binder_ndk/

native.rs

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

use crate::binder::{
    AsNative, Interface, InterfaceClassMethods, Remotable, Stability, TransactionCode,
};
use crate::error::{status_result, status_t, Result, StatusCode};
use crate::parcel::{BorrowedParcel, Serialize};
use crate::proxy::SpIBinder;
use crate::sys;

use std::convert::TryFrom;
use std::ffi::{c_void, CStr, CString};
use std::fs::File;
use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
use std::ops::Deref;
use std::os::raw::c_char;
use std::os::unix::io::FromRawFd;
use std::slice;
use std::sync::Mutex;

/// Rust wrapper around Binder remotable objects.
///
/// Implements the C++ `BBinder` class, and therefore implements the C++
/// `IBinder` interface.
#[repr(C)]
pub struct Binder<T: Remotable> {
    ibinder: *mut sys::AIBinder,
    rust_object: *mut T,
}

/// # Safety
///
/// A `Binder<T>` is a pair of unique owning pointers to two values:
///   * a C++ ABBinder which the C++ API guarantees can be passed between threads
///   * a Rust object which implements `Remotable`; this trait requires `Send + Sync`
///
/// Both pointers are unique (never escape the `Binder<T>` object and are not copied)
/// so we can essentially treat `Binder<T>` as a box-like containing the two objects;
/// the box-like object inherits `Send` from the two inner values, similarly
/// to how `Box<T>` is `Send` if `T` is `Send`.
unsafe impl<T: Remotable> Send for Binder<T> {}

/// # Safety
///
/// A `Binder<T>` is a pair of unique owning pointers to two values:
///   * a C++ ABBinder which is thread-safe, i.e. `Send + Sync`
///   * a Rust object which implements `Remotable`; this trait requires `Send + Sync`
///
/// `ABBinder` contains an immutable `mUserData` pointer, which is actually a
/// pointer to a boxed `T: Remotable`, which is `Sync`. `ABBinder` also contains
/// a mutable pointer to its class, but mutation of this field is controlled by
/// a mutex and it is only allowed to be set once, therefore we can concurrently
/// access this field safely. `ABBinder` inherits from `BBinder`, which is also
/// thread-safe. Thus `ABBinder` is thread-safe.
///
/// Both pointers are unique (never escape the `Binder<T>` object and are not copied)
/// so we can essentially treat `Binder<T>` as a box-like containing the two objects;
/// the box-like object inherits `Sync` from the two inner values, similarly
/// to how `Box<T>` is `Sync` if `T` is `Sync`.
unsafe impl<T: Remotable> Sync for Binder<T> {}

impl<T: Remotable> Binder<T> {
    /// Create a new Binder remotable object with default stability
    ///
    /// This moves the `rust_object` into an owned [`Box`] and Binder will
    /// manage its lifetime.
    pub fn new(rust_object: T) -> Binder<T> {
        Self::new_with_stability(rust_object, Stability::default())
    }

    /// Create a new Binder remotable object with the given stability
    ///
    /// This moves the `rust_object` into an owned [`Box`] and Binder will
    /// manage its lifetime.
    pub fn new_with_stability(rust_object: T, stability: Stability) -> Binder<T> {
        let class = T::get_class();
        let rust_object = Box::into_raw(Box::new(rust_object));
        let ibinder = unsafe {
            // Safety: `AIBinder_new` expects a valid class pointer (which we
            // initialize via `get_class`), and an arbitrary pointer
            // argument. The caller owns the returned `AIBinder` pointer, which
            // is a strong reference to a `BBinder`. This reference should be
            // decremented via `AIBinder_decStrong` when the reference lifetime
            // ends.
            sys::AIBinder_new(class.into(), rust_object as *mut c_void)
        };
        let mut binder = Binder { ibinder, rust_object };
        binder.mark_stability(stability);
        binder
    }

    /// Set the extension of a binder interface. This allows a downstream
    /// developer to add an extension to an interface without modifying its
    /// interface file. This should be called immediately when the object is
    /// created before it is passed to another thread.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// For instance, imagine if we have this Binder AIDL interface definition:
    ///     interface IFoo { void doFoo(); }
    ///
    /// If an unrelated owner (perhaps in a downstream codebase) wants to make a
    /// change to the interface, they have two options:
    ///
    /// 1) Historical option that has proven to be BAD! Only the original
    ///    author of an interface should change an interface. If someone
    ///    downstream wants additional functionality, they should not ever
    ///    change the interface or use this method.
    ///    ```AIDL
    ///    BAD TO DO:  interface IFoo {                       BAD TO DO
    ///    BAD TO DO:      void doFoo();                      BAD TO DO
    ///    BAD TO DO: +    void doBar(); // adding a method   BAD TO DO
    ///    BAD TO DO:  }                                      BAD TO DO
    ///    ```
    ///
    /// 2) Option that this method enables!
    ///    Leave the original interface unchanged (do not change IFoo!).
    ///    Instead, create a new AIDL interface in a downstream package:
    ///    ```AIDL
    ///    package com.<name>; // new functionality in a new package
    ///    interface IBar { void doBar(); }
    ///    ```
    ///
    ///    When registering the interface, add:
    ///
    ///        # use binder::{Binder, Interface};
    ///        # type MyFoo = ();
    ///        # type MyBar = ();
    ///        # let my_foo = ();
    ///        # let my_bar = ();
    ///        let mut foo: Binder<MyFoo> = Binder::new(my_foo); // class in AOSP codebase
    ///        let bar: Binder<MyBar> = Binder::new(my_bar);     // custom extension class
    ///        foo.set_extension(&mut bar.as_binder());          // use method in Binder
    ///
    ///    Then, clients of `IFoo` can get this extension:
    ///
    ///        # use binder::{declare_binder_interface, Binder, TransactionCode, Parcel};
    ///        # trait IBar {}
    ///        # declare_binder_interface! {
    ///        #     IBar["test"] {
    ///        #         native: BnBar(on_transact),
    ///        #         proxy: BpBar,
    ///        #     }
    ///        # }
    ///        # fn on_transact(
    ///        #     service: &dyn IBar,
    ///        #     code: TransactionCode,
    ///        #     data: &BorrowedParcel,
    ///        #     reply: &mut BorrowedParcel,
    ///        # ) -> binder::Result<()> {
    ///        #     Ok(())
    ///        # }
    ///        # impl IBar for BpBar {}
    ///        # impl IBar for Binder<BnBar> {}
    ///        # fn main() -> binder::Result<()> {
    ///        # let binder = Binder::new(());
    ///        if let Some(barBinder) = binder.get_extension()? {
    ///            let bar = BpBar::new(barBinder)
    ///                .expect("Extension was not of type IBar");
    ///        } else {
    ///            // There was no extension
    ///        }
    ///        # }
    pub fn set_extension(&mut self, extension: &mut SpIBinder) -> Result<()> {
        let status = unsafe {
            // Safety: `AIBinder_setExtension` expects two valid, mutable
            // `AIBinder` pointers. We are guaranteed that both `self` and
            // `extension` contain valid `AIBinder` pointers, because they
            // cannot be initialized without a valid
            // pointer. `AIBinder_setExtension` does not take ownership of
            // either parameter.
            sys::AIBinder_setExtension(self.as_native_mut(), extension.as_native_mut())
        };
        status_result(status)
    }

    /// Retrieve the interface descriptor string for this object's Binder
    /// interface.
    pub fn get_descriptor() -> &'static str {
        T::get_descriptor()
    }

    /// Mark this binder object with the given stability guarantee
    fn mark_stability(&mut self, stability: Stability) {
        match stability {
            Stability::Local => self.mark_local_stability(),
            Stability::Vintf => {
                unsafe {
                    // Safety: Self always contains a valid `AIBinder` pointer, so
                    // we can always call this C API safely.
                    sys::AIBinder_markVintfStability(self.as_native_mut());
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Mark this binder object with local stability, which is vendor if we are
    /// building for the VNDK and system otherwise.
    #[cfg(any(vendor_ndk, android_vndk))]
    fn mark_local_stability(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            // Safety: Self always contains a valid `AIBinder` pointer, so
            // we can always call this C API safely.
            sys::AIBinder_markVendorStability(self.as_native_mut());
        }
    }

    /// Mark this binder object with local stability, which is vendor if we are
    /// building for the VNDK and system otherwise.
    #[cfg(not(any(vendor_ndk, android_vndk)))]
    fn mark_local_stability(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            // Safety: Self always contains a valid `AIBinder` pointer, so
            // we can always call this C API safely.
            sys::AIBinder_markSystemStability(self.as_native_mut());
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Remotable> Interface for Binder<T> {
    /// Converts the local remotable object into a generic `SpIBinder`
    /// reference.
    ///
    /// The resulting `SpIBinder` will hold its own strong reference to this
    /// remotable object, which will prevent the object from being dropped while
    /// the `SpIBinder` is alive.
    fn as_binder(&self) -> SpIBinder {
        unsafe {
            // Safety: `self.ibinder` is guaranteed to always be a valid pointer
            // to an `AIBinder` by the `Binder` constructor. We are creating a
            // copy of the `self.ibinder` strong reference, but
            // `SpIBinder::from_raw` assumes it receives an owned pointer with
            // its own strong reference. We first increment the reference count,
            // so that the new `SpIBinder` will be tracked as a new reference.
            sys::AIBinder_incStrong(self.ibinder);
            SpIBinder::from_raw(self.ibinder).unwrap()
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Remotable> InterfaceClassMethods for Binder<T> {
    fn get_descriptor() -> &'static str {
        <T as Remotable>::get_descriptor()
    }

    /// Called whenever a transaction needs to be processed by a local
    /// implementation.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// Must be called with a non-null, valid pointer to a local `AIBinder` that
    /// contains a `T` pointer in its user data. The `data` and `reply` parcel
    /// parameters must be valid pointers to `AParcel` objects. This method does
    /// not take ownership of any of its parameters.
    ///
    /// These conditions hold when invoked by `ABBinder::onTransact`.
    unsafe extern "C" fn on_transact(
        binder: *mut sys::AIBinder,
        code: u32,
        data: *const sys::AParcel,
        reply: *mut sys::AParcel,
    ) -> status_t {
        let res = {
            let mut reply = BorrowedParcel::from_raw(reply).unwrap();
            let data = BorrowedParcel::from_raw(data as *mut sys::AParcel).unwrap();
            let object = sys::AIBinder_getUserData(binder);
            let binder: &T = &*(object as *const T);
            binder.on_transact(code, &data, &mut reply)
        };
        match res {
            Ok(()) => 0i32,
            Err(e) => e as i32,
        }
    }

    /// Called whenever an `AIBinder` object is no longer referenced and needs
    /// destroyed.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// Must be called with a valid pointer to a `T` object. After this call,
    /// the pointer will be invalid and should not be dereferenced.
    unsafe extern "C" fn on_destroy(object: *mut c_void) {
        drop(Box::from_raw(object as *mut T));
    }

    /// Called whenever a new, local `AIBinder` object is needed of a specific
    /// class.
    ///
    /// Constructs the user data pointer that will be stored in the object,
    /// which will be a heap-allocated `T` object.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// Must be called with a valid pointer to a `T` object allocated via `Box`.
    unsafe extern "C" fn on_create(args: *mut c_void) -> *mut c_void {
        // We just return the argument, as it is already a pointer to the rust
        // object created by Box.
        args
    }

    /// Called to handle the `dump` transaction.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// Must be called with a non-null, valid pointer to a local `AIBinder` that
    /// contains a `T` pointer in its user data. fd should be a non-owned file
    /// descriptor, and args must be an array of null-terminated string
    /// poiinters with length num_args.
    unsafe extern "C" fn on_dump(
        binder: *mut sys::AIBinder,
        fd: i32,
        args: *mut *const c_char,
        num_args: u32,
    ) -> status_t {
        if fd < 0 {
            return StatusCode::UNEXPECTED_NULL as status_t;
        }
        // We don't own this file, so we need to be careful not to drop it.
        let file = ManuallyDrop::new(File::from_raw_fd(fd));

        if args.is_null() && num_args != 0 {
            return StatusCode::UNEXPECTED_NULL as status_t;
        }

        let args = if args.is_null() || num_args == 0 {
            vec![]
        } else {
            slice::from_raw_parts(args, num_args as usize)
                .iter()
                .map(|s| CStr::from_ptr(*s))
                .collect()
        };

        let object = sys::AIBinder_getUserData(binder);
        let binder: &T = &*(object as *const T);
        let res = binder.on_dump(&file, &args);

        match res {
            Ok(()) => 0,
            Err(e) => e as status_t,
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Remotable> Drop for Binder<T> {
    // This causes C++ to decrease the strong ref count of the `AIBinder`
    // object. We specifically do not drop the `rust_object` here. When C++
    // actually destroys the object, it calls `on_destroy` and we can drop the
    // `rust_object` then.
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            // Safety: When `self` is dropped, we can no longer access the
            // reference, so can decrement the reference count. `self.ibinder`
            // is always a valid `AIBinder` pointer, so is valid to pass to
            // `AIBinder_decStrong`.
            sys::AIBinder_decStrong(self.ibinder);
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Remotable> Deref for Binder<T> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        unsafe {
            // Safety: While `self` is alive, the reference count of the
            // underlying object is > 0 and therefore `on_destroy` cannot be
            // called. Therefore while `self` is alive, we know that
            // `rust_object` is still a valid pointer to a heap allocated object
            // of type `T`.
            &*self.rust_object
        }
    }
}

impl<B: Remotable> Serialize for Binder<B> {
    fn serialize(&self, parcel: &mut BorrowedParcel<'_>) -> Result<()> {
        parcel.write_binder(Some(&self.as_binder()))
    }
}

// This implementation is an idiomatic implementation of the C++
// `IBinder::localBinder` interface if the binder object is a Rust binder
// service.
impl<B: Remotable> TryFrom<SpIBinder> for Binder<B> {
    type Error = StatusCode;

    fn try_from(mut ibinder: SpIBinder) -> Result<Self> {
        let class = B::get_class();
        if Some(class) != ibinder.get_class() {
            return Err(StatusCode::BAD_TYPE);
        }
        let userdata = unsafe {
            // Safety: `SpIBinder` always holds a valid pointer pointer to an
            // `AIBinder`, which we can safely pass to
            // `AIBinder_getUserData`. `ibinder` retains ownership of the
            // returned pointer.
            sys::AIBinder_getUserData(ibinder.as_native_mut())
        };
        if userdata.is_null() {
            return Err(StatusCode::UNEXPECTED_NULL);
        }
        // We are transferring the ownership of the AIBinder into the new Binder
        // object.
        let mut ibinder = ManuallyDrop::new(ibinder);
        Ok(Binder { ibinder: ibinder.as_native_mut(), rust_object: userdata as *mut B })
    }
}

/// # Safety
///
/// The constructor for `Binder` guarantees that `self.ibinder` will contain a
/// valid, non-null pointer to an `AIBinder`, so this implementation is type
/// safe. `self.ibinder` will remain valid for the entire lifetime of `self`
/// because we hold a strong reference to the `AIBinder` until `self` is
/// dropped.
unsafe impl<B: Remotable> AsNative<sys::AIBinder> for Binder<B> {
    fn as_native(&self) -> *const sys::AIBinder {
        self.ibinder
    }

    fn as_native_mut(&mut self) -> *mut sys::AIBinder {
        self.ibinder
    }
}

/// Register a new service with the default service manager.
///
/// Registers the given binder object with the given identifier. If successful,
/// this service can then be retrieved using that identifier.
///
/// This function will panic if the identifier contains a 0 byte (NUL).
pub fn add_service(identifier: &str, mut binder: SpIBinder) -> Result<()> {
    let instance = CString::new(identifier).unwrap();
    let status = unsafe {
        // Safety: `AServiceManager_addService` expects valid `AIBinder` and C
        // string pointers. Caller retains ownership of both
        // pointers. `AServiceManager_addService` creates a new strong reference
        // and copies the string, so both pointers need only be valid until the
        // call returns.
        sys::AServiceManager_addService(binder.as_native_mut(), instance.as_ptr())
    };
    status_result(status)
}

/// Register a dynamic service via the LazyServiceRegistrar.
///
/// Registers the given binder object with the given identifier. If successful,
/// this service can then be retrieved using that identifier. The service process
/// will be shut down once all registered services are no longer in use.
///
/// If any service in the process is registered as lazy, all should be, otherwise
/// the process may be shut down while a service is in use.
///
/// This function will panic if the identifier contains a 0 byte (NUL).
pub fn register_lazy_service(identifier: &str, mut binder: SpIBinder) -> Result<()> {
    let instance = CString::new(identifier).unwrap();
    let status = unsafe {
        // Safety: `AServiceManager_registerLazyService` expects valid `AIBinder` and C
        // string pointers. Caller retains ownership of both
        // pointers. `AServiceManager_registerLazyService` creates a new strong reference
        // and copies the string, so both pointers need only be valid until the
        // call returns.

        sys::AServiceManager_registerLazyService(binder.as_native_mut(), instance.as_ptr())
    };
    status_result(status)
}

/// Prevent a process which registers lazy services from being shut down even when none
/// of the services is in use.
///
/// If persist is true then shut down will be blocked until this function is called again with
/// persist false. If this is to be the initial state, call this function before calling
/// register_lazy_service.
///
/// Consider using [`LazyServiceGuard`] rather than calling this directly.
pub fn force_lazy_services_persist(persist: bool) {
    unsafe {
        // Safety: No borrowing or transfer of ownership occurs here.
        sys::AServiceManager_forceLazyServicesPersist(persist)
    }
}

/// An RAII object to ensure a process which registers lazy services is not killed. During the
/// lifetime of any of these objects the service manager will not not kill the process even if none
/// of its lazy services are in use.
#[must_use]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct LazyServiceGuard {
    // Prevent construction outside this module.
    _private: (),
}

// Count of how many LazyServiceGuard objects are in existence.
static GUARD_COUNT: Mutex<u64> = Mutex::new(0);

impl LazyServiceGuard {
    /// Create a new LazyServiceGuard to prevent the service manager prematurely killing this
    /// process.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        let mut count = GUARD_COUNT.lock().unwrap();
        *count += 1;
        if *count == 1 {
            // It's important that we make this call with the mutex held, to make sure
            // that multiple calls (e.g. if the count goes 1 -> 0 -> 1) are correctly
            // sequenced. (That also means we can't just use an AtomicU64.)
            force_lazy_services_persist(true);
        }
        Self { _private: () }
    }
}

impl Drop for LazyServiceGuard {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let mut count = GUARD_COUNT.lock().unwrap();
        *count -= 1;
        if *count == 0 {
            force_lazy_services_persist(false);
        }
    }
}

impl Clone for LazyServiceGuard {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Default for LazyServiceGuard {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

/// Tests often create a base BBinder instance; so allowing the unit
/// type to be remotable translates nicely to Binder::new(()).
impl Remotable for () {
    fn get_descriptor() -> &'static str {
        ""
    }

    fn on_transact(
        &self,
        _code: TransactionCode,
        _data: &BorrowedParcel<'_>,
        _reply: &mut BorrowedParcel<'_>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn on_dump(&self, _file: &File, _args: &[&CStr]) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    binder_fn_get_class!(Binder::<Self>);
}

impl Interface for () {}

/// Determine whether the current thread is currently executing an incoming
/// transaction.
pub fn is_handling_transaction() -> bool {
    unsafe {
        // Safety: This method is always safe to call.
        sys::AIBinder_isHandlingTransaction()
    }
}