_codes};

// ── Non-Android stubs ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub struct ActivityManagerBinder;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
impl ActivityManagerBinder {
    pub fn open() -> Result<Self, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn open_with_observer() -> Result<(Self, std::os::fd::OwnedFd), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn open_with_fgproc_observer() -> Result<(Self, std::os::fd::OwnedFd), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn get_focused_task(&self) -> Result<Option<(i32, Option<String>)>, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn get_focused_package(&self) -> Result<Option<String>, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn get_focused_task_id(&self) -> Result<Option<i32>, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub struct DisplayManagerBinder;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
impl DisplayManagerBinder {
    pub fn open_with_callback() -> Result<(Self, crate::reactor::Fd), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn is_interactive(&self) -> Result<bool, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub struct RawBinderService;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
impl RawBinderService {
    pub fn open(_service_name: &str) -> Result<Self, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn transact_bool(&self, _code: u32) -> Result<bool, crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn transact_i32(&self, _code: u32, _arg: i32) -> Result<(), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub struct FpsListener;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
impl FpsListener {
    pub fn open() -> Result<(Self, std::os::fd::OwnedFd), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn register(&mut self, _task_id: i32) -> Result<(), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn unregister(&mut self) -> Result<(), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn last_fps(&self) -> Option<f32> {
        None
    }
    pub fn task_id(&self) -> Option<i32> {
        None
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub struct TaskStackListener;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
impl TaskStackListener {
    pub fn open() -> Result<(Self, std::os::fd::OwnedFd), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn register(&self) -> Result<(), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
    pub fn unregister(&self) -> Result<(), crate::CoreError> {
        Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub struct TxCodes { pub observer_code: u32, pub query_code: u32, pub api_mode: u8, pub fg_code: u32 }

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub fn resolve_tx_codes() -> Result<TxCodes, crate::CoreError> {
    Err(crate::CoreError::binder(-1, "binder:unsupported platform"))
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
pub fn last_foreground_pid() -> i32 {
    0
}