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//! A low-level, zero-copy, panic-free, binary serializer and deserializer //! //! # Usage //! //! First, add the following to your `Cargo.toml`: //! //! ```toml //! [dependencies] //! byte = "0.2" //! ``` //! //! Next, add this to your crate root: //! //! ``` //! extern crate byte; //! ``` //! //! `Byte` is `no_std` library; it can directly be used in a `#![no_std]` situation or crate. //! //! //! # Overview //! //! `Byte` is mainly used to encode and decode binary data with standard or protocol, //! such as network TCP packages and hardware communication packages. //! It's similar to crate `nom` but more ligthweight and specialized for operating binary in low-level and hardware programing. //! //! `Byte` delivers two core traits `TryRead` and `TryWrite`. //! Types implement these traits can be serialize into or deserialize from byte slices. //! Byte slices `[u8]` derives methods `read()` and `write()` to serialize, deserialize and handle offset. //! //! Small and general is kept in mind in this library. //! For example, `Byte` can take byte slice from [**MMap**](https://crates.io/crates/mmap) to read binary file, //! or take heap-allocated byte buffer from [**Bytes**](https://github.com/carllerche/bytes). //! //! //! # Example //! //! `Byte` consumes byte slice continuously. The first parameter of `read` is offset, //! instructing the position to begin, //! which will be increaed by size the operation consumed. //! Reading a types usually requires some context, such as the endian of number, //! in such situations, `read_with` is used and we can pass the context as the second parameter. //! //! ``` //! use byte::*; //! //! let bytes: &[u8] = &[0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]; //! //! let offset = &mut 0; //! let num = bytes.read_with::<u32>(offset, BE).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(num, 0xdeadbeef); //! assert_eq!(*offset, 4); //! ``` //! //! ``` //! use byte::*; //! use byte::ctx::{Str, NULL}; //! //! let bytes: &[u8] = b"hello, world!\0dump"; //! //! let offset = &mut 0; //! let str = bytes.read_with::<&str>(offset, Str::Delimiter(NULL)).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(str, "hello, world!"); //! assert_eq!(*offset, 14); //! ``` //! //! `Byte` supports language primitives by default. //! //! - `&str` (with context `Str`) //! - `&[u8]` (with context `Byte`) //! - `u8`, `i8`, `u64`, `f64` ... (with context `Endian`) //! - `bool` //! //! `&str` and `&[u8]` are references to the byte slice so there is no copy when `read()` and it has the same lifetime as the byte slice. //! //! # Define custom serializable type //! //! In this example, we defined a custom type `Header`, which have a varibal-length name and a `bool` field. //! We implement `TryRead` and `TryWrite` to enable this type to be serialzed and deserialized. //! //! Below is an example of communication protocol //! //! ## Protocol Byte Representation //! //! ```text //! | | Length of name (Big Endian) | Name | Enabled | //! | ----- | --------------------------- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ------- | //! | Byte | 0 | 5 | 'H' | 'E' | 'L' | 'L' | 'O' | 0 | //! ``` //! //! Below is the code to realize a reader and writer to it. //! //! Note that the `bytes` passed in is splitted by offset and should be read at head. //! Type `Result` is an alias as `core::result::Result<(T, size), byte::Error>`, //! where the size is the number of bytes `read` or `write` consumed and it will be used to increase the offset. //! //! ``` //! use byte::*; //! use byte::ctx::*; //! //! struct Header<'a> { //! name: &'a str, //! enabled: bool, //! } //! //! impl<'a> TryRead<'a, Endian> for Header<'a> { //! fn try_read(bytes: &'a [u8], endian: Endian) -> Result<(Self, usize)> { //! let offset = &mut 0; //! //! let name_len = bytes.read_with::<u16>(offset, endian)? as usize; //! let header = Header { //! name: bytes.read_with::<&str>(offset, Str::Len(name_len))?, //! enabled: bytes.read::<bool>(offset)?, //! }; //! //! Ok((header, *offset)) //! } //! } //! //! impl<'a> TryWrite<Endian> for Header<'a> { //! fn try_write(self, bytes: &mut [u8], endian: Endian) -> Result<usize> { //! let offset = &mut 0; //! //! bytes.write_with::<u16>(offset, self.name.len() as u16, endian)?; //! bytes.write::<&str>(offset, self.name)?; //! bytes.write::<bool>(offset, self.enabled)?; //! //! Ok(*offset) //! } //! } //! ``` //! //! ## Usage //! //! ```ignore //! let bytes = [0, 5, b"H"[0], b"E"[0], b"L"[0], b"L"[0], b"O"[0], 0]; //! //! let header: Header = bytes.read_with(&mut 0, BE).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(header.name, "HELLO"); //! assert_eq!(header.enabled, false); //! //! let mut write = [0u8; 8]; //! write.write_with(&mut 0, header, BE).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(write, bytes); //! ``` #![no_std] pub mod ctx; pub use ctx::{LE, BE}; use core::marker::PhantomData; /// A specialized Result type for `Byte` pub type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, Error>; /// The error type for serializing and deserializing. /// /// - `Error::BadOffset` should only raised in `bytes.read()` and `bytes.write()` /// when offset exceeded slice's length. /// /// - `Error::BadInput` and `Error::Incomplete` should only raised in `try_read()` and `try_write()`. /// /// Note that we usually use `bytes.read()` in `try_read()` implementation which may raises `Error::BadOffset`, /// and that error will automatically be translate into `Error::Incomplete`. #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone)] pub enum Error { /// The requested data is bigger than available range Incomplete, /// The offset is invalid BadOffset(usize), /// The requested data content is invalid BadInput { err: &'static str }, } /// A shorthand function to check whether the given length /// exceeded the length of slice; return `Err(Error::Incomplete)` if not. /// /// Usually used in implementation of `TryRead` and `TryWrite`. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// /// let bytes = [0u8; 4]; /// assert_eq!(check_len(&bytes, 4), Ok(4)); /// assert_eq!(check_len(&bytes, 5), Err(Error::Incomplete)); /// ``` #[inline] pub fn check_len(bytes: &[u8], len: usize) -> Result<usize> { if bytes.len() < len { Err(Error::Incomplete) } else { Ok(len) } } /// A data structure that can be deserialized. Types implement this trait can be `read()` from byte slice. pub trait TryRead<'a, Ctx = ()> where Self: Sized { /// Try to read from bytes using context. /// /// Read the value out of bytes; the bytes passed in is splitted by offset and should be read at head. /// If success, `try_read()` should return a tuple with the value and the number of bytes consumed. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// /// // Demo type showing how to read boolean from bytes. /// // This functionality is already provided by this crate. /// pub struct Bool(bool); /// /// impl<'a> TryRead<'a> for Bool { /// #[inline] /// fn try_read(bytes: &'a [u8], _ctx: ()) -> Result<(Self, usize)> { /// check_len(bytes, 1)?; /// /// Ok((Bool(bytes[0] != 0), 1)) /// } /// } /// ``` fn try_read(bytes: &'a [u8], ctx: Ctx) -> Result<(Self, usize)>; } /// A data structure that can be serialized. Types implement this trait can be `write()` into byte slice. pub trait TryWrite<Ctx = ()> { /// Try to write to bytes using context. /// /// Write the value into bytes; the bytes passed in is splitted by offset and should be write at head. /// If success, `try_write()` should return the number of bytes written. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// /// pub struct HasBool(bool); /// /// impl TryWrite for HasBool { /// #[inline] /// fn try_write(self, bytes: &mut [u8], _ctx: ()) -> Result<usize> { /// check_len(bytes, 1)?; /// /// bytes[0] = if self.0 { u8::max_value() } else { 0 }; /// /// Ok(1) /// } /// } /// ``` fn try_write(self, bytes: &mut [u8], ctx: Ctx) -> Result<usize>; } /// Extension methods for byte slices. /// /// # Offset /// /// The first parameter of each method is offset, /// instructing the position to begin, /// which will be increaed by size the operation consumed. pub trait BytesExt<Ctx> { /// Read value from byte slice by default context /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// /// let bytes: &[u8] = &[0, 1]; /// /// let bool1: bool = bytes.read(&mut 0).unwrap(); /// let bool2: bool = bytes.read(&mut 1).unwrap(); /// /// assert_eq!(bool1, false); /// assert_eq!(bool2, true); /// ``` fn read<'a, T>(&'a self, offset: &mut usize) -> Result<T> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx>, Ctx: Default { self.read_with(offset, Default::default()) } /// Read value from byte slice with context /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// use byte::ctx::*; /// /// let bytes: &[u8] = b"hello, world!"; /// /// let str: &str = bytes.read_with(&mut 0, Str::Delimiter(b"!"[0])).unwrap(); /// assert_eq!(str, "hello, world"); /// ``` fn read_with<'a, T>(&'a self, offset: &mut usize, ctx: Ctx) -> Result<T> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx>; /// Read multiple values of same type by iterator. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// use byte::ctx::*; /// /// let bytes: &[u8] = b"hello\0world\0dead\0beef\0more"; /// let mut offset = 0; /// { /// let mut iter = bytes.read_iter(&mut offset, Str::Delimiter(NULL)); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("hello")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("world")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("dead")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("beef")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), None); /// } /// assert_eq!(offset, 22); /// ``` fn read_iter<'a, 'i, T>(&'a self, offset: &'i mut usize, ctx: Ctx) -> Iter<'a, 'i, T, Ctx> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx>, Ctx: Clone; /// Write value into byte slice by default context /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// /// let mut bytes = [0u8; 2]; /// /// bytes.write(&mut 0, false).unwrap(); /// bytes.write(&mut 1, true).unwrap(); /// /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 0xff]); /// ``` fn write<T>(&mut self, offset: &mut usize, t: T) -> Result<()> where T: TryWrite<Ctx>, Ctx: Default { self.write_with(offset, t, Default::default()) } /// Write value into byte slice with context /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// use byte::ctx::*; /// /// let mut bytes_be = [0u8; 2]; /// let mut bytes_le = [0u8; 2]; /// /// bytes_be.write_with::<u16>(&mut 0, 0xff, BE).unwrap(); /// bytes_le.write_with::<u16>(&mut 0, 0xff, LE).unwrap(); /// /// assert_eq!(bytes_be, [0, 0xff]); /// assert_eq!(bytes_le, [0xff, 0]); /// ``` fn write_with<T>(&mut self, offset: &mut usize, t: T, ctx: Ctx) -> Result<()> where T: TryWrite<Ctx>; } impl<Ctx> BytesExt<Ctx> for [u8] { #[inline] fn read_with<'a, T>(&'a self, offset: &mut usize, ctx: Ctx) -> Result<T> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx> { let slice = self.as_ref(); if *offset >= slice.len() { return Err(Error::BadOffset(*offset)); }; match TryRead::try_read(&slice[*offset..], ctx) { Ok((t, size)) => { *offset += size; Ok(t) }, Err(Error::BadOffset(_)) => Err(Error::Incomplete), Err(err) => Err(err), } } fn read_iter<'a, 'i, T>(&'a self, offset: &'i mut usize, ctx: Ctx) -> Iter<'a, 'i, T, Ctx> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx>, Ctx: Clone { Iter { bytes: self.as_ref(), offset: offset, ctx: ctx, phantom: PhantomData, } } fn write_with<T>(&mut self, offset: &mut usize, t: T, ctx: Ctx) -> Result<()> where T: TryWrite<Ctx> { let slice = self.as_mut(); if *offset >= slice.len() { return Err(Error::BadOffset(*offset)); }; match TryWrite::try_write(t, &mut slice[*offset..], ctx) { Ok(size) => { *offset += size; Ok(()) }, Err(Error::BadOffset(_)) => Err(Error::Incomplete), Err(err) => Err(err), } } } /// Iterator that read values of same type from bytes. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use byte::*; /// use byte::ctx::*; /// /// let bytes: &[u8] = b"hello\0world\0dead\0beef\0more"; /// let mut offset = 0; /// { /// let mut iter = bytes.read_iter(&mut offset, Str::Delimiter(NULL)); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("hello")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("world")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("dead")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some("beef")); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), None); /// } /// assert_eq!(offset, 22); /// ``` #[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"] pub struct Iter<'a, 'i, T, Ctx> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx>, Ctx: Clone { bytes: &'a [u8], offset: &'i mut usize, ctx: Ctx, phantom: PhantomData<T>, } impl<'a, 'i, T, Ctx> Iterator for Iter<'a, 'i, T, Ctx> where T: TryRead<'a, Ctx>, Ctx: Clone { type Item = T; #[inline] fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> { TryRead::try_read(&self.bytes[*self.offset..], self.ctx.clone()) .ok() .map(|(t, size)| { *self.offset += size; t }) } #[inline] fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { (0, None) } }