buffa_types/

value_ext.rs

//! Ergonomic helpers for [`google::protobuf::Value`](crate::google::protobuf::Value),
//! [`google::protobuf::Struct`](crate::google::protobuf::Struct), and
//! [`google::protobuf::ListValue`](crate::google::protobuf::ListValue).

use alloc::boxed::Box;
use alloc::string::{String, ToString};

use crate::google::protobuf::__buffa::oneof::value::Kind as KindOneof;
use crate::google::protobuf::{ListValue, NullValue, Struct, Value};

impl Value {
    /// Construct a [`Value`] that represents a protobuf `null`.
    pub fn null() -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::NullValue(buffa::EnumValue::from(
                NullValue::NULL_VALUE,
            ))),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this value is the null variant.
    pub fn is_null(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind, Some(KindOneof::NullValue(_)))
    }

    /// Returns the `f64` value if this is a number, otherwise `None`.
    pub fn as_number(&self) -> Option<f64> {
        match &self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::NumberValue(n)) => Some(*n),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the string value if this is a string, otherwise `None`.
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match &self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::StringValue(s)) => Some(s.as_str()),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the bool value if this is a bool, otherwise `None`.
    pub fn as_bool(&self) -> Option<bool> {
        match &self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::BoolValue(b)) => Some(*b),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the [`Struct`] if this is a struct value.
    pub fn as_struct(&self) -> Option<&Struct> {
        match &self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::StructValue(s)) => Some(s),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the [`ListValue`] if this is a list value.
    pub fn as_list(&self) -> Option<&ListValue> {
        match &self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::ListValue(l)) => Some(l),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns a mutable reference to the [`Struct`] if this is a struct value.
    pub fn as_struct_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Struct> {
        match &mut self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::StructValue(s)) => Some(s),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns a mutable reference to the [`ListValue`] if this is a list value.
    pub fn as_list_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ListValue> {
        match &mut self.kind {
            Some(KindOneof::ListValue(l)) => Some(l),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

impl From<f64> for Value {
    fn from(n: f64) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::NumberValue(n)),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl From<String> for Value {
    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::StringValue(s)),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl From<&str> for Value {
    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::StringValue(s.to_string())),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl From<f32> for Value {
    /// Converts an `f32` to a [`Value`] via `f64` widening.
    ///
    /// The conversion is lossless for values representable as both `f32` and
    /// `f64`; the extra precision bits are filled with zeros.
    fn from(n: f32) -> Self {
        Self::from(n as f64)
    }
}

impl From<bool> for Value {
    fn from(b: bool) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::BoolValue(b)),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl From<i32> for Value {
    /// Converts an `i32` to a [`Value`] via `f64`.
    ///
    /// All `i32` values are representable exactly as `f64`.
    fn from(n: i32) -> Self {
        Self::from(n as f64)
    }
}

impl From<u32> for Value {
    /// Converts a `u32` to a [`Value`] via `f64`.
    ///
    /// All `u32` values are representable exactly as `f64`.
    fn from(n: u32) -> Self {
        Self::from(n as f64)
    }
}

impl From<i64> for Value {
    /// Converts an `i64` to a [`Value`] via `f64`.
    ///
    /// # Precision
    ///
    /// `f64` has 53 bits of mantissa. `i64` values outside `[-2^53, 2^53]`
    /// will be rounded to the nearest representable `f64`.
    fn from(n: i64) -> Self {
        Self::from(n as f64)
    }
}

impl From<u64> for Value {
    /// Converts a `u64` to a [`Value`] via `f64`.
    ///
    /// # Precision
    ///
    /// `f64` has 53 bits of mantissa. `u64` values greater than `2^53`
    /// will be rounded to the nearest representable `f64`.
    fn from(n: u64) -> Self {
        Self::from(n as f64)
    }
}

impl From<Struct> for Value {
    fn from(s: Struct) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::StructValue(Box::new(s))),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl From<ListValue> for Value {
    fn from(l: ListValue) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: Some(KindOneof::ListValue(Box::new(l))),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl ListValue {
    /// Construct a [`ListValue`] from an iterator of items convertible to [`Value`].
    pub fn from_values(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl Into<Value>>) -> Self {
        Self {
            values: values.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Returns the number of elements in the list.
    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.values.len()
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the list contains no elements.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.values.is_empty()
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over the values in the list.
    #[inline]
    pub fn iter(&self) -> core::slice::Iter<'_, Value> {
        self.values.iter()
    }
}

impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a ListValue {
    type Item = &'a Value;
    type IntoIter = core::slice::Iter<'a, Value>;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        self.values.iter()
    }
}

impl IntoIterator for ListValue {
    type Item = Value;
    type IntoIter = alloc::vec::IntoIter<Value>;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        self.values.into_iter()
    }
}

impl FromIterator<Value> for ListValue {
    /// Collect [`Value`] items into a [`ListValue`].
    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = Value>>(iter: T) -> Self {
        Self {
            values: iter.into_iter().collect(),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
}

impl Struct {
    /// Construct a new empty [`Struct`].
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Construct a [`Struct`] from an iterator of key-value pairs.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// use buffa_types::google::protobuf::{Struct, Value};
    ///
    /// let s = Struct::from_fields([("x", Value::from(1.0_f64)), ("y", Value::from(2.0_f64))]);
    /// assert!(s.get("x").is_some());
    /// ```
    pub fn from_fields(
        fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = (impl Into<String>, impl Into<Value>)>,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut s = Self::new();
        for (k, v) in fields {
            s.insert(k, v);
        }
        s
    }

    /// Insert a key-value pair into the struct.
    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: impl Into<String>, value: impl Into<Value>) {
        self.fields.insert(key.into(), value.into());
    }

    /// Returns the value for `key` if present.
    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&Value> {
        self.fields.get(key)
    }
}

impl FromIterator<(String, Value)> for Struct {
    /// Collect key-value pairs into a [`Struct`].
    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (String, Value)>>(iter: T) -> Self {
        Self::from_fields(iter)
    }
}

// ── serde impls ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
use alloc::vec::Vec;

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
impl serde::Serialize for Value {
    /// Serializes as the corresponding JSON value.
    ///
    /// The `null`, bool, string, object, and array variants map directly to
    /// their JSON counterparts.  The `number` variant serializes as a JSON
    /// number via `serialize_f64`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Serialization fails if the `number` variant holds a non-finite value
    /// (`NaN`, `Infinity`, `-Infinity`), because JSON numbers cannot represent
    /// those values.  Use [`DoubleValue`](crate::google::protobuf::DoubleValue) if you need to
    /// serialize non-finite floating-point values (which uses the proto3 JSON
    /// string encoding `"NaN"` / `"Infinity"` / `"-Infinity"`).
    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, s: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
        match &self.kind {
            None | Some(KindOneof::NullValue(_)) => s.serialize_unit(),
            Some(KindOneof::NumberValue(n)) => {
                if !n.is_finite() {
                    return Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(
                        "Value.number_value must be finite; NaN and Infinity are not valid JSON numbers",
                    ));
                }
                s.serialize_f64(*n)
            }
            Some(KindOneof::StringValue(v)) => s.serialize_str(v),
            Some(KindOneof::BoolValue(b)) => s.serialize_bool(*b),
            Some(KindOneof::StructValue(st)) => st.serialize(s),
            Some(KindOneof::ListValue(l)) => l.serialize(s),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Value {
    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
        use serde::de::{MapAccess, SeqAccess, Visitor};
        struct V;
        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for V {
            type Value = Value;
            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
                f.write_str("any JSON value")
            }
            fn visit_unit<E>(self) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::null())
            }
            fn visit_none<E>(self) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::null())
            }
            fn visit_bool<E>(self, v: bool) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::from(v))
            }
            fn visit_f64<E>(self, v: f64) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::from(v))
            }
            fn visit_i64<E>(self, v: i64) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::from(v as f64))
            }
            fn visit_u64<E>(self, v: u64) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::from(v as f64))
            }
            fn visit_str<E: serde::de::Error>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::from(v))
            }
            fn visit_string<E>(self, v: String) -> Result<Value, E> {
                Ok(Value::from(v))
            }
            fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> Result<Value, A::Error> {
                let mut st = Struct::default();
                while let Some((k, v)) = map.next_entry::<String, Value>()? {
                    st.fields.insert(k, v);
                }
                Ok(Value::from(st))
            }
            fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<Value, A::Error> {
                let mut values = Vec::new();
                while let Some(v) = seq.next_element::<Value>()? {
                    values.push(v);
                }
                Ok(Value::from(ListValue {
                    values,
                    ..Default::default()
                }))
            }
        }
        d.deserialize_any(V)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
impl serde::Serialize for Struct {
    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, s: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
        use serde::ser::SerializeMap;
        let mut map = s.serialize_map(Some(self.fields.len()))?;
        for (k, v) in &self.fields {
            map.serialize_entry(k, v)?;
        }
        map.end()
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Struct {
    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
        use serde::de::{MapAccess, Visitor};
        struct V;
        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for V {
            type Value = Struct;
            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
                f.write_str("a JSON object")
            }
            fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> Result<Struct, A::Error> {
                let mut st = Struct::default();
                while let Some((k, v)) = map.next_entry::<String, Value>()? {
                    st.fields.insert(k, v);
                }
                Ok(st)
            }
        }
        d.deserialize_map(V)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
impl serde::Serialize for ListValue {
    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, s: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
        use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
        let mut seq = s.serialize_seq(Some(self.values.len()))?;
        for v in &self.values {
            seq.serialize_element(v)?;
        }
        seq.end()
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "json")]
impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for ListValue {
    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
        use serde::de::{SeqAccess, Visitor};
        struct V;
        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for V {
            type Value = ListValue;
            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
                f.write_str("a JSON array")
            }
            fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<ListValue, A::Error> {
                let mut values = Vec::new();
                while let Some(v) = seq.next_element::<Value>()? {
                    values.push(v);
                }
                Ok(ListValue {
                    values,
                    ..Default::default()
                })
            }
        }
        d.deserialize_seq(V)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn value_null() {
        let v = Value::null();
        assert!(v.is_null());
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_f64() {
        let v = Value::from(2.5_f64);
        assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(2.5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_string() {
        let v = Value::from("hello".to_string());
        assert_eq!(v.as_str(), Some("hello"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_str_ref() {
        let v = Value::from("world");
        assert_eq!(v.as_str(), Some("world"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_bool() {
        assert_eq!(Value::from(true).as_bool(), Some(true));
        assert_eq!(Value::from(false).as_bool(), Some(false));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_struct() {
        let mut s = Struct::new();
        s.insert("x", 1.0_f64);
        let v = Value::from(s);
        assert!(v.as_struct().is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_list() {
        let l = ListValue::from_values([1.0_f64, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let v = Value::from(l);
        assert!(v.as_list().is_some());
        assert_eq!(v.as_list().unwrap().values.len(), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn struct_insert_get() {
        let mut s = Struct::new();
        s.insert("key", "value");
        assert_eq!(s.get("key").and_then(|v| v.as_str()), Some("value"));
        assert!(s.get("missing").is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn struct_from_fields() {
        let s = Struct::from_fields([("a", Value::from(1.0_f64)), ("b", Value::from(2.0_f64))]);
        assert_eq!(s.get("a").and_then(|v| v.as_number()), Some(1.0));
        assert_eq!(s.get("b").and_then(|v| v.as_number()), Some(2.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn struct_from_fields_empty() {
        let s = Struct::from_fields(core::iter::empty::<(&str, Value)>());
        assert!(s.fields.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn struct_from_iter() {
        let pairs = vec![
            ("x".to_string(), Value::from("hello")),
            ("y".to_string(), Value::from(true)),
        ];
        let s: Struct = pairs.into_iter().collect();
        assert_eq!(s.get("x").and_then(|v| v.as_str()), Some("hello"));
        assert_eq!(s.get("y").and_then(|v| v.as_bool()), Some(true));
    }

    #[test]
    fn list_value_from_values() {
        let l = ListValue::from_values(["a", "b", "c"]);
        assert_eq!(l.values.len(), 3);
    }

    // ---- From<f32> --------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn value_from_f32() {
        let v = Value::from(1.5_f32);
        assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(1.5_f64));
    }

    // ---- ListValue collection methods ------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn list_value_len_and_is_empty() {
        let empty = ListValue::from_values(core::iter::empty::<f64>());
        assert!(empty.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(empty.len(), 0);

        let three = ListValue::from_values([1.0_f64, 2.0, 3.0]);
        assert!(!three.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(three.len(), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn list_value_iter() {
        let l = ListValue::from_values([1.0_f64, 2.0]);
        let nums: Vec<f64> = l.iter().map(|v| v.as_number().unwrap()).collect();
        assert_eq!(nums, [1.0, 2.0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn list_value_ref_into_iter() {
        let l = ListValue::from_values(["a", "b"]);
        let strs: Vec<&str> = (&l).into_iter().map(|v| v.as_str().unwrap()).collect();
        assert_eq!(strs, ["a", "b"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn list_value_owned_into_iter() {
        let l = ListValue::from_values([true, false]);
        let bools: Vec<bool> = l.into_iter().map(|v| v.as_bool().unwrap()).collect();
        assert_eq!(bools, [true, false]);
    }

    // ---- From<integer> ----------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn value_from_i32() {
        let v = Value::from(42_i32);
        assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(42.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_u32() {
        let v = Value::from(u32::MAX);
        assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(u32::MAX as f64));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_i64_small() {
        // Small i64 values are representable exactly as f64.
        let v = Value::from(-100_i64);
        assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(-100.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn value_from_u64_small() {
        let v = Value::from(1_000_000_u64);
        assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(1_000_000.0));
    }

    // ---- mutable accessors ------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn as_struct_mut_returns_some_for_struct_value() {
        let mut s = Struct::new();
        s.insert("a", 1.0_f64);
        let mut v = Value::from(s);
        let m = v.as_struct_mut().unwrap();
        m.insert("b", 2.0_f64);
        assert_eq!(v.as_struct().unwrap().fields.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn as_struct_mut_returns_none_for_non_struct() {
        let mut v = Value::from(1.0_f64);
        assert!(v.as_struct_mut().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn as_list_mut_returns_some_for_list_value() {
        let l = ListValue::from_values([1.0_f64]);
        let mut v = Value::from(l);
        let m = v.as_list_mut().unwrap();
        m.values.push(Value::from(2.0_f64));
        assert_eq!(v.as_list().unwrap().values.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn as_list_mut_returns_none_for_non_list() {
        let mut v = Value::from(true);
        assert!(v.as_list_mut().is_none());
    }

    // ── serde ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[cfg(feature = "json")]
    mod serde_tests {
        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn value_null_roundtrip() {
            let v = Value::null();
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(json, "null");
            let back: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert!(back.is_null());
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_number_roundtrip() {
            let v = Value::from(2.5_f64);
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
            let back: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert!((back.as_number().unwrap() - 2.5).abs() < 1e-10);
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_string_roundtrip() {
            let v = Value::from("hello");
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(json, r#""hello""#);
            let back: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(back.as_str(), Some("hello"));
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_bool_roundtrip() {
            let v = Value::from(true);
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(json, "true");
            let back: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(back.as_bool(), Some(true));
        }

        #[test]
        fn struct_value_roundtrip() {
            let s = Struct::from_fields([("x", Value::from(1.0_f64))]);
            let v = Value::from(s);
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(json, r#"{"x":1.0}"#);
            let back: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert!(back.as_struct().is_some());
            assert_eq!(
                back.as_struct()
                    .unwrap()
                    .get("x")
                    .and_then(|v| v.as_number()),
                Some(1.0)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn list_value_roundtrip() {
            let l = ListValue::from_values([1.0_f64, 2.0]);
            let v = Value::from(l);
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(json, "[1.0,2.0]");
            let back: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(back.as_list().unwrap().values.len(), 2);
        }

        #[test]
        fn struct_roundtrip() {
            let s = Struct::from_fields([("a", Value::from("b"))]);
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&s).unwrap();
            let back: Struct = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(back.get("a").and_then(|v| v.as_str()), Some("b"));
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_nan_serialize_is_error() {
            let v = Value::from(f64::NAN);
            let result = serde_json::to_string(&v);
            assert!(result.is_err(), "NaN must fail serialization");
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_infinity_serialize_is_error() {
            let v = Value::from(f64::INFINITY);
            assert!(
                serde_json::to_string(&v).is_err(),
                "Infinity must fail serialization"
            );

            let v = Value::from(f64::NEG_INFINITY);
            assert!(
                serde_json::to_string(&v).is_err(),
                "-Infinity must fail serialization"
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn list_value_deserializes_from_array() {
            let json = r#"[null, 1, "s", true]"#;
            let l: ListValue = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(l.values.len(), 4);
            assert!(l.values[0].is_null());
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_deserializes_integer() {
            // JSON integer → visit_i64 / visit_u64 → NumberValue(f64)
            let v: Value = serde_json::from_str("42").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(42.0));
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_deserializes_negative_integer() {
            let v: Value = serde_json::from_str("-100").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(-100.0));
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_deserializes_large_integer() {
            // 2^53 is exactly representable in f64.
            let v: Value = serde_json::from_str("9007199254740992").unwrap();
            assert_eq!(v.as_number(), Some(9007199254740992.0));
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_deep_nesting_binary_respects_recursion_limit() {
            // Value → ListValue → Value is recursive. Binary decode must
            // hit our RECURSION_LIMIT, not stack-overflow.
            use buffa::{DecodeError, Message};
            // Build a deeply-nested ListValue chain via wire bytes.
            // Each level: Value{list:ListValue{values:[Value{list:...}]}}
            // Value.list (field 6, oneof, wire type 2 length-delimited):
            //   tag=0x32, len, <ListValue bytes>
            // ListValue.values (field 1, repeated Value, length-delimited):
            //   tag=0x0a, len, <Value bytes>
            // Innermost: empty Value (0 bytes).
            let mut payload = alloc::vec::Vec::new();
            for _ in 0..200 {
                // Wrap: ListValue { values: [current payload as Value] }
                let mut lv = alloc::vec::Vec::new();
                lv.push(0x0a); // tag: field 1 wire 2
                lv.push(payload.len() as u8); // assumes < 128 — fine for small depth
                lv.extend_from_slice(&payload);
                // Wrap: Value { list_value: lv }
                let mut v = alloc::vec::Vec::new();
                v.push(0x32); // tag: field 6 wire 2
                v.push(lv.len() as u8);
                v.extend_from_slice(&lv);
                payload = v;
                // Stop growing once payload length exceeds single-byte varint.
                if payload.len() >= 120 {
                    break;
                }
            }
            // At ~120 bytes we have ~30 levels. Need to go deeper. Use proper
            // varint encoding for larger lengths.
            use buffa::encoding::encode_varint;
            for _ in 0..200 {
                let mut lv = alloc::vec::Vec::new();
                lv.push(0x0a);
                encode_varint(payload.len() as u64, &mut lv);
                lv.extend_from_slice(&payload);
                let mut v = alloc::vec::Vec::new();
                v.push(0x32);
                encode_varint(lv.len() as u64, &mut v);
                v.extend_from_slice(&lv);
                payload = v;
            }
            // ~230 levels of Value/ListValue nesting, each level consumes 2
            // from the depth budget (Value + ListValue are each a merge).
            // Default RECURSION_LIMIT is 100, so this should be rejected.
            let result = Value::decode(&mut payload.as_slice());
            assert!(
                matches!(result, Err(DecodeError::RecursionLimitExceeded)),
                "deep nesting must hit recursion limit, got: {result:?}"
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn value_deep_nesting_json_bounded() {
            // serde_json has its own recursion limit (default 128). A deeply-
            // nested JSON array deserialize into Value must error cleanly,
            // not stack-overflow. serde_json returns its own error type, not
            // our DecodeError, so just assert is_err().
            let deep = alloc::format!("{}null{}", "[".repeat(200), "]".repeat(200));
            let result: Result<Value, _> = serde_json::from_str(&deep);
            assert!(result.is_err(), "200-level JSON nesting must be rejected");
        }
    }
}