chematic_ff/

mmff94_numeric.rs

//! MMFF94 numeric atom types (1–99) and faithful partial-charge calculation.
//!
//! ## Charge formula (Halgren 1996, MMFF.V, equation 15)
//!
//! For atom i with neighbors j:
//!   q_i = (1 - M·v)·q0_i + v·Σq_j + Σ bci(j→i)
//!
//! where:
//! - v = fcadj(type_i) from PBCI table (0.0 for most organic atoms)
//! - M = coordination number
//! - bci(j→i) comes from CHG table or PBCI fallback
//!
//! ## CHG sign convention
//!
//! Entry (bond_type, a, b, bci): `bci` is the charge added to the SECOND atom (b).
//! For atom i bonded to j:
//!   - Found as (bt, j, i): atom i is second → sign=+1, contrib = +bci
//!   - Found as (bt, i, j): atom i is first  → sign=−1, contrib = −bci
//!   - Not found: contrib = PBCI(type_i) − PBCI(type_j)

#![allow(clippy::approx_constant)]

use chematic_core::{AtomIdx, BondOrder, Element, Molecule};
use chematic_perception::ring_sizes_for_atom;

// ── Error type ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct NumericTypeError(pub String);

impl std::fmt::Display for NumericTypeError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "MMFF94 numeric type error: {}", self.0)
    }
}

// ── PBCI table: (atom_type, pbci, fcadj) ────────────────────────────────────
// Source: RDKit Code/ForceField/MMFF/Params.cpp — defaultMMFFPBCI
// 99 entries, one per MMFF94 atom type.
static MMFF94_PBCI: &[(u8, f64, f64)] = &[
    (1,  0.000,  0.000),  // CR       alkyl carbon
    (2,  -0.135, 0.000),  // C=C      vinylic carbon
    (3,  -0.095, 0.000),  // C=O      carbonyl carbon
    (4,  -0.200, 0.000),  // CSP      acetylenic carbon
    (5,  -0.023, 0.000),  // HC       H on carbon
    (6,  -0.243, 0.000),  // OR       single-bond oxygen (ether/alcohol)
    (7,  -0.687, 0.000),  // O=C      carbonyl oxygen
    (8,  -0.253, 0.000),  // NR       sp3 amine nitrogen
    (9,  -0.306, 0.000),  // N=C      imine nitrogen
    (10, -0.244, 0.000),  // NC=O     amide nitrogen
    (11, -0.317, 0.000),  // F
    (12, -0.304, 0.000),  // CL
    (13, -0.238, 0.000),  // BR
    (14, -0.208, 0.000),  // I
    (15, -0.236, 0.000),  // S        thiol/sulfide
    (16, -0.475, 0.000),  // S=C      S doubly bonded to C
    (17, -0.191, 0.000),  // SO       sulfoxide S
    (18, -0.118, 0.000),  // SO2      sulfone S
    (19,  0.094, 0.000),  // SI       silicon
    (20, -0.019, 0.000),  // P        phosphorus
    (21,  0.157, 0.000),  // =P       phosphorus =P
    (22, -0.095, 0.000),  // P=O      phosphoryl P
    (23,  0.193, 0.000),  // HNR      H on amine N
    (24,  0.257, 0.000),  // HOCO     H on O in acid/alcohol
    (25,  0.012, 0.000),  // PO4      phosphate P
    (26, -0.142, 0.000),  // P=S      P=S
    (27,  0.094, 0.000),  // HN=C     H on imine N
    (28,  0.058, 0.000),  // HNCO     H on amide N
    (29,  0.207, 0.000),  // HOCO     H on O in ester
    (30, -0.166, 0.000),  // N2OX     N-oxide N
    (31,  0.161, 0.000),  // HOH      H in water
    (32, -0.732, 0.500),  // NR+      protonated amine N (fcadj=0.5)
    (33,  0.257, 0.000),  // HOX      H on O in N-oxide
    (34, -0.491, 0.000),  // O-       anionic O (carboxylate/phenoxide)
    (35, -0.456, 0.500),  // OM       oxide oxygen (fcadj=0.5)
    (36, -0.031, 0.000),  // HNR+     H on protonated N
    (37, -0.127, 0.000),  // C5A      aromatic C in 5-ring alpha to N
    (38, -0.437, 0.000),  // C5B      aromatic C in 5-ring
    (39, -0.104, 0.000),  // C5       generic 5-ring aromatic C
    (40, -0.264, 0.000),  // N5A      aromatic N in 5-ring (NH type)
    (41,  0.052, 0.000),  // N5B      aromatic N in 5-ring (sp2 type)
    (42, -0.757, 0.000),  // N5+      protonated aromatic N
    (43, -0.326, 0.000),  // O5       aromatic O (furan)
    (44, -0.237, 0.000),  // S5       aromatic S (thiophene)
    (45, -0.260, 0.000),  // N5       generic 5-ring aromatic N
    (46, -0.429, 0.000),  // NO2      nitro N
    (47, -0.418, 0.000),  // NO3      nitrate N
    (48, -0.525, 0.000),  // O2NO     nitro O
    (49, -0.283, 0.000),  // O3NO     nitrate O
    (50,  0.284, 0.000),  // OP       phosphate O
    (51, -1.046, 0.000),  // O2P      phosphonate =O
    (52, -0.546, 0.000),  // O3P      bridging phosphate O
    (53, -0.048, 0.000),  // O4P      phosphate anion O
    (54, -0.424, 0.000),  // O4CL     perchlorate O
    (55, -0.476, 0.000),  // CLO4     perchlorate Cl
    (56, -0.438, 0.000),  // C=ON     C in amide (alternative)
    (57, -0.105, 0.000),  // CORR     corrected aromatic C
    (58, -0.488, 0.000),  // N5A+     aromatic N in 5-ring (N=C side)
    (59, -0.337, 0.000),  // N5B+     aromatic N in 5-ring
    (60, -0.635, 0.000),  // NC=O2    urea N
    (61, -0.265, 0.000),  // NC=O3    carbamate N
    (62, -0.125, 0.250),  // NM       anionic N (fcadj=0.25)
    (63, -0.180, 0.000),  // CB       aromatic C in 6-ring (benzene)
    (64, -0.181, 0.000),  // C_6ring  aromatic C in 6-ring (variant)
    (65, -0.475, 0.000),  // N5       aromatic 5-ring N (pyrrole NH)
    (66, -0.467, 0.000),  // N5+      aromatic 5-ring N (imidazole N=C)
    (67, -0.099, 0.000),  // N6A      aromatic 6-ring N (pyridine)
    (68, -0.135, 0.000),  // N6B      aromatic 6-ring N (pyrimidine)
    (69, -0.099, 0.000),  // NPYD     pyridinium N
    (70, -0.269, 0.000),  // NPYR     pyridyl N
    (71, -0.071, 0.000),  // HS       H on sulfur
    (72, -0.580, 0.500),  // SO4      sulfonate/sulfate O (fcadj=0.5)
    (73, -0.200, 0.000),  // S2CM     thiocarboxylate
    (74, -0.301, 0.000),  // SCN      thiocyanate S
    (75, -0.255, 0.000),  // NSO2     sulfonamide N
    (76, -0.568, 0.250),  // =N-      anionic N=C (fcadj=0.25)
    (77, -0.282, 0.000),  // NC=S     thioamide N
    (78, -0.168, 0.000),  // NRNH     N=N-H nitrogen
    (79, -0.471, 0.000),  // OXN      N-oxide O (alternative)
    (80, -0.144, 0.000),  // C6+      cationic aromatic C
    (81, -0.514, 0.000),  // N6+      pyridinium N+ (protonated pyridine)
    (82, -0.099, 0.000),  // CB6      benzimidazole bridging C
    (83,  0.000, 0.000),  // OXO      placeholder
    (84,  0.000, 0.000),  // placeholder
    (85,  0.000, 0.000),  // placeholder
    (86,  0.000, 0.000),  // placeholder
    (87,  2.000, 0.000),  // NA+2     doubly protonated N (q=+2)
    (88,  3.000, 0.000),  // FE+3     tripositive iron
    (89, -1.000, 0.000),  // F-       fluoride anion
    (90, -1.000, 0.000),  // CL-      chloride anion
    (91, -1.000, 0.000),  // BR-      bromide anion
    (92,  1.000, 0.000),  // LI+      lithium cation
    (93,  1.000, 0.000),  // NA+      sodium cation
    (94,  1.000, 0.000),  // K+       potassium cation
    (95,  2.000, 0.000),  // CA2+     calcium dication
    (96,  2.000, 0.000),  // MG2+     magnesium dication
    (97,  1.000, 0.000),  // ZN2+     zinc dication (formal +1 per ligand)
    (98,  2.000, 0.000),  // ZN+2     zinc dication
    (99,  2.000, 0.000),  // CU+2     copper dication
];

// ── CHG table: (bond_type, a, b, bci) ────────────────────────────────────────
// Convention: bci = charge added to the SECOND atom (b) from bond with first (a).
// Source: RDKit Code/ForceField/MMFF/Params.cpp — defaultMMFFChg
static MMFF94_CHG: &[(u8, u8, u8, f64)] = &[
    (0, 1, 1, 0.0),
    (0, 1, 2, -0.1382),
    (0, 1, 3, -0.061),
    (0, 1, 4, -0.2),
    (0, 1, 5, 0.0),
    (0, 1, 6, -0.28),
    (0, 1, 8, -0.27),
    (0, 1, 9, -0.246),
    (0, 1, 10, -0.3001),
    (0, 1, 11, -0.34),
    (0, 1, 12, -0.29),
    (0, 1, 13, -0.23),
    (0, 1, 14, -0.19),
    (0, 1, 15, -0.23),
    (0, 1, 17, -0.1935),
    (0, 1, 18, -0.1052),
    (0, 1, 19, 0.0805),
    (0, 1, 20, 0.0),
    (0, 1, 22, -0.095),
    (0, 1, 25, 0.0),
    (0, 1, 26, -0.1669),
    (0, 1, 34, -0.503),
    (0, 1, 35, -0.4274),
    (0, 1, 37, -0.1435),
    (0, 1, 39, -0.2556),
    (0, 1, 40, -0.3691),
    (0, 1, 41, 0.106),
    (0, 1, 43, -0.3557),
    (0, 1, 45, -0.2402),
    (0, 1, 46, -0.3332),
    (0, 1, 54, -0.3461),
    (0, 1, 55, -0.4895),
    (0, 1, 56, -0.3276),
    (0, 1, 57, -0.105),
    (0, 1, 58, -0.488),
    (0, 1, 61, -0.2657),
    (0, 1, 62, -0.2),
    (0, 1, 63, -0.18),
    (0, 1, 64, -0.181),
    (0, 1, 67, -0.099),
    (0, 1, 68, -0.256),
    (0, 1, 72, -0.55),
    (0, 1, 73, -0.0877),
    (0, 1, 75, -0.255),
    (0, 1, 78, -0.168),
    (0, 1, 80, -0.144),
    (0, 1, 81, -0.514),
    (0, 2, 2, 0.0),
    (1, 2, 2, 0.0),
    (1, 2, 3, -0.0144),
    (0, 2, 4, -0.065),
    (1, 2, 4, -0.065),
    (0, 2, 5, 0.15),
    (0, 2, 6, -0.0767),
    (1, 2, 9, -0.171),
    (0, 2, 10, -0.109),
    (0, 2, 11, -0.1495),
    (0, 2, 12, -0.14),
    (0, 2, 13, -0.11),
    (0, 2, 14, -0.09),
    (0, 2, 15, -0.101),
    (0, 2, 17, -0.056),
    (0, 2, 18, 0.017),
    (0, 2, 19, 0.229),
    (0, 2, 20, 0.116),
    (0, 2, 22, 0.04),
    (0, 2, 25, 0.147),
    (0, 2, 30, -0.031),
    (0, 2, 34, -0.356),
    (0, 2, 35, -0.35),
    (1, 2, 37, 0.0284),
    (1, 2, 39, 0.031),
    (0, 2, 40, -0.1),
    (0, 2, 41, 0.25),
    (0, 2, 43, -0.191),
    (0, 2, 45, -0.2044),
    (0, 2, 46, -0.294),
    (0, 2, 55, -0.341),
    (0, 2, 56, -0.303),
    (0, 2, 62, -0.05),
    (1, 2, 63, -0.045),
    (1, 2, 64, -0.046),
    (1, 2, 67, 0.036),
    (0, 2, 72, -0.45),
    (1, 2, 81, -0.379),
    (1, 3, 3, 0.0),
    (1, 3, 4, -0.105),
    (0, 3, 5, 0.06),
    (0, 3, 6, -0.15),
    (0, 3, 7, -0.57),
    (0, 3, 9, -0.45),
    (1, 3, 9, -0.211),
    (0, 3, 10, -0.06),
    (0, 3, 11, -0.222),
    (0, 3, 12, -0.209),
    (0, 3, 15, -0.141),
    (0, 3, 16, -0.38),
    (0, 3, 17, -0.096),
    (0, 3, 18, -0.023),
    (0, 3, 20, 0.053),
    (0, 3, 22, 0.0),
    (0, 3, 25, 0.107),
    (1, 3, 30, -0.071),
    (0, 3, 35, -0.361),
    (1, 3, 37, 0.0862),
    (1, 3, 39, -0.009),
    (0, 3, 40, -0.05),
    (0, 3, 41, 0.147),
    (0, 3, 43, -0.2363),
    (0, 3, 45, -0.165),
    (0, 3, 48, -0.43),
    (0, 3, 51, -0.95),
    (0, 3, 53, -0.0134),
    (0, 3, 54, -0.4),
    (1, 3, 54, -0.329),
    (0, 3, 55, -0.381),
    (0, 3, 56, -0.343),
    (1, 3, 57, -0.01),
    (1, 3, 58, -0.393),
    (0, 3, 62, -0.03),
    (1, 3, 63, -0.085),
    (1, 3, 64, -0.086),
    (0, 3, 67, -0.004),
    (0, 3, 74, -0.319),
    (0, 3, 75, -0.2474),
    (1, 3, 78, -0.073),
    (1, 3, 80, -0.049),
    (0, 4, 5, 0.177),
    (0, 4, 6, -0.043),
    (0, 4, 7, -0.487),
    (0, 4, 9, -0.3),
    (1, 4, 9, -0.106),
    (0, 4, 10, -0.044),
    (0, 4, 15, -0.036),
    (0, 4, 20, 0.181),
    (0, 4, 22, 0.105),
    (0, 4, 30, 0.034),
    (1, 4, 37, 0.073),
    (0, 4, 40, -0.064),
    (0, 4, 42, -0.5571),
    (0, 4, 43, -0.126),
    (1, 4, 63, 0.02),
    (1, 4, 64, 0.019),
    (0, 5, 19, 0.2),
    (0, 5, 20, 0.0),
    (0, 5, 22, -0.1),
    (0, 5, 30, -0.15),
    (0, 5, 37, -0.15),
    (0, 5, 41, 0.2203),
    (0, 5, 57, -0.15),
    (0, 5, 63, -0.15),
    (0, 5, 64, -0.15),
    (0, 5, 78, -0.15),
    (0, 5, 80, -0.15),
    (0, 6, 6, 0.0),
    (0, 6, 8, -0.1),
    (0, 6, 9, -0.063),
    (0, 6, 10, 0.0355),
    (0, 6, 15, 0.007),
    (0, 6, 17, 0.052),
    (0, 6, 18, 0.1837),
    (0, 6, 19, 0.2974),
    (0, 6, 20, 0.2579),
    (0, 6, 21, 0.4),
    (0, 6, 22, 0.148),
    (0, 6, 24, 0.5),
    (0, 6, 25, 0.2712),
    (0, 6, 26, 0.101),
    (0, 6, 29, 0.45),
    (0, 6, 30, 0.077),
    (0, 6, 33, 0.5),
    (0, 6, 37, 0.0825),
    (0, 6, 39, 0.139),
    (0, 6, 40, -0.021),
    (0, 6, 41, 0.295),
    (0, 6, 43, -0.083),
    (0, 6, 45, -0.009),
    (0, 6, 54, -0.181),
    (0, 6, 55, -0.233),
    (0, 6, 57, 0.138),
    (0, 6, 58, -0.245),
    (0, 6, 63, 0.063),
    (0, 6, 64, 0.062),
    (0, 7, 17, 0.5),
    (0, 7, 46, 0.1618),
    (0, 7, 74, 0.5),
    (0, 8, 8, 0.0),
    (0, 8, 9, -0.053),
    (0, 8, 10, 0.009),
    (0, 8, 12, -0.051),
    (0, 8, 15, 0.017),
    (0, 8, 17, 0.062),
    (0, 8, 19, 0.347),
    (0, 8, 20, 0.2096),
    (0, 8, 22, 0.158),
    (0, 8, 23, 0.36),
    (0, 8, 25, 0.2679),
    (0, 8, 26, 0.111),
    (0, 8, 34, -0.238),
    (0, 8, 39, 0.149),
    (0, 8, 40, -0.011),
    (0, 8, 43, -0.073),
    (0, 8, 45, -0.007),
    (0, 8, 46, -0.176),
    (0, 8, 55, -0.223),
    (0, 8, 56, -0.185),
    (0, 9, 9, 0.0),
    (0, 9, 10, 0.062),
    (0, 9, 12, 0.002),
    (0, 9, 15, 0.07),
    (0, 9, 18, 0.188),
    (0, 9, 19, 0.4),
    (0, 9, 20, 0.287),
    (0, 9, 25, 0.318),
    (0, 9, 27, 0.4),
    (0, 9, 34, -0.185),
    (0, 9, 35, -0.15),
    (1, 9, 37, 0.179),
    (1, 9, 39, 0.202),
    (0, 9, 40, 0.042),
    (0, 9, 41, 0.358),
    (0, 9, 45, 0.046),
    (0, 9, 53, 0.3179),
    (0, 9, 54, -0.118),
    (0, 9, 55, -0.17),
    (0, 9, 56, -0.132),
    (1, 9, 57, 0.201),
    (0, 9, 62, 0.181),
    (1, 9, 63, 0.126),
    (1, 9, 64, 0.125),
    (0, 9, 67, 0.207),
    (1, 9, 78, 0.138),
    (1, 9, 81, -0.208),
    (0, 10, 10, 0.0),
    (0, 10, 13, 0.006),
    (0, 10, 14, 0.036),
    (0, 10, 15, 0.008),
    (0, 10, 17, 0.053),
    (0, 10, 20, 0.225),
    (0, 10, 22, 0.149),
    (0, 10, 25, 0.256),
    (0, 10, 26, 0.102),
    (0, 10, 28, 0.37),
    (0, 10, 34, -0.247),
    (0, 10, 35, -0.212),
    (0, 10, 37, 0.117),
    (0, 10, 39, 0.14),
    (0, 10, 40, -0.02),
    (0, 10, 41, 0.296),
    (0, 10, 45, -0.016),
    (0, 10, 63, 0.064),
    (0, 10, 64, 0.063),
    (0, 11, 20, 0.298),
    (0, 11, 22, 0.2317),
    (0, 11, 25, 0.329),
    (0, 11, 26, 0.175),
    (0, 11, 37, 0.19),
    (0, 11, 40, 0.053),
    (0, 12, 15, 0.068),
    (0, 12, 18, 0.186),
    (0, 12, 19, 0.3701),
    (0, 12, 20, 0.29),
    (0, 12, 22, 0.2273),
    (0, 12, 25, 0.316),
    (0, 12, 26, 0.2112),
    (0, 12, 37, 0.177),
    (0, 12, 40, 0.04),
    (0, 12, 57, 0.199),
    (0, 12, 63, 0.124),
    (0, 12, 64, 0.123),
    (0, 13, 20, 0.219),
    (0, 13, 22, 0.143),
    (0, 13, 37, 0.111),
    (0, 13, 64, 0.057),
    (0, 14, 20, 0.189),
    (0, 14, 37, 0.081),
    (0, 15, 15, 0.0),
    (0, 15, 18, 0.118),
    (0, 15, 19, 0.33),
    (0, 15, 20, 0.217),
    (0, 15, 22, 0.141),
    (0, 15, 25, 0.248),
    (0, 15, 26, 0.094),
    (0, 15, 30, 0.07),
    (0, 15, 37, 0.1015),
    (0, 15, 40, -0.028),
    (0, 15, 43, -0.09),
    (0, 15, 57, 0.131),
    (0, 15, 63, 0.056),
    (0, 15, 64, 0.055),
    (0, 15, 71, 0.18),
    (0, 16, 16, 0.0),
    (0, 17, 17, 0.0),
    (0, 17, 20, 0.172),
    (0, 17, 22, 0.096),
    (0, 17, 37, 0.064),
    (0, 17, 43, -0.135),
    (0, 18, 18, 0.0),
    (0, 18, 20, 0.099),
    (0, 18, 22, 0.023),
    (0, 18, 32, -0.65),
    (0, 18, 37, -0.009),
    (0, 18, 39, 0.014),
    (0, 18, 43, -0.138),
    (0, 18, 48, -0.5895),
    (0, 18, 55, -0.358),
    (0, 18, 58, -0.37),
    (0, 18, 62, 0.2099),
    (0, 18, 63, -0.062),
    (0, 18, 64, -0.063),
    (0, 18, 80, -0.026),
    (0, 19, 19, 0.0),
    (0, 19, 20, -0.113),
    (0, 19, 37, -0.221),
    (0, 19, 40, -0.358),
    (0, 19, 63, -0.274),
    (0, 19, 75, -0.349),
    (0, 20, 20, 0.0),
    (0, 20, 22, -0.076),
    (0, 20, 25, 0.031),
    (0, 20, 26, -0.123),
    (0, 20, 30, -0.138),
    (0, 20, 34, -0.472),
    (0, 20, 37, -0.108),
    (0, 20, 40, -0.245),
    (0, 20, 41, 0.071),
    (0, 20, 43, -0.307),
    (0, 20, 45, -0.241),
    (0, 22, 22, 0.0),
    (0, 22, 30, -0.071),
    (0, 22, 34, -0.396),
    (0, 22, 37, -0.032),
    (0, 22, 40, -0.169),
    (0, 22, 41, 0.147),
    (0, 22, 43, -0.231),
    (0, 22, 45, -0.165),
    (0, 23, 39, -0.27),
    (0, 23, 62, -0.4),
    (0, 23, 67, -0.292),
    (0, 23, 68, -0.36),
    (0, 25, 25, 0.0),
    (0, 25, 32, -0.7),
    (0, 25, 37, -0.139),
    (0, 25, 39, -0.116),
    (0, 25, 40, -0.276),
    (0, 25, 43, -0.338),
    (0, 25, 57, -0.117),
    (0, 25, 63, -0.192),
    (0, 25, 71, -0.0362),
    (0, 25, 72, -0.6773),
    (0, 26, 26, 0.0),
    (0, 26, 34, -0.349),
    (0, 26, 37, 0.015),
    (0, 26, 40, -0.122),
    (0, 26, 71, 0.096),
    (0, 28, 40, -0.4),
    (0, 28, 43, -0.42),
    (0, 28, 48, -0.4),
    (0, 30, 30, 0.0),
    (0, 30, 40, -0.098),
    (1, 30, 67, 0.067),
    (0, 31, 70, -0.43),
    (0, 32, 41, 0.65),
    (0, 32, 45, 0.52),
    (0, 32, 67, 0.633),
    (0, 32, 68, 0.75),
    (0, 32, 69, 0.75),
    (0, 32, 73, 0.35),
    (0, 32, 77, 0.45),
    (0, 32, 82, 0.633),
    (0, 34, 36, 0.45),
    (0, 34, 37, 0.364),
    (0, 34, 43, 0.165),
    (0, 35, 37, 0.329),
    (0, 35, 63, 0.276),
    (0, 36, 54, -0.4),
    (0, 36, 55, -0.45),
    (0, 36, 56, -0.45),
    (0, 36, 58, -0.457),
    (4, 36, 58, -0.45),
    (0, 36, 81, -0.45),
    (0, 37, 37, 0.0),
    (1, 37, 37, 0.0),
    (0, 37, 38, -0.31),
    (0, 37, 39, 0.023),
    (1, 37, 39, 0.023),
    (0, 37, 40, -0.1),
    (0, 37, 41, 0.179),
    (0, 37, 43, -0.199),
    (0, 37, 45, -0.133),
    (0, 37, 46, -0.302),
    (0, 37, 55, -0.349),
    (0, 37, 56, -0.311),
    (1, 37, 57, 0.022),
    (0, 37, 58, -0.361),
    (1, 37, 58, -0.361),
    (4, 37, 58, -0.35),
    (0, 37, 61, -0.138),
    (0, 37, 62, 0.002),
    (0, 37, 63, 0.0),
    (1, 37, 63, -0.053),
    (0, 37, 64, 0.0),
    (1, 37, 64, -0.054),
    (1, 37, 67, 0.028),
    (0, 37, 69, -0.0895),
    (0, 37, 78, -0.041),
    (0, 37, 81, -0.387),
    (1, 37, 81, -0.387),
    (0, 38, 38, 0.0),
    (0, 38, 63, 0.257),
    (0, 38, 64, 0.256),
    (0, 38, 69, 0.338),
    (0, 38, 78, 0.269),
    (1, 39, 39, 0.0),
    (0, 39, 40, -0.16),
    (0, 39, 45, -0.156),
    (0, 39, 63, -0.1516),
    (1, 39, 63, -0.076),
    (0, 39, 64, -0.077),
    (1, 39, 64, -0.077),
    (0, 39, 65, -0.418),
    (0, 39, 78, -0.064),
    (0, 40, 40, 0.0),
    (0, 40, 45, 0.004),
    (0, 40, 46, -0.165),
    (0, 40, 54, -0.16),
    (0, 40, 63, 0.084),
    (0, 40, 64, 0.083),
    (0, 40, 78, 0.096),
    (0, 41, 41, 0.0),
    (0, 41, 55, -0.528),
    (0, 41, 62, -0.177),
    (0, 41, 72, -0.5),
    (0, 41, 80, -0.196),
    (0, 42, 61, 0.492),
    (0, 43, 43, 0.0),
    (0, 43, 45, 0.066),
    (0, 43, 64, 0.145),
    (0, 44, 63, 0.04),
    (0, 44, 65, -0.2207),
    (0, 44, 78, 0.069),
    (0, 44, 80, 0.093),
    (0, 45, 63, 0.08),
    (0, 45, 64, 0.079),
    (0, 45, 78, 0.092),
    (0, 47, 53, 0.37),
    (0, 49, 50, 0.5673),
    (0, 51, 52, 0.5),
    (0, 55, 57, 0.3544),
    (0, 55, 62, 0.351),
    (0, 55, 64, 0.295),
    (0, 55, 80, 0.332),
    (0, 56, 57, 0.4),
    (0, 56, 63, 0.258),
    (0, 56, 80, 0.27),
    (4, 57, 58, -0.4),
    (1, 57, 63, -0.075),
    (1, 57, 64, -0.076),
    (0, 58, 63, 0.308),
    (0, 58, 64, 0.307),
    (0, 59, 63, 0.14),
    (0, 59, 65, -0.1209),
    (0, 59, 78, 0.169),
    (0, 59, 80, 0.193),
    (0, 59, 82, 0.238),
    (0, 60, 61, 0.37),
    (0, 62, 63, -0.055),
    (0, 62, 64, -0.056),
    (0, 63, 63, 0.0),
    (1, 63, 63, 0.0),
    (0, 63, 64, 0.0),
    (0, 63, 66, -0.3381),
    (0, 63, 72, -0.4),
    (0, 63, 78, 0.012),
    (0, 63, 81, -0.334),
    (0, 64, 64, 0.0),
    (0, 64, 65, -0.2888),
    (0, 64, 66, -0.2272),
    (0, 64, 78, 0.013),
    (0, 64, 81, -0.333),
    (0, 64, 82, 0.082),
    (0, 65, 66, 0.0),
    (0, 65, 78, 0.307),
    (0, 65, 81, -0.039),
    (0, 65, 82, 0.376),
    (0, 66, 66, 0.0),
    (0, 66, 78, 0.299),
    (0, 66, 81, -0.047),
    (0, 71, 75, -0.0958),
    (0, 72, 73, 0.45),
    (0, 76, 76, 0.0),
    (0, 76, 78, 0.4),
    (0, 78, 78, 0.0),
    (1, 78, 78, 0.0),
    (0, 78, 79, -0.303),
    (0, 78, 81, -0.35),
    (0, 79, 81, -0.043),
    (0, 80, 81, -0.4),
];

// ── Lookup helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Returns (pbci, fcadj) for the given MMFF94 numeric atom type.
pub fn pbci_for(atom_type: u8) -> (f64, f64) {
    for &(t, pbci, fcadj) in MMFF94_PBCI {
        if t == atom_type {
            return (pbci, fcadj);
        }
    }
    (0.0, 0.0)
}

/// Look up the BCI contribution to `type_i` from a bond with `type_j`.
///
/// Returns `Some(contribution)` if found in CHG table, `None` for PBCI fallback.
/// Convention: entry (bt, a, b, bci) means b gains `bci` from bond with a.
/// - If type_i is b (second): contribution = +bci
/// - If type_i is a (first): contribution = −bci
fn lookup_chg_contribution(bond_type: u8, type_i: u8, type_j: u8) -> Option<f64> {
    // Try type_i as b (second) — entry is (bt, type_j, type_i, bci)
    for &(bt, a, b, bci) in MMFF94_CHG {
        if bt == bond_type && a == type_j && b == type_i {
            return Some(bci);  // type_i is the recipient
        }
    }
    // Try type_i as a (first) — entry is (bt, type_i, type_j, bci), negate
    for &(bt, a, b, bci) in MMFF94_CHG {
        if bt == bond_type && a == type_i && b == type_j {
            return Some(-bci);  // type_i is the donor, negate
        }
    }
    None
}

fn bond_type_for(order: BondOrder) -> u8 {
    match order {
        BondOrder::Single | BondOrder::Up | BondOrder::Down => 0,
        BondOrder::Double => 1,
        BondOrder::Triple => 2,
        BondOrder::Aromatic => 4,
        _ => 0,
    }
}

// ── Atom type assignment ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Assign MMFF94 numeric atom types (1–99) to all atoms in the molecule.
///
/// This implements the core atom type perception rules for organic chemistry.
/// For atoms not handled, returns `Err`.
pub fn assign_mmff94_numeric_types(mol: &Molecule) -> Result<Vec<u8>, NumericTypeError> {
    let n = mol.atom_count();
    let mut types = vec![0u8; n];

    for (i, ty) in types.iter_mut().enumerate().take(n) {
        let idx = AtomIdx(i as u32);
        let atom = mol.atom(idx);
        let t = match atom.element {
            Element::C  => assign_c_type(mol, idx)?,
            Element::N  => assign_n_type(mol, idx)?,
            Element::O  => assign_o_type(mol, idx)?,
            Element::S  => assign_s_type(mol, idx)?,
            Element::P  => assign_p_type(mol, idx)?,
            Element::SI => 19,
            Element::F  => 11,
            Element::CL => 12,
            Element::BR => 13,
            Element::I  => 14,
            Element::H  => assign_h_type(mol, idx)?,
            _ => return Err(NumericTypeError(format!(
                "unsupported element {:?} at atom {i}", atom.element
            ))),
        };
        *ty = t;
    }
    Ok(types)
}

// ── Helper: bond iteration ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

struct BondInfo {
    neighbor: AtomIdx,
    order: BondOrder,
}

fn bonds_of(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Vec<BondInfo> {
    mol.bonds()
        .filter_map(|(_, b)| {
            if b.atom1 == idx {
                Some(BondInfo { neighbor: b.atom2, order: b.order })
            } else if b.atom2 == idx {
                Some(BondInfo { neighbor: b.atom1, order: b.order })
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
        .collect()
}

fn count_bond_order(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx, order: BondOrder) -> usize {
    bonds_of(mol, idx).iter().filter(|b| b.order == order).count()
}

fn neighbor_elements(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Vec<Element> {
    bonds_of(mol, idx).iter().map(|b| mol.atom(b.neighbor).element).collect()
}

fn is_bonded_to(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx, elem: Element, order: BondOrder) -> bool {
    bonds_of(mol, idx).iter().any(|b| mol.atom(b.neighbor).element == elem && b.order == order)
}

/// True if atom `idx` is bonded by any bond type to atom of `elem`.
fn is_neighbor(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx, elem: Element) -> bool {
    neighbor_elements(mol, idx).contains(&elem)
}

// ── C type assignment ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn assign_c_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Result<u8, NumericTypeError> {
    let atom = mol.atom(idx);

    // Aromatic: detect 5-ring vs 6-ring
    if atom.aromatic {
        return Ok(aromatic_c_type(mol, idx));
    }

    let double_bonds = count_bond_order(mol, idx, BondOrder::Double);
    let triple_bonds = count_bond_order(mol, idx, BondOrder::Triple);

    // sp carbon (triple bond or allene)
    if triple_bonds > 0 {
        return Ok(4);  // CSP
    }

    // sp2 carbon
    if double_bonds > 0 {
        // C=O, C=S → type 3 (carbonyl/thioamide family)
        if is_bonded_to(mol, idx, Element::O, BondOrder::Double)
            || is_bonded_to(mol, idx, Element::S, BondOrder::Double)
        {
            return Ok(3);  // C=O (general carbonyl)
        }
        // C=N or C=C → type 2
        return Ok(2);  // C=C vinylic
    }

    // sp3
    Ok(1)  // CR alkyl carbon
}

fn aromatic_c_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> u8 {
    // 6-membered aromatic ring → type 63 (CB, benzene-type)
    let ring_sizes = ring_sizes_for_atom(mol, idx.0 as usize);
    let in_6 = ring_sizes.contains(&6);
    let in_5 = ring_sizes.contains(&5);

    if in_6 && !in_5 {
        return 63;  // CB: benzene/pyridine ring carbon
    }

    // 5-membered ring: alpha (37) vs beta (38) vs generic (39)
    if in_5 {
        // C5A: aromatic C in 5-ring alpha to a heteroatom (N/O/S)
        let has_hetero_neighbor = neighbor_elements(mol, idx)
            .into_iter()
            .any(|e| matches!(e, Element::N | Element::O | Element::S));
        if has_hetero_neighbor {
            return 37;  // C5A
        }
        return 38;  // C5B
    }

    // Fused ring (in both 5 and 6): use 63 for bridging positions
    64  // C_6ring (variant bridging position)
}

// ── N type assignment ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn assign_n_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Result<u8, NumericTypeError> {
    let atom = mol.atom(idx);

    // Aromatic nitrogen
    if atom.aromatic {
        return Ok(aromatic_n_type(mol, idx));
    }

    let double_bonds = count_bond_order(mol, idx, BondOrder::Double);
    let triple_bonds = count_bond_order(mol, idx, BondOrder::Triple);
    let nbrs = bonds_of(mol, idx);

    // Formal charge: quaternary ammonium / protonated N
    if atom.charge > 0 {
        return Ok(32);  // NR+
    }

    // Nitrile / isocyanide (N≡C)
    if triple_bonds > 0 {
        return Ok(9);  // N=C (close approximation for nitrile)
    }

    // N=C or N=N (imine, hydrazone, etc.)
    if double_bonds > 0 {
        return Ok(9);  // N=C imine
    }

    // sp3 N — check if amide (bonded to carbonyl C)
    let is_amide = nbrs.iter().any(|b| {
        let nbr = mol.atom(b.neighbor);
        nbr.element == Element::C && {
            // Check if that C has a C=O double bond
            bonds_of(mol, b.neighbor)
                .iter()
                .any(|bb| bb.order == BondOrder::Double && mol.atom(bb.neighbor).element == Element::O)
        }
    });

    if is_amide {
        return Ok(10);  // NC=O amide nitrogen
    }

    // Nitro group (N with two =O bonds): check for N(=O)=O pattern
    let double_o = bonds_of(mol, idx)
        .iter()
        .filter(|b| b.order == BondOrder::Double && mol.atom(b.neighbor).element == Element::O)
        .count();
    if double_o >= 2 {
        return Ok(46);  // NO2 nitro N
    }

    Ok(8)  // NR plain amine
}

fn aromatic_n_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> u8 {
    let ring_sizes = ring_sizes_for_atom(mol, idx.0 as usize);
    let in_5 = ring_sizes.contains(&5);

    // Check if atom has an explicit H or implicit H (pyrrole-type)
    let has_h = is_neighbor(mol, idx, Element::H);

    if in_5 {
        if has_h {
            return 40;  // N5A: pyrrole-type NH (5-ring)
        }
        return 58;  // N5+: imidazole-type N= (5-ring)
    }

    // 6-ring aromatic N (pyridine-type)
    67  // N6A pyridine N
}

// ── O type assignment ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn assign_o_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Result<u8, NumericTypeError> {
    // Double bond to C or N → carbonyl/similar oxygen (type 7)
    if count_bond_order(mol, idx, BondOrder::Double) > 0 {
        return Ok(7);  // O=C
    }

    // Anionic O (formal charge -1): carboxylate/phenoxide
    if mol.atom(idx).charge < 0 {
        return Ok(34);  // O- anionic oxygen
    }

    // Single-bond O (ether, alcohol, ester, amide O)
    Ok(6)  // OR
}

// ── S type assignment ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn assign_s_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Result<u8, NumericTypeError> {
    let atom = mol.atom(idx);
    if atom.aromatic {
        return Ok(44);  // S5 aromatic sulfur (thiophene)
    }

    let double_o = bonds_of(mol, idx)
        .iter()
        .filter(|b| b.order == BondOrder::Double && mol.atom(b.neighbor).element == Element::O)
        .count();

    match double_o {
        2.. => Ok(18),  // SO2 sulfone
        1   => Ok(17),  // S=O sulfoxide
        0   => {
            // Check double bond to C
            if count_bond_order(mol, idx, BondOrder::Double) > 0 {
                return Ok(16);  // S=C
            }
            Ok(15)  // S thiol/sulfide
        }
    }
}

// ── P type assignment ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn assign_p_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Result<u8, NumericTypeError> {
    // P with =O → phosphoryl (type 25)
    if is_bonded_to(mol, idx, Element::O, BondOrder::Double) {
        return Ok(25);  // PO4
    }
    Ok(20)  // P generic sp3
}

// ── H type assignment ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn assign_h_type(mol: &Molecule, idx: AtomIdx) -> Result<u8, NumericTypeError> {
    let nbrs = bonds_of(mol, idx);
    if nbrs.is_empty() {
        return Ok(5);  // H_C fallback
    }
    let nbr_atom = mol.atom(nbrs[0].neighbor);

    Ok(match nbr_atom.element {
        Element::C => 5,   // HC  H on carbon
        Element::O => 24,  // HOCO H on O in acid/alcohol
        Element::S => 71,  // HS  H on sulfur
        Element::N => {
            // Distinguish: amide NH (type 28) vs amine NH (type 23) vs imine=NH (type 27)
            let n_idx = nbrs[0].neighbor;
            let n_atom = mol.atom(n_idx);
            if n_atom.aromatic {
                return Ok(23);  // treat as HNR for aromatic NH
            }
            let n_is_amide = bonds_of(mol, n_idx).iter().any(|b| {
                b.order == BondOrder::Single && mol.atom(b.neighbor).element == Element::C
                    && bonds_of(mol, b.neighbor).iter().any(|bb| {
                        bb.order == BondOrder::Double
                            && mol.atom(bb.neighbor).element == Element::O
                    })
            });
            if n_is_amide {
                28  // HNCO H on amide N
            } else if count_bond_order(mol, n_idx, BondOrder::Double) > 0 {
                27  // HN=C H on imine N
            } else {
                23  // HNR  H on amine N
            }
        }
        _ => 5,
    })
}

// ── Partial charge calculation ───────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Compute MMFF94 partial charges using the full PBCI+CHG tables (Halgren 1996).
///
/// Implements equation 15 from MMFF.V paper. For most neutral organic atoms
/// (fcadj=0, no formal charge), this reduces to:
///   q_i = Σ_{j bonded} bci(j→i)
///
/// Returns per-atom partial charges in units of elementary charge.
pub fn mmff94_charges_numeric(
    mol: &Molecule,
) -> Result<Vec<f64>, NumericTypeError> {
    let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(mol)?;
    let n = mol.atom_count();
    let mut charges = vec![0.0f64; n];

    // Step 1: formal charge contribution (scaled by fcadj)
    for i in 0..n {
        let idx = AtomIdx(i as u32);
        let atom = mol.atom(idx);
        let (_, fcadj) = pbci_for(types[i]);
        let q0 = atom.charge as f64;
        // (1 - M*v)*q0 simplified for fcadj=0 (most atoms): charge[i] = 0
        // For charged atoms with fcadj > 0:
        let m = bonds_of(mol, idx).len() as f64;
        charges[i] = (1.0 - m * fcadj) * q0;
    }

    // Step 2: BCI contributions from each bond
    for (_, bond) in mol.bonds() {
        let i = bond.atom1.0 as usize;
        let j = bond.atom2.0 as usize;
        let ti = types[i];
        let tj = types[j];
        let bt = bond_type_for(bond.order);

        // Contribution to atom i
        let ci = lookup_chg_contribution(bt, ti, tj)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| pbci_for(ti).0 - pbci_for(tj).0);

        // Contribution to atom j
        let cj = lookup_chg_contribution(bt, tj, ti)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| pbci_for(tj).0 - pbci_for(ti).0);

        charges[i] += ci;
        charges[j] += cj;
    }

    // Step 3: formal charge redistribution for charged neighbors (fcadj term)
    for i in 0..n {
        let idx = AtomIdx(i as u32);
        let (_, fcadj_i) = pbci_for(types[i]);
        if fcadj_i > 0.0 {
            // v*sumFormalCharge: redistribute neighbor formal charges
            let sum_fc: f64 = bonds_of(mol, idx)
                .iter()
                .map(|b| mol.atom(b.neighbor).charge as f64)
                .sum();
            charges[i] += fcadj_i * sum_fc;
        }
        // Anionic neighbor charge leaks: q0 adjustment
        // (for negatively charged neighbors — from RDKit source)
        for b in bonds_of(mol, idx) {
            let nbr = mol.atom(b.neighbor);
            if nbr.charge < 0 {
                let deg = bonds_of(mol, b.neighbor).len() as f64;
                charges[i] += (nbr.charge as f64) / (2.0 * deg);
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(charges)
}

// ── Tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    #![allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]

    use super::*;
    use chematic_smiles::parse;

    fn mol(s: &str) -> Molecule {
        parse(s).unwrap()
    }

    // ── Type assignment tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn glycine_types_match_mmff94_reference() {
        // AGLYSL01 reference: C1=type1, C2=type3, N1=type8, O5=type6, O6=type7
        // H on C = type5, H on N = type23, H on O = type24
        // SMILES: NCC(=O)O  (heavy atoms: N, C, C, O, O; explicit H via parse)
        let m = mol("NCC(=O)O");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();

        // Collect heavy atom types by element
        let mut n_types: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
        let mut c_types: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
        let mut o_types: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();

        for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
            let a = m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32));
            match a.element {
                Element::N => n_types.push(types[i]),
                Element::C => c_types.push(types[i]),
                Element::O => o_types.push(types[i]),
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        // Amine N → type 8
        assert!(n_types.iter().all(|&t| t == 8), "N should be type 8 (NR), got {:?}", n_types);
        // Should have sp3 C (type 1) and carbonyl C (type 3)
        assert!(c_types.contains(&1), "should have sp3 C (type 1), got {:?}", c_types);
        assert!(c_types.contains(&3), "should have carbonyl C (type 3), got {:?}", c_types);
        // O=C (type 7) and O-H (type 6)
        assert!(o_types.contains(&6), "should have OR oxygen (type 6), got {:?}", o_types);
        assert!(o_types.contains(&7), "should have O=C oxygen (type 7), got {:?}", o_types);
    }

    #[test]
    fn benzene_aromatic_c_is_type_63() {
        let m = mol("c1ccccc1");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
            let a = m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32));
            if a.element == Element::C {
                assert_eq!(types[i], 63, "benzene C should be type 63 (CB)");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn pyridine_n_is_type_67() {
        let m = mol("c1ccncc1");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
            let a = m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32));
            if a.element == Element::N {
                assert_eq!(types[i], 67, "pyridine N should be type 67 (N6A)");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn halogens_map_correctly() {
        let m = mol("CF");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
            let a = m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32));
            match a.element {
                Element::F  => assert_eq!(types[i], 11),
                Element::C  => assert_eq!(types[i], 1),
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        let m2 = mol("CCl");
        let types2 = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m2).unwrap();
        for i in 0..m2.atom_count() {
            if m2.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32)).element == Element::CL {
                assert_eq!(types2[i], 12);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn amide_n_is_type_10() {
        // Acetamide: NC(=O)C
        let m = mol("NC(=O)C");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
            let a = m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32));
            if a.element == Element::N {
                assert_eq!(types[i], 10, "amide N should be type 10 (NC=O)");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn sulfoxide_is_type_17_sulfone_is_type_18() {
        let m_so = mol("CS(=O)C");    // DMSO
        let types_so = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m_so).unwrap();
        let m_s2 = mol("CS(=O)(=O)C"); // DMSO2
        let types_s2 = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m_s2).unwrap();

        for i in 0..m_so.atom_count() {
            if m_so.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32)).element == Element::S {
                assert_eq!(types_so[i], 17, "DMSO S should be type 17 (SO)");
            }
        }
        for i in 0..m_s2.atom_count() {
            if m_s2.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32)).element == Element::S {
                assert_eq!(types_s2[i], 18, "DMSO2 S should be type 18 (SO2)");
            }
        }
    }

    // ── Charge calculation tests ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn charge_sum_equals_formal_charge_methane() {
        let m = mol("C");
        let q = mmff94_charges_numeric(&m).unwrap();
        let total: f64 = q.iter().sum();
        assert!(total.abs() < 0.1, "methane net charge = {total:.4}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn charge_sum_equals_formal_charge_glycine() {
        let m = mol("NCC(=O)O");
        let q = mmff94_charges_numeric(&m).unwrap();
        let total: f64 = q.iter().sum();
        assert!(total.abs() < 0.15, "glycine net charge = {total:.4}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn carbonyl_oxygen_is_most_negative() {
        // Acetone: CC(=O)C — carbonyl O should be the most negative atom
        let m = mol("CC(=O)C");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        let q = mmff94_charges_numeric(&m).unwrap();
        let (o_idx, _) = m.atoms()
            .find(|(_, a)| a.element == Element::O)
            .unwrap();
        let o_charge = q[o_idx.0 as usize];
        assert!(o_charge < -0.3, "ketone O charge = {o_charge:.3}, expected < -0.3");
        // Also verify O is type 7
        assert_eq!(types[o_idx.0 as usize], 7, "ketone O should be type 7");
    }

    #[test]
    fn amine_n_is_negative() {
        let m = mol("CCN");
        let q = mmff94_charges_numeric(&m).unwrap();
        let n_charge = m.atoms()
            .find(|(_, a)| a.element == Element::N)
            .map(|(i, _)| q[i.0 as usize])
            .unwrap();
        assert!(n_charge < -0.1, "amine N charge = {n_charge:.3}, expected negative");
    }

    #[test]
    fn h_on_nitrogen_is_positive() {
        // Explicit H in SMILES so they appear as atoms
        let m = mol("C[NH2]");
        let q = mmff94_charges_numeric(&m).unwrap();
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        // Find H atoms bonded to N (type 23)
        let h_charges: Vec<f64> = m.atoms()
            .filter(|(i, a)| a.element == Element::H && types[i.0 as usize] == 23)
            .map(|(i, _)| q[i.0 as usize])
            .collect();
        if h_charges.is_empty() {
            // If no explicit H-N atoms, just verify N is negative
            let n_charge = m.atoms()
                .find(|(_, a)| a.element == Element::N)
                .map(|(i, _)| q[i.0 as usize])
                .unwrap();
            assert!(n_charge < 0.0, "amine N charge = {n_charge:.3}, expected negative");
        } else {
            for &hq in &h_charges {
                assert!(hq > 0.05, "H-N charge = {hq:.3}, expected positive");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn pbci_table_has_99_entries() {
        assert_eq!(MMFF94_PBCI.len(), 99);
    }

    #[test]
    fn chg_table_has_498_entries() {
        assert_eq!(MMFF94_CHG.len(), 498);
    }

    #[test]
    fn glycine_h_types_correct() {
        // H on C → 5, H on N → 23, H on O → 24
        // Use explicit SMILES with H: [NH2]CC(=O)O
        // But standard parse leaves H implicit. Let's check that H type assignment works:
        let m = mol("[NH2]CC(=O)O");
        let types = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m).unwrap();
        for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
            let a = m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32));
            if a.element == Element::H {
                let t = types[i];
                assert!(
                    matches!(t, 5 | 23 | 24),
                    "H type should be 5/23/24, got {t}"
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn furan_o_is_type_43() {
        // Furan aromatic O should be type 43 (O5)
        // Note: current assign_o_type returns 6 for aromatic O (neutral single bond)
        // This test documents the expected behavior (may need update when furan aromatic O
        // detection is refined)
        let m = mol("o1cccc1");  // furan
        let types_result = assign_mmff94_numeric_types(&m);
        // Furan might fail to parse if aromatic O valence isn't handled;
        // if it succeeds, verify the oxygen type
        if let Ok(types) = types_result {
            for i in 0..m.atom_count() {
                if m.atom(AtomIdx(i as u32)).element == Element::O {
                    // type 43 (aromatic O in 5-ring) or 6 (fallback)
                    let t = types[i];
                    assert!(matches!(t, 43 | 6), "furan O type = {t}");
                }
            }
        }
    }
}