bevy_gltf/loader/

mod.rs

pub mod extensions;
mod gltf_ext;

use alloc::sync::Arc;
use async_lock::RwLock;
#[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
use bevy_animation::{prelude::*, AnimatedBy, AnimationTargetId};
use bevy_asset::{
    io::Reader, AssetLoadError, AssetLoader, AssetPath, Handle, LoadContext, ParseAssetPathError,
    ReadAssetBytesError, RenderAssetUsages,
};
use bevy_camera::{
    primitives::Aabb, visibility::Visibility, Camera, Camera3d, OrthographicProjection,
    PerspectiveProjection, Projection, ScalingMode,
};
use bevy_color::{Color, LinearRgba};
use bevy_ecs::{
    entity::{Entity, EntityHashMap},
    hierarchy::ChildSpawner,
    name::Name,
    world::World,
};
use bevy_image::{
    CompressedImageFormats, Image, ImageLoaderSettings, ImageSampler, ImageSamplerDescriptor,
    ImageType, TextureError,
};
use bevy_light::{DirectionalLight, PointLight, SpotLight};
use bevy_math::{Mat4, Vec3};
use bevy_mesh::{
    morph::{MeshMorphWeights, MorphAttributes, MorphTargetImage, MorphWeights},
    skinning::{SkinnedMesh, SkinnedMeshInverseBindposes},
    Indices, Mesh, Mesh3d, MeshVertexAttribute, PrimitiveTopology,
};
#[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
use bevy_pbr::UvChannel;
use bevy_pbr::{MeshMaterial3d, StandardMaterial, MAX_JOINTS};
use bevy_platform::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use bevy_reflect::TypePath;
use bevy_render::render_resource::Face;
use bevy_scene::Scene;
#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
use bevy_tasks::IoTaskPool;
use bevy_transform::components::Transform;
use gltf::{
    accessor::Iter,
    image::Source,
    mesh::{util::ReadIndices, Mode},
    Material, Node, Semantic,
};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
#[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use std::{io::Error, sync::Mutex};
use thiserror::Error;
use tracing::{error, info_span, warn};

use crate::{
    convert_coordinates::ConvertCoordinates as _, vertex_attributes::convert_attribute, Gltf,
    GltfAssetLabel, GltfExtras, GltfMaterialExtras, GltfMaterialName, GltfMeshExtras, GltfMeshName,
    GltfNode, GltfSceneExtras, GltfSkin,
};

#[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
use self::gltf_ext::scene::collect_path;
use self::{
    extensions::{AnisotropyExtension, ClearcoatExtension, SpecularExtension},
    gltf_ext::{
        check_for_cycles, get_linear_textures,
        material::{
            alpha_mode, material_label, needs_tangents, uv_channel,
            warn_on_differing_texture_transforms,
        },
        mesh::{primitive_name, primitive_topology},
        scene::{node_name, node_transform},
        texture::{texture_sampler, texture_transform_to_affine2},
    },
};
use crate::convert_coordinates::GltfConvertCoordinates;

/// An error that occurs when loading a glTF file.
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum GltfError {
    /// Unsupported primitive mode.
    #[error("unsupported primitive mode")]
    UnsupportedPrimitive {
        /// The primitive mode.
        mode: Mode,
    },
    /// Invalid glTF file.
    #[error("invalid glTF file: {0}")]
    Gltf(#[from] gltf::Error),
    /// Binary blob is missing.
    #[error("binary blob is missing")]
    MissingBlob,
    /// Decoding the base64 mesh data failed.
    #[error("failed to decode base64 mesh data")]
    Base64Decode(#[from] base64::DecodeError),
    /// Unsupported buffer format.
    #[error("unsupported buffer format")]
    BufferFormatUnsupported,
    /// The buffer URI was unable to be resolved with respect to the asset path.
    #[error("invalid buffer uri: {0}. asset path error={1}")]
    InvalidBufferUri(String, ParseAssetPathError),
    /// Invalid image mime type.
    #[error("invalid image mime type: {0}")]
    #[from(ignore)]
    InvalidImageMimeType(String),
    /// Error when loading a texture. Might be due to a disabled image file format feature.
    #[error("You may need to add the feature for the file format: {0}")]
    ImageError(#[from] TextureError),
    /// The image URI was unable to be resolved with respect to the asset path.
    #[error("invalid image uri: {0}. asset path error={1}")]
    InvalidImageUri(String, ParseAssetPathError),
    /// Failed to read bytes from an asset path.
    #[error("failed to read bytes from an asset path: {0}")]
    ReadAssetBytesError(#[from] ReadAssetBytesError),
    /// Failed to load asset from an asset path.
    #[error("failed to load asset from an asset path: {0}")]
    AssetLoadError(#[from] AssetLoadError),
    /// Missing sampler for an animation.
    #[error("Missing sampler for animation {0}")]
    #[from(ignore)]
    MissingAnimationSampler(usize),
    /// Failed to generate tangents.
    #[error("failed to generate tangents: {0}")]
    GenerateTangentsError(#[from] bevy_mesh::GenerateTangentsError),
    /// Failed to generate morph targets.
    #[error("failed to generate morph targets: {0}")]
    MorphTarget(#[from] bevy_mesh::morph::MorphBuildError),
    /// Circular children in Nodes
    #[error("GLTF model must be a tree, found cycle instead at node indices: {0:?}")]
    #[from(ignore)]
    CircularChildren(String),
    /// Failed to load a file.
    #[error("failed to load file: {0}")]
    Io(#[from] Error),
}

/// Loads glTF files with all of their data as their corresponding bevy representations.
#[derive(TypePath)]
pub struct GltfLoader {
    /// List of compressed image formats handled by the loader.
    pub supported_compressed_formats: CompressedImageFormats,
    /// Custom vertex attributes that will be recognized when loading a glTF file.
    ///
    /// Keys must be the attribute names as found in the glTF data, which must start with an underscore.
    /// See [this section of the glTF specification](https://registry.khronos.org/glTF/specs/2.0/glTF-2.0.html#meshes-overview)
    /// for additional details on custom attributes.
    pub custom_vertex_attributes: HashMap<Box<str>, MeshVertexAttribute>,
    /// Arc to default [`ImageSamplerDescriptor`].
    pub default_sampler: Arc<Mutex<ImageSamplerDescriptor>>,
    /// The default glTF coordinate conversion setting. This can be overridden
    /// per-load by [`GltfLoaderSettings::convert_coordinates`].
    pub default_convert_coordinates: GltfConvertCoordinates,
    /// glTF extension data processors.
    /// These are Bevy-side processors designed to access glTF
    /// extension data during the loading process.
    pub extensions: Arc<RwLock<Vec<Box<dyn extensions::GltfExtensionHandler>>>>,
}

/// Specifies optional settings for processing gltfs at load time. By default, all recognized contents of
/// the gltf will be loaded.
///
/// # Example
///
/// To load a gltf but exclude the cameras, replace a call to `asset_server.load("my.gltf")` with
/// ```no_run
/// # use bevy_asset::{AssetServer, Handle};
/// # use bevy_gltf::*;
/// # let asset_server: AssetServer = panic!();
/// let gltf_handle: Handle<Gltf> = asset_server.load_with_settings(
///     "my.gltf",
///     |s: &mut GltfLoaderSettings| {
///         s.load_cameras = false;
///     }
/// );
/// ```
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct GltfLoaderSettings {
    /// If empty, the gltf mesh nodes will be skipped.
    ///
    /// Otherwise, nodes will be loaded and retained in RAM/VRAM according to the active flags.
    pub load_meshes: RenderAssetUsages,
    /// If empty, the gltf materials will be skipped.
    ///
    /// Otherwise, materials will be loaded and retained in RAM/VRAM according to the active flags.
    pub load_materials: RenderAssetUsages,
    /// If true, the loader will spawn cameras for gltf camera nodes.
    pub load_cameras: bool,
    /// If true, the loader will spawn lights for gltf light nodes.
    pub load_lights: bool,
    /// If true, the loader will load `AnimationClip` assets, and also add
    /// `AnimationTarget` and `AnimationPlayer` components to hierarchies
    /// affected by animation. Requires the `bevy_animation` feature.
    pub load_animations: bool,
    /// If true, the loader will include the root of the gltf root node.
    pub include_source: bool,
    /// Overrides the default sampler. Data from sampler node is added on top of that.
    ///
    /// If None, uses the global default which is stored in the [`DefaultGltfImageSampler`](crate::DefaultGltfImageSampler) resource.
    pub default_sampler: Option<ImageSamplerDescriptor>,
    /// If true, the loader will ignore sampler data from gltf and use the default sampler.
    pub override_sampler: bool,
    /// Overrides the default glTF coordinate conversion setting.
    ///
    /// If `None`, uses the global default set by [`GltfPlugin::convert_coordinates`](crate::GltfPlugin::convert_coordinates).
    pub convert_coordinates: Option<GltfConvertCoordinates>,
}

impl Default for GltfLoaderSettings {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            load_meshes: RenderAssetUsages::default(),
            load_materials: RenderAssetUsages::default(),
            load_cameras: true,
            load_lights: true,
            load_animations: true,
            include_source: false,
            default_sampler: None,
            override_sampler: false,
            convert_coordinates: None,
        }
    }
}

impl GltfLoader {
    /// Loads an entire glTF file.
    pub async fn load_gltf<'a, 'b, 'c>(
        loader: &GltfLoader,
        bytes: &'a [u8],
        load_context: &'b mut LoadContext<'c>,
        settings: &'b GltfLoaderSettings,
    ) -> Result<Gltf, GltfError> {
        let gltf = gltf::Gltf::from_slice(bytes)?;

        // clone extensions to start with a fresh processing state
        let mut extensions = loader.extensions.read().await.clone();

        // Extensions can have data on the "root" of the glTF data.
        // Let extensions process the root data for the extension ids
        // they've subscribed to.
        for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
            extension.on_root(&gltf);
        }

        let file_name = load_context
            .path()
            .path()
            .to_str()
            .ok_or(GltfError::Gltf(gltf::Error::Io(Error::new(
                std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                "Gltf file name invalid",
            ))))?
            .to_string();
        let buffer_data = load_buffers(&gltf, load_context).await?;

        let linear_textures = get_linear_textures(&gltf.document);

        #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
        let paths = if settings.load_animations {
            let mut paths = HashMap::<usize, (usize, Vec<Name>)>::default();
            for scene in gltf.scenes() {
                for node in scene.nodes() {
                    let root_index = node.index();
                    collect_path(&node, &[], &mut paths, root_index, &mut HashSet::default());
                }
            }
            paths
        } else {
            Default::default()
        };

        let convert_coordinates = match settings.convert_coordinates {
            Some(convert_coordinates) => convert_coordinates,
            None => loader.default_convert_coordinates,
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
        let (animations, named_animations, animation_roots) = if settings.load_animations {
            use bevy_animation::{
                animated_field, animation_curves::*, gltf_curves::*, VariableCurve,
            };
            use bevy_math::{
                curve::{ConstantCurve, Interval, UnevenSampleAutoCurve},
                Quat, Vec4,
            };
            use gltf::animation::util::ReadOutputs;
            let mut animations = vec![];
            let mut named_animations = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
            let mut animation_roots = <HashSet<_>>::default();
            for animation in gltf.animations() {
                let mut animation_clip = AnimationClip::default();
                for channel in animation.channels() {
                    let node = channel.target().node();
                    let interpolation = channel.sampler().interpolation();
                    let reader = channel.reader(|buffer| Some(&buffer_data[buffer.index()]));
                    let keyframe_timestamps: Vec<f32> = if let Some(inputs) = reader.read_inputs() {
                        match inputs {
                            Iter::Standard(times) => times.collect(),
                            Iter::Sparse(_) => {
                                warn!("Sparse accessor not supported for animation sampler input");
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        warn!("Animations without a sampler input are not supported");
                        return Err(GltfError::MissingAnimationSampler(animation.index()));
                    };

                    if keyframe_timestamps.is_empty() {
                        warn!("Tried to load animation with no keyframe timestamps");
                        continue;
                    }

                    let maybe_curve: Option<VariableCurve> = if let Some(outputs) =
                        reader.read_outputs()
                    {
                        match outputs {
                            ReadOutputs::Translations(tr) => {
                                let translation_property = animated_field!(Transform::translation);
                                let translations: Vec<Vec3> = tr.map(Vec3::from).collect();
                                if keyframe_timestamps.len() == 1 {
                                    Some(VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                        translation_property,
                                        ConstantCurve::new(Interval::EVERYWHERE, translations[0]),
                                    )))
                                } else {
                                    match interpolation {
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Linear => {
                                            UnevenSampleAutoCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps.into_iter().zip(translations),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        translation_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Step => {
                                            SteppedKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps.into_iter().zip(translations),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        translation_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::CubicSpline => {
                                            CubicKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps,
                                                translations,
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        translation_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            ReadOutputs::Rotations(rots) => {
                                let rotation_property = animated_field!(Transform::rotation);
                                let rotations: Vec<Quat> =
                                    rots.into_f32().map(Quat::from_array).collect();
                                if keyframe_timestamps.len() == 1 {
                                    Some(VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                        rotation_property,
                                        ConstantCurve::new(Interval::EVERYWHERE, rotations[0]),
                                    )))
                                } else {
                                    match interpolation {
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Linear => {
                                            UnevenSampleAutoCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps.into_iter().zip(rotations),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        rotation_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Step => {
                                            SteppedKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps.into_iter().zip(rotations),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        rotation_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::CubicSpline => {
                                            CubicRotationCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps,
                                                rotations.into_iter().map(Vec4::from),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        rotation_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            ReadOutputs::Scales(scale) => {
                                let scale_property = animated_field!(Transform::scale);
                                let scales: Vec<Vec3> = scale.map(Vec3::from).collect();
                                if keyframe_timestamps.len() == 1 {
                                    Some(VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                        scale_property,
                                        ConstantCurve::new(Interval::EVERYWHERE, scales[0]),
                                    )))
                                } else {
                                    match interpolation {
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Linear => {
                                            UnevenSampleAutoCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps.into_iter().zip(scales),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        scale_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Step => {
                                            SteppedKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps.into_iter().zip(scales),
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(
                                                |curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        scale_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                },
                                            )
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::CubicSpline => {
                                            CubicKeyframeCurve::new(keyframe_timestamps, scales)
                                                .ok()
                                                .map(|curve| {
                                                    VariableCurve::new(AnimatableCurve::new(
                                                        scale_property,
                                                        curve,
                                                    ))
                                                })
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            ReadOutputs::MorphTargetWeights(weights) => {
                                let weights: Vec<f32> = weights.into_f32().collect();
                                if keyframe_timestamps.len() == 1 {
                                    #[expect(
                                        clippy::unnecessary_map_on_constructor,
                                        reason = "While the mapping is unnecessary, it is much more readable at this level of indentation. Additionally, mapping makes it more consistent with the other branches."
                                    )]
                                    Some(ConstantCurve::new(Interval::EVERYWHERE, weights))
                                        .map(WeightsCurve)
                                        .map(VariableCurve::new)
                                } else {
                                    match interpolation {
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Linear => {
                                            WideLinearKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps,
                                                weights,
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(WeightsCurve)
                                            .map(VariableCurve::new)
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::Step => {
                                            WideSteppedKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps,
                                                weights,
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(WeightsCurve)
                                            .map(VariableCurve::new)
                                        }
                                        gltf::animation::Interpolation::CubicSpline => {
                                            WideCubicKeyframeCurve::new(
                                                keyframe_timestamps,
                                                weights,
                                            )
                                            .ok()
                                            .map(WeightsCurve)
                                            .map(VariableCurve::new)
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        warn!("Animations without a sampler output are not supported");
                        return Err(GltfError::MissingAnimationSampler(animation.index()));
                    };

                    let Some(curve) = maybe_curve else {
                        warn!(
                            "Invalid keyframe data for node {}; curve could not be constructed",
                            node.index()
                        );
                        continue;
                    };

                    if let Some((root_index, path)) = paths.get(&node.index()) {
                        animation_roots.insert(*root_index);
                        animation_clip.add_variable_curve_to_target(
                            AnimationTargetId::from_names(path.iter()),
                            curve,
                        );
                    } else {
                        warn!(
                        "Animation ignored for node {}: part of its hierarchy is missing a name",
                        node.index()
                    );
                    }
                }
                let handle = load_context.add_labeled_asset(
                    GltfAssetLabel::Animation(animation.index()).to_string(),
                    animation_clip,
                );
                if let Some(name) = animation.name() {
                    named_animations.insert(name.into(), handle.clone());
                }

                // let extensions handle extension data placed on animations
                for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                    extension.on_animation(&animation, handle.clone());
                }

                animations.push(handle);
            }

            // let extensions process the collection of animation data
            // this only happens once for each GltfExtensionHandler because
            // it is a hook for Bevy's finalized representation of the animations
            for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                extension.on_animations_collected(
                    load_context,
                    &animations,
                    &named_animations,
                    &animation_roots,
                );
            }

            (animations, named_animations, animation_roots)
        } else {
            Default::default()
        };

        let default_sampler = match settings.default_sampler.as_ref() {
            Some(sampler) => sampler,
            None => &loader.default_sampler.lock().unwrap().clone(),
        };
        // We collect handles to ensure loaded images from paths are not unloaded before they are used elsewhere
        // in the loader. This prevents "reloads", but it also prevents dropping the is_srgb context on reload.
        //
        // In theory we could store a mapping between texture.index() and handle to use
        // later in the loader when looking up handles for materials. However this would mean
        // that the material's load context would no longer track those images as dependencies.
        let mut texture_handles = Vec::new();
        if gltf.textures().len() == 1 || cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
            for texture in gltf.textures() {
                let image = load_image(
                    texture.clone(),
                    &buffer_data,
                    &linear_textures,
                    load_context.path(),
                    loader.supported_compressed_formats,
                    default_sampler,
                    settings,
                )
                .await?;
                image.process_loaded_texture(load_context, &mut texture_handles);
                // let extensions handle texture data
                for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                    extension.on_texture(&texture, texture_handles.last().unwrap().clone());
                }
            }
        } else {
            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
            IoTaskPool::get()
                .scope(|scope| {
                    gltf.textures().for_each(|gltf_texture| {
                        let asset_path = load_context.path().clone();
                        let linear_textures = &linear_textures;
                        let buffer_data = &buffer_data;
                        scope.spawn(async move {
                            load_image(
                                gltf_texture,
                                buffer_data,
                                linear_textures,
                                &asset_path,
                                loader.supported_compressed_formats,
                                default_sampler,
                                settings,
                            )
                            .await
                        });
                    });
                })
                .into_iter()
                // order is preserved if the futures are only spawned from the root scope
                .zip(gltf.textures())
                .for_each(|(result, texture)| match result {
                    Ok(image) => {
                        image.process_loaded_texture(load_context, &mut texture_handles);
                        // let extensions handle texture data
                        for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                            extension.on_texture(&texture, texture_handles.last().unwrap().clone());
                        }
                    }
                    Err(err) => {
                        warn!("Error loading glTF texture: {}", err);
                    }
                });
        }

        let mut materials = vec![];
        let mut named_materials = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
        // Only include materials in the output if they're set to be retained in the MAIN_WORLD and/or RENDER_WORLD by the load_materials flag
        if !settings.load_materials.is_empty() {
            // NOTE: materials must be loaded after textures because image load() calls will happen before load_with_settings, preventing is_srgb from being set properly
            for material in gltf.materials() {
                let handle = {
                    let (label, material) = load_material(
                        &material,
                        &texture_handles,
                        false,
                        load_context.path().clone(),
                    );
                    load_context.add_labeled_asset(label, material)
                };
                if let Some(name) = material.name() {
                    named_materials.insert(name.into(), handle.clone());
                }

                // let extensions handle material data
                for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                    extension.on_material(load_context, &material, handle.clone());
                }

                materials.push(handle);
            }
        }
        let mut meshes = vec![];
        let mut named_meshes = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
        let mut meshes_on_skinned_nodes = <HashSet<_>>::default();
        let mut meshes_on_non_skinned_nodes = <HashSet<_>>::default();
        for gltf_node in gltf.nodes() {
            if gltf_node.skin().is_some() {
                if let Some(mesh) = gltf_node.mesh() {
                    meshes_on_skinned_nodes.insert(mesh.index());
                }
            } else if let Some(mesh) = gltf_node.mesh() {
                meshes_on_non_skinned_nodes.insert(mesh.index());
            }
        }
        for gltf_mesh in gltf.meshes() {
            let mut primitives = vec![];
            for primitive in gltf_mesh.primitives() {
                let primitive_label = GltfAssetLabel::Primitive {
                    mesh: gltf_mesh.index(),
                    primitive: primitive.index(),
                };
                let primitive_topology = primitive_topology(primitive.mode())?;

                let mut mesh = Mesh::new(primitive_topology, settings.load_meshes);

                // Read vertex attributes
                for (semantic, accessor) in primitive.attributes() {
                    if [Semantic::Joints(0), Semantic::Weights(0)].contains(&semantic) {
                        if !meshes_on_skinned_nodes.contains(&gltf_mesh.index()) {
                            warn!(
                        "Ignoring attribute {:?} for skinned mesh {} used on non skinned nodes (NODE_SKINNED_MESH_WITHOUT_SKIN)",
                        semantic,
                        primitive_label
                    );
                            continue;
                        } else if meshes_on_non_skinned_nodes.contains(&gltf_mesh.index()) {
                            error!("Skinned mesh {} used on both skinned and non skin nodes, this is likely to cause an error (NODE_SKINNED_MESH_WITHOUT_SKIN)", primitive_label);
                        }
                    }
                    match convert_attribute(
                        semantic,
                        accessor,
                        &buffer_data,
                        &loader.custom_vertex_attributes,
                        convert_coordinates.rotate_meshes,
                    ) {
                        Ok((attribute, values)) => mesh.insert_attribute(attribute, values),
                        Err(err) => warn!("{}", err),
                    }
                }

                // Read vertex indices
                let reader =
                    primitive.reader(|buffer| Some(buffer_data[buffer.index()].as_slice()));
                if let Some(indices) = reader.read_indices() {
                    mesh.insert_indices(match indices {
                        ReadIndices::U8(is) => Indices::U16(is.map(|x| x as u16).collect()),
                        ReadIndices::U16(is) => Indices::U16(is.collect()),
                        ReadIndices::U32(is) => Indices::U32(is.collect()),
                    });
                };

                {
                    let morph_target_reader = reader.read_morph_targets();
                    if morph_target_reader.len() != 0 {
                        let morph_targets_label = GltfAssetLabel::MorphTarget {
                            mesh: gltf_mesh.index(),
                            primitive: primitive.index(),
                        };
                        let morph_target_image = MorphTargetImage::new(
                            morph_target_reader.map(|i| PrimitiveMorphAttributesIter {
                                convert_coordinates: convert_coordinates.rotate_meshes,
                                positions: i.0,
                                normals: i.1,
                                tangents: i.2,
                            }),
                            mesh.count_vertices(),
                            RenderAssetUsages::default(),
                        )?;
                        let handle = load_context.add_labeled_asset(
                            morph_targets_label.to_string(),
                            morph_target_image.0,
                        );

                        mesh.set_morph_targets(handle);
                        let extras = gltf_mesh.extras().as_ref();
                        if let Some(names) = extras.and_then(|extras| {
                            serde_json::from_str::<MorphTargetNames>(extras.get()).ok()
                        }) {
                            mesh.set_morph_target_names(names.target_names);
                        }
                    }
                }

                if mesh.attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL).is_none()
                    && matches!(mesh.primitive_topology(), PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList)
                {
                    tracing::debug!(
                        "Automatically calculating missing vertex normals for geometry."
                    );
                    let vertex_count_before = mesh.count_vertices();
                    mesh.duplicate_vertices();
                    mesh.compute_flat_normals();
                    let vertex_count_after = mesh.count_vertices();
                    if vertex_count_before != vertex_count_after {
                        tracing::debug!("Missing vertex normals in indexed geometry, computing them as flat. Vertex count increased from {} to {}", vertex_count_before, vertex_count_after);
                    } else {
                        tracing::debug!(
                            "Missing vertex normals in indexed geometry, computing them as flat."
                        );
                    }
                }

                if !mesh.contains_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_TANGENT)
                    && mesh.contains_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL)
                    && needs_tangents(&primitive.material())
                {
                    tracing::debug!(
                        "Missing vertex tangents for {}, computing them using the mikktspace algorithm. Consider using a tool such as Blender to pre-compute the tangents.", file_name
                    );

                    let generate_tangents_span = info_span!("generate_tangents", name = file_name);

                    generate_tangents_span.in_scope(|| {
                        if let Err(err) = mesh.generate_tangents() {
                            warn!(
                                "Failed to generate vertex tangents using the mikktspace algorithm: {}",
                                err
                            );
                        }
                    });
                }

                let mesh_handle = load_context.add_labeled_asset(primitive_label.to_string(), mesh);
                primitives.push(super::GltfPrimitive::new(
                    &gltf_mesh,
                    &primitive,
                    mesh_handle,
                    primitive
                        .material()
                        .index()
                        .and_then(|i| materials.get(i).cloned()),
                    primitive.extras().as_deref().map(GltfExtras::from),
                    primitive
                        .material()
                        .extras()
                        .as_deref()
                        .map(GltfExtras::from),
                ));
            }

            let mesh = super::GltfMesh::new(
                &gltf_mesh,
                primitives,
                gltf_mesh.extras().as_deref().map(GltfExtras::from),
            );

            let handle = load_context.add_labeled_asset(mesh.asset_label().to_string(), mesh);
            if let Some(name) = gltf_mesh.name() {
                named_meshes.insert(name.into(), handle.clone());
            }
            for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                extension.on_gltf_mesh(load_context, &gltf_mesh, handle.clone());
            }

            meshes.push(handle);
        }

        let skinned_mesh_inverse_bindposes: Vec<_> = gltf
            .skins()
            .map(|gltf_skin| {
                let reader = gltf_skin.reader(|buffer| Some(&buffer_data[buffer.index()]));
                let local_to_bone_bind_matrices: Vec<Mat4> = reader
                    .read_inverse_bind_matrices()
                    .map(|mats| {
                        mats.map(|mat| {
                            Mat4::from_cols_array_2d(&mat)
                                * convert_coordinates.mesh_conversion_mat4()
                        })
                        .collect()
                    })
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                        core::iter::repeat_n(Mat4::IDENTITY, gltf_skin.joints().len()).collect()
                    });

                load_context.add_labeled_asset(
                    GltfAssetLabel::InverseBindMatrices(gltf_skin.index()).to_string(),
                    SkinnedMeshInverseBindposes::from(local_to_bone_bind_matrices),
                )
            })
            .collect();

        let mut nodes = HashMap::<usize, Handle<GltfNode>>::default();
        let mut named_nodes = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
        let mut skins = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
        let mut named_skins = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();

        // First, create the node handles.
        for node in gltf.nodes() {
            let label = GltfAssetLabel::Node(node.index());
            let label_handle = load_context.get_label_handle(label.to_string());
            nodes.insert(node.index(), label_handle);
        }

        // Then check for cycles.
        check_for_cycles(&gltf)?;

        // Now populate the nodes.
        for node in gltf.nodes() {
            let skin = node.skin().map(|skin| {
                skins
                    .entry(skin.index())
                    .or_insert_with(|| {
                        let joints: Vec<_> = skin
                            .joints()
                            .map(|joint| nodes.get(&joint.index()).unwrap().clone())
                            .collect();

                        if joints.len() > MAX_JOINTS {
                            warn!(
                                "The glTF skin {} has {} joints, but the maximum supported is {}",
                                skin.name()
                                    .map(ToString::to_string)
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|| skin.index().to_string()),
                                joints.len(),
                                MAX_JOINTS
                            );
                        }

                        let gltf_skin = GltfSkin::new(
                            &skin,
                            joints,
                            skinned_mesh_inverse_bindposes[skin.index()].clone(),
                            skin.extras().as_deref().map(GltfExtras::from),
                        );

                        let handle = load_context
                            .add_labeled_asset(gltf_skin.asset_label().to_string(), gltf_skin);

                        if let Some(name) = skin.name() {
                            named_skins.insert(name.into(), handle.clone());
                        }

                        handle
                    })
                    .clone()
            });

            let children = node
                .children()
                .map(|child| nodes.get(&child.index()).unwrap().clone())
                .collect();

            let mesh = node
                .mesh()
                .map(|mesh| mesh.index())
                .and_then(|i| meshes.get(i).cloned());

            let gltf_node = GltfNode::new(
                &node,
                children,
                mesh,
                node_transform(&node),
                skin,
                node.extras().as_deref().map(GltfExtras::from),
            );

            #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
            let gltf_node = gltf_node.with_animation_root(animation_roots.contains(&node.index()));

            let handle =
                load_context.add_labeled_asset(gltf_node.asset_label().to_string(), gltf_node);
            nodes.insert(node.index(), handle.clone());
            if let Some(name) = node.name() {
                named_nodes.insert(name.into(), handle);
            }
        }

        let mut nodes_to_sort = nodes.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        nodes_to_sort.sort_by_key(|(i, _)| *i);
        let nodes = nodes_to_sort
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(_, resolved)| resolved)
            .collect();

        let mut scenes = vec![];
        let mut named_scenes = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
        let mut active_camera_found = false;
        for scene in gltf.scenes() {
            let mut err = None;
            let mut world = World::default();
            let mut node_index_to_entity_map = <HashMap<_, _>>::default();
            let mut entity_to_skin_index_map = EntityHashMap::default();
            let mut scene_load_context = load_context.begin_labeled_asset();

            let world_root_transform = convert_coordinates.scene_conversion_transform();

            let world_root_id = world
                .spawn((world_root_transform, Visibility::default()))
                .with_children(|parent| {
                    for node in scene.nodes() {
                        let result = load_node(
                            &node,
                            parent,
                            load_context,
                            &mut scene_load_context,
                            settings,
                            &mut node_index_to_entity_map,
                            &mut entity_to_skin_index_map,
                            &mut active_camera_found,
                            &Transform::default(),
                            #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
                            &animation_roots,
                            #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
                            None,
                            &texture_handles,
                            &convert_coordinates,
                            &mut extensions,
                        );
                        if result.is_err() {
                            err = Some(result);
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                })
                .id();

            if let Some(extras) = scene.extras().as_ref() {
                world.entity_mut(world_root_id).insert(GltfSceneExtras {
                    value: extras.get().to_string(),
                });
            }

            if let Some(Err(err)) = err {
                return Err(err);
            }

            #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
            {
                // for each node root in a scene, check if it's the root of an animation
                // if it is, add the AnimationPlayer component
                for node in scene.nodes() {
                    if animation_roots.contains(&node.index()) {
                        world
                            .entity_mut(*node_index_to_entity_map.get(&node.index()).unwrap())
                            .insert(AnimationPlayer::default());
                    }
                }
            }

            for (&entity, &skin_index) in &entity_to_skin_index_map {
                let mut entity = world.entity_mut(entity);
                let skin = gltf.skins().nth(skin_index).unwrap();
                let joint_entities: Vec<_> = skin
                    .joints()
                    .map(|node| node_index_to_entity_map[&node.index()])
                    .collect();

                entity.insert(SkinnedMesh {
                    inverse_bindposes: skinned_mesh_inverse_bindposes[skin_index].clone(),
                    joints: joint_entities,
                });
            }

            // let extensions handle scene extension data
            for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                extension.on_scene_completed(
                    &mut scene_load_context,
                    &scene,
                    world_root_id,
                    &mut world,
                );
            }

            let loaded_scene = scene_load_context.finish(Scene::new(world));
            let scene_handle = load_context.add_loaded_labeled_asset(
                GltfAssetLabel::Scene(scene.index()).to_string(),
                loaded_scene,
            );

            if let Some(name) = scene.name() {
                named_scenes.insert(name.into(), scene_handle.clone());
            }
            scenes.push(scene_handle);
        }

        Ok(Gltf {
            default_scene: gltf
                .default_scene()
                .and_then(|scene| scenes.get(scene.index()))
                .cloned(),
            scenes,
            named_scenes,
            meshes,
            named_meshes,
            skins: skins.into_values().collect(),
            named_skins,
            materials,
            named_materials,
            nodes,
            named_nodes,
            #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
            animations,
            #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
            named_animations,
            source: if settings.include_source {
                Some(gltf)
            } else {
                None
            },
        })
    }
}

impl AssetLoader for GltfLoader {
    type Asset = Gltf;
    type Settings = GltfLoaderSettings;
    type Error = GltfError;
    async fn load(
        &self,
        reader: &mut dyn Reader,
        settings: &GltfLoaderSettings,
        load_context: &mut LoadContext<'_>,
    ) -> Result<Gltf, Self::Error> {
        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
        reader.read_to_end(&mut bytes).await?;

        Self::load_gltf(self, &bytes, load_context, settings).await
    }

    fn extensions(&self) -> &[&str] {
        &["gltf", "glb"]
    }
}

/// Loads a glTF texture as a bevy [`Image`] and returns it together with its label.
async fn load_image<'a, 'b>(
    gltf_texture: gltf::Texture<'a>,
    buffer_data: &[Vec<u8>],
    linear_textures: &HashSet<usize>,
    gltf_path: &'b AssetPath<'b>,
    supported_compressed_formats: CompressedImageFormats,
    default_sampler: &ImageSamplerDescriptor,
    settings: &GltfLoaderSettings,
) -> Result<ImageOrPath, GltfError> {
    let is_srgb = !linear_textures.contains(&gltf_texture.index());
    let sampler_descriptor = if settings.override_sampler {
        default_sampler.clone()
    } else {
        texture_sampler(&gltf_texture, default_sampler)
    };

    match gltf_texture.source().source() {
        Source::View { view, mime_type } => {
            let start = view.offset();
            let end = view.offset() + view.length();
            let buffer = &buffer_data[view.buffer().index()][start..end];
            let image = Image::from_buffer(
                buffer,
                ImageType::MimeType(mime_type),
                supported_compressed_formats,
                is_srgb,
                ImageSampler::Descriptor(sampler_descriptor),
                settings.load_materials,
            )?;
            Ok(ImageOrPath::Image {
                image,
                label: GltfAssetLabel::Texture(gltf_texture.index()),
            })
        }
        Source::Uri { uri, mime_type } => {
            let uri = percent_encoding::percent_decode_str(uri)
                .decode_utf8()
                .unwrap();
            let uri = uri.as_ref();
            if let Ok(data_uri) = DataUri::parse(uri) {
                let bytes = data_uri.decode()?;
                let image_type = ImageType::MimeType(data_uri.mime_type);
                Ok(ImageOrPath::Image {
                    image: Image::from_buffer(
                        &bytes,
                        mime_type.map(ImageType::MimeType).unwrap_or(image_type),
                        supported_compressed_formats,
                        is_srgb,
                        ImageSampler::Descriptor(sampler_descriptor),
                        settings.load_materials,
                    )?,
                    label: GltfAssetLabel::Texture(gltf_texture.index()),
                })
            } else {
                let image_path = gltf_path
                    .resolve_embed(uri)
                    .map_err(|err| GltfError::InvalidImageUri(uri.to_owned(), err))?;
                Ok(ImageOrPath::Path {
                    path: image_path,
                    is_srgb,
                    sampler_descriptor,
                    render_asset_usages: settings.load_materials,
                })
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Loads a glTF material as a bevy [`StandardMaterial`] and returns the label and material.
// Note: this function intentionally **does not** take a `LoadContext` and insert the asset here,
// since we don't use the `LoadContext` otherwise, and this prevents accidentally using the context
// without `labeled_asset_scope`.
fn load_material(
    material: &Material,
    textures: &[Handle<Image>],
    is_scale_inverted: bool,
    asset_path: AssetPath<'_>,
) -> (String, StandardMaterial) {
    let pbr = material.pbr_metallic_roughness();

    // TODO: handle missing label handle errors here?
    let color = pbr.base_color_factor();
    let base_color_channel = pbr
        .base_color_texture()
        .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "base color", info.tex_coord()))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let base_color_texture = pbr.base_color_texture().map(|info| {
        textures
            .get(info.texture().index())
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default()
    });

    let uv_transform = pbr
        .base_color_texture()
        .and_then(|info| info.texture_transform().map(texture_transform_to_affine2))
        .unwrap_or_default();

    let normal_map_channel = material
        .normal_texture()
        .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "normal map", info.tex_coord()))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let normal_map_texture: Option<Handle<Image>> =
        material.normal_texture().map(|normal_texture| {
            // TODO: handle normal_texture.scale
            textures
                .get(normal_texture.texture().index())
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default()
        });

    let metallic_roughness_channel = pbr
        .metallic_roughness_texture()
        .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "metallic/roughness", info.tex_coord()))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let metallic_roughness_texture = pbr.metallic_roughness_texture().map(|info| {
        warn_on_differing_texture_transforms(material, &info, uv_transform, "metallic/roughness");
        textures
            .get(info.texture().index())
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default()
    });

    let occlusion_channel = material
        .occlusion_texture()
        .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "occlusion", info.tex_coord()))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let occlusion_texture = material.occlusion_texture().map(|occlusion_texture| {
        // TODO: handle occlusion_texture.strength() (a scalar multiplier for occlusion strength)
        textures
            .get(occlusion_texture.texture().index())
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default()
    });

    let emissive = material.emissive_factor();
    let emissive_channel = material
        .emissive_texture()
        .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "emissive", info.tex_coord()))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let emissive_texture = material.emissive_texture().map(|info| {
        // TODO: handle occlusion_texture.strength() (a scalar multiplier for occlusion strength)
        warn_on_differing_texture_transforms(material, &info, uv_transform, "emissive");
        textures
            .get(info.texture().index())
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default()
    });

    #[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
    let (specular_transmission, specular_transmission_channel, specular_transmission_texture) =
        material
            .transmission()
            .map_or((0.0, UvChannel::Uv0, None), |transmission| {
                let specular_transmission_channel = transmission
                    .transmission_texture()
                    .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "specular/transmission", info.tex_coord()))
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                let transmission_texture: Option<Handle<Image>> = transmission
                    .transmission_texture()
                    .map(|transmission_texture| {
                        textures
                            .get(transmission_texture.texture().index())
                            .cloned()
                            .unwrap_or_default()
                    });

                (
                    transmission.transmission_factor(),
                    specular_transmission_channel,
                    transmission_texture,
                )
            });

    #[cfg(not(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures"))]
    let specular_transmission = material
        .transmission()
        .map_or(0.0, |transmission| transmission.transmission_factor());

    #[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
    let (thickness, thickness_channel, thickness_texture, attenuation_distance, attenuation_color) =
        material.volume().map_or(
            (0.0, UvChannel::Uv0, None, f32::INFINITY, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]),
            |volume| {
                let thickness_channel = volume
                    .thickness_texture()
                    .map(|info| uv_channel(material, "thickness", info.tex_coord()))
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                let thickness_texture: Option<Handle<Image>> =
                    volume.thickness_texture().map(|thickness_texture| {
                        textures
                            .get(thickness_texture.texture().index())
                            .cloned()
                            .unwrap_or_default()
                    });

                (
                    volume.thickness_factor(),
                    thickness_channel,
                    thickness_texture,
                    volume.attenuation_distance(),
                    volume.attenuation_color(),
                )
            },
        );

    #[cfg(not(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures"))]
    let (thickness, attenuation_distance, attenuation_color) =
        material
            .volume()
            .map_or((0.0, f32::INFINITY, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]), |volume| {
                (
                    volume.thickness_factor(),
                    volume.attenuation_distance(),
                    volume.attenuation_color(),
                )
            });

    let ior = material.ior().unwrap_or(1.5);

    // Parse the `KHR_materials_clearcoat` extension data if necessary.
    let clearcoat =
        ClearcoatExtension::parse(material, textures, asset_path.clone()).unwrap_or_default();

    // Parse the `KHR_materials_anisotropy` extension data if necessary.
    let anisotropy =
        AnisotropyExtension::parse(material, textures, asset_path.clone()).unwrap_or_default();

    // Parse the `KHR_materials_specular` extension data if necessary.
    let specular =
        SpecularExtension::parse(material, textures, asset_path.clone()).unwrap_or_default();

    // We need to operate in the Linear color space and be willing to exceed 1.0 in our channels
    let base_emissive = LinearRgba::rgb(emissive[0], emissive[1], emissive[2]);
    let emissive = base_emissive * material.emissive_strength().unwrap_or(1.0);

    let standard_material = StandardMaterial {
        base_color: Color::linear_rgba(color[0], color[1], color[2], color[3]),
        base_color_channel,
        base_color_texture,
        perceptual_roughness: pbr.roughness_factor(),
        metallic: pbr.metallic_factor(),
        metallic_roughness_channel,
        metallic_roughness_texture,
        normal_map_channel,
        normal_map_texture,
        double_sided: material.double_sided(),
        cull_mode: if material.double_sided() {
            None
        } else if is_scale_inverted {
            Some(Face::Front)
        } else {
            Some(Face::Back)
        },
        occlusion_channel,
        occlusion_texture,
        emissive,
        emissive_channel,
        emissive_texture,
        specular_transmission,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
        specular_transmission_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
        specular_transmission_texture,
        thickness,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
        thickness_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_transmission_textures")]
        thickness_texture,
        ior,
        attenuation_distance,
        attenuation_color: Color::linear_rgb(
            attenuation_color[0],
            attenuation_color[1],
            attenuation_color[2],
        ),
        unlit: material.unlit(),
        alpha_mode: alpha_mode(material),
        uv_transform,
        clearcoat: clearcoat.clearcoat_factor.unwrap_or_default() as f32,
        clearcoat_perceptual_roughness: clearcoat.clearcoat_roughness_factor.unwrap_or_default()
            as f32,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_multi_layer_material_textures")]
        clearcoat_channel: clearcoat.clearcoat_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_multi_layer_material_textures")]
        clearcoat_texture: clearcoat.clearcoat_texture,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_multi_layer_material_textures")]
        clearcoat_roughness_channel: clearcoat.clearcoat_roughness_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_multi_layer_material_textures")]
        clearcoat_roughness_texture: clearcoat.clearcoat_roughness_texture,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_multi_layer_material_textures")]
        clearcoat_normal_channel: clearcoat.clearcoat_normal_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_multi_layer_material_textures")]
        clearcoat_normal_texture: clearcoat.clearcoat_normal_texture,
        anisotropy_strength: anisotropy.anisotropy_strength.unwrap_or_default() as f32,
        anisotropy_rotation: anisotropy.anisotropy_rotation.unwrap_or_default() as f32,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_anisotropy_texture")]
        anisotropy_channel: anisotropy.anisotropy_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_anisotropy_texture")]
        anisotropy_texture: anisotropy.anisotropy_texture,
        // From the `KHR_materials_specular` spec:
        // <https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF/tree/main/extensions/2.0/Khronos/KHR_materials_specular#materials-with-reflectance-parameter>
        reflectance: specular.specular_factor.unwrap_or(1.0) as f32 * 0.5,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_specular_textures")]
        specular_channel: specular.specular_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_specular_textures")]
        specular_texture: specular.specular_texture,
        specular_tint: match specular.specular_color_factor {
            Some(color) => Color::linear_rgb(color[0] as f32, color[1] as f32, color[2] as f32),
            None => Color::WHITE,
        },
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_specular_textures")]
        specular_tint_channel: specular.specular_color_channel,
        #[cfg(feature = "pbr_specular_textures")]
        specular_tint_texture: specular.specular_color_texture,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    (
        material_label(material, is_scale_inverted).to_string(),
        standard_material,
    )
}

/// Loads a glTF node.
#[cfg_attr(
    not(target_arch = "wasm32"),
    expect(
        clippy::result_large_err,
        reason = "`GltfError` is only barely past the threshold for large errors."
    )
)]
fn load_node(
    gltf_node: &Node,
    child_spawner: &mut ChildSpawner,
    root_load_context: &LoadContext,
    load_context: &mut LoadContext,
    settings: &GltfLoaderSettings,
    node_index_to_entity_map: &mut HashMap<usize, Entity>,
    entity_to_skin_index_map: &mut EntityHashMap<usize>,
    active_camera_found: &mut bool,
    parent_transform: &Transform,
    #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")] animation_roots: &HashSet<usize>,
    #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")] mut animation_context: Option<AnimationContext>,
    textures: &[Handle<Image>],
    convert_coordinates: &GltfConvertCoordinates,
    extensions: &mut [Box<dyn extensions::GltfExtensionHandler>],
) -> Result<(), GltfError> {
    let mut gltf_error = None;
    let transform = node_transform(gltf_node);
    let world_transform = *parent_transform * transform;
    // according to https://registry.khronos.org/glTF/specs/2.0/glTF-2.0.html#instantiation,
    // if the determinant of the transform is negative we must invert the winding order of
    // triangles in meshes on the node.
    // instead we equivalently test if the global scale is inverted by checking if the number
    // of negative scale factors is odd. if so we will assign a copy of the material with face
    // culling inverted, rather than modifying the mesh data directly.
    let is_scale_inverted = world_transform.scale.is_negative_bitmask().count_ones() & 1 == 1;
    let mut node = child_spawner.spawn((transform, Visibility::default()));

    let name = node_name(gltf_node);
    node.insert(name.clone());

    #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
    if animation_context.is_none() && animation_roots.contains(&gltf_node.index()) {
        // This is an animation root. Make a new animation context.
        animation_context = Some(AnimationContext {
            root: node.id(),
            path: SmallVec::new(),
        });
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
    if let Some(ref mut animation_context) = animation_context {
        animation_context.path.push(name);

        node.insert((
            AnimationTargetId::from_names(animation_context.path.iter()),
            AnimatedBy(animation_context.root),
        ));
    }

    if let Some(extras) = gltf_node.extras() {
        node.insert(GltfExtras {
            value: extras.get().to_string(),
        });
    }

    // create camera node
    if settings.load_cameras
        && let Some(camera) = gltf_node.camera()
    {
        let projection = match camera.projection() {
            gltf::camera::Projection::Orthographic(orthographic) => {
                let xmag = orthographic.xmag();
                let orthographic_projection = OrthographicProjection {
                    near: orthographic.znear(),
                    far: orthographic.zfar(),
                    scaling_mode: ScalingMode::FixedHorizontal {
                        viewport_width: xmag,
                    },
                    ..OrthographicProjection::default_3d()
                };
                Projection::Orthographic(orthographic_projection)
            }
            gltf::camera::Projection::Perspective(perspective) => {
                let mut perspective_projection: PerspectiveProjection = PerspectiveProjection {
                    fov: perspective.yfov(),
                    near: perspective.znear(),
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                if let Some(zfar) = perspective.zfar() {
                    perspective_projection.far = zfar;
                }
                if let Some(aspect_ratio) = perspective.aspect_ratio() {
                    perspective_projection.aspect_ratio = aspect_ratio;
                }
                Projection::Perspective(perspective_projection)
            }
        };

        node.insert((
            Camera3d::default(),
            projection,
            transform,
            Camera {
                is_active: !*active_camera_found,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        ));

        *active_camera_found = true;
    }

    // Map node index to entity
    node_index_to_entity_map.insert(gltf_node.index(), node.id());

    let mut morph_weights = None;

    node.with_children(|parent| {
        // Only include meshes in the output if they're set to be retained in the MAIN_WORLD and/or RENDER_WORLD by the load_meshes flag
        if !settings.load_meshes.is_empty()
            && let Some(mesh) = gltf_node.mesh()
        {
            // append primitives
            for primitive in mesh.primitives() {
                let material = primitive.material();
                let material_label = material_label(&material, is_scale_inverted).to_string();

                // This will make sure we load the default material now since it would not have been
                // added when iterating over all the gltf materials (since the default material is
                // not explicitly listed in the gltf).
                // It also ensures an inverted scale copy is instantiated if required.
                if !root_load_context.has_labeled_asset(&material_label)
                    && !load_context.has_labeled_asset(&material_label)
                {
                    let (label, material) = load_material(
                        &material,
                        textures,
                        is_scale_inverted,
                        load_context.path().clone(),
                    );
                    load_context.add_labeled_asset(label, material);
                }

                let primitive_label = GltfAssetLabel::Primitive {
                    mesh: mesh.index(),
                    primitive: primitive.index(),
                };
                let bounds = primitive.bounding_box();

                // Apply the inverse of the conversion transform that's been
                // applied to the mesh asset. This preserves the mesh's relation
                // to the node transform.
                let mesh_entity_transform = convert_coordinates.mesh_conversion_transform_inverse();

                let mut mesh_entity = parent.spawn((
                    // TODO: handle missing label handle errors here?
                    Mesh3d(load_context.get_label_handle(primitive_label.to_string())),
                    MeshMaterial3d::<StandardMaterial>(
                        load_context.get_label_handle(&material_label),
                    ),
                    mesh_entity_transform,
                ));

                let target_count = primitive.morph_targets().len();
                if target_count != 0 {
                    let weights = match mesh.weights() {
                        Some(weights) => weights.to_vec(),
                        None => vec![0.0; target_count],
                    };

                    if morph_weights.is_none() {
                        morph_weights = Some(weights.clone());
                    }

                    // unwrap: the parent's call to `MeshMorphWeights::new`
                    // means this code doesn't run if it returns an `Err`.
                    // According to https://registry.khronos.org/glTF/specs/2.0/glTF-2.0.html#morph-targets
                    // they should all have the same length.
                    // > All morph target accessors MUST have the same count as
                    // > the accessors of the original primitive.
                    mesh_entity.insert(MeshMorphWeights::new(weights).unwrap());
                }

                let mut bounds_min = Vec3::from_slice(&bounds.min);
                let mut bounds_max = Vec3::from_slice(&bounds.max);

                if convert_coordinates.rotate_meshes {
                    let converted_min = bounds_min.convert_coordinates();
                    let converted_max = bounds_max.convert_coordinates();

                    bounds_min = converted_min.min(converted_max);
                    bounds_max = converted_min.max(converted_max);
                }

                mesh_entity.insert(Aabb::from_min_max(bounds_min, bounds_max));

                if let Some(extras) = primitive.extras() {
                    mesh_entity.insert(GltfExtras {
                        value: extras.get().to_string(),
                    });
                }

                if let Some(extras) = mesh.extras() {
                    mesh_entity.insert(GltfMeshExtras {
                        value: extras.get().to_string(),
                    });
                }

                if let Some(extras) = material.extras() {
                    mesh_entity.insert(GltfMaterialExtras {
                        value: extras.get().to_string(),
                    });
                }

                if let Some(name) = mesh.name() {
                    mesh_entity.insert(GltfMeshName(name.to_string()));
                }

                if let Some(name) = material.name() {
                    mesh_entity.insert(GltfMaterialName(name.to_string()));
                }

                mesh_entity.insert(Name::new(primitive_name(&mesh, &material)));

                // Mark for adding skinned mesh
                if let Some(skin) = gltf_node.skin() {
                    entity_to_skin_index_map.insert(mesh_entity.id(), skin.index());
                }

                // enable extension processing for a Bevy-created construct
                // that is the Mesh and Material merged on a single entity
                for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                    extension.on_spawn_mesh_and_material(
                        load_context,
                        &primitive,
                        &mesh,
                        &material,
                        &mut mesh_entity,
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        if settings.load_lights
            && let Some(light) = gltf_node.light()
        {
            match light.kind() {
                gltf::khr_lights_punctual::Kind::Directional => {
                    let mut entity = parent.spawn(DirectionalLight {
                        color: Color::srgb_from_array(light.color()),
                        // NOTE: KHR_punctual_lights defines the intensity units for directional
                        // lights in lux (lm/m^2) which is what we need.
                        illuminance: light.intensity(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    });
                    if let Some(name) = light.name() {
                        entity.insert(Name::new(name.to_string()));
                    }
                    if let Some(extras) = light.extras() {
                        entity.insert(GltfExtras {
                            value: extras.get().to_string(),
                        });
                    }
                    for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                        extension.on_spawn_light_directional(load_context, gltf_node, &mut entity);
                    }
                }
                gltf::khr_lights_punctual::Kind::Point => {
                    let mut entity = parent.spawn(PointLight {
                        color: Color::srgb_from_array(light.color()),
                        // NOTE: KHR_punctual_lights defines the intensity units for point lights in
                        // candela (lm/sr) which is luminous intensity and we need luminous power.
                        // For a point light, luminous power = 4 * pi * luminous intensity
                        intensity: light.intensity() * core::f32::consts::PI * 4.0,
                        range: light.range().unwrap_or(20.0),
                        radius: 0.0,
                        ..Default::default()
                    });
                    if let Some(name) = light.name() {
                        entity.insert(Name::new(name.to_string()));
                    }
                    if let Some(extras) = light.extras() {
                        entity.insert(GltfExtras {
                            value: extras.get().to_string(),
                        });
                    }
                    for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                        extension.on_spawn_light_point(load_context, gltf_node, &mut entity);
                    }
                }
                gltf::khr_lights_punctual::Kind::Spot {
                    inner_cone_angle,
                    outer_cone_angle,
                } => {
                    let mut entity = parent.spawn(SpotLight {
                        color: Color::srgb_from_array(light.color()),
                        // NOTE: KHR_punctual_lights defines the intensity units for spot lights in
                        // candela (lm/sr) which is luminous intensity and we need luminous power.
                        // For a spot light, we map luminous power = 4 * pi * luminous intensity
                        intensity: light.intensity() * core::f32::consts::PI * 4.0,
                        range: light.range().unwrap_or(20.0),
                        radius: light.range().unwrap_or(0.0),
                        inner_angle: inner_cone_angle,
                        outer_angle: outer_cone_angle,
                        ..Default::default()
                    });
                    if let Some(name) = light.name() {
                        entity.insert(Name::new(name.to_string()));
                    }
                    if let Some(extras) = light.extras() {
                        entity.insert(GltfExtras {
                            value: extras.get().to_string(),
                        });
                    }
                    for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
                        extension.on_spawn_light_spot(load_context, gltf_node, &mut entity);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // append other nodes
        for child in gltf_node.children() {
            if let Err(err) = load_node(
                &child,
                parent,
                root_load_context,
                load_context,
                settings,
                node_index_to_entity_map,
                entity_to_skin_index_map,
                active_camera_found,
                &world_transform,
                #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
                animation_roots,
                #[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
                animation_context.clone(),
                textures,
                convert_coordinates,
                extensions,
            ) {
                gltf_error = Some(err);
                return;
            }
        }
    });

    // Only include meshes in the output if they're set to be retained in the MAIN_WORLD and/or RENDER_WORLD by the load_meshes flag
    if !settings.load_meshes.is_empty()
        && let (Some(mesh), Some(weights)) = (gltf_node.mesh(), morph_weights)
    {
        let primitive_label = mesh.primitives().next().map(|p| GltfAssetLabel::Primitive {
            mesh: mesh.index(),
            primitive: p.index(),
        });
        let first_mesh =
            primitive_label.map(|label| load_context.get_label_handle(label.to_string()));
        node.insert(MorphWeights::new(weights, first_mesh)?);
    }

    // let extensions process node data
    // This can be *many* kinds of object, so we also
    // give access to the gltf_node, which is needed for
    // accessing Mesh and Material extension data, which
    // are merged onto the same entity in Bevy
    for extension in extensions.iter_mut() {
        extension.on_gltf_node(load_context, gltf_node, &mut node);
    }

    if let Some(err) = gltf_error {
        Err(err)
    } else {
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Loads the raw glTF buffer data for a specific glTF file.
async fn load_buffers(
    gltf: &gltf::Gltf,
    load_context: &mut LoadContext<'_>,
) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, GltfError> {
    const VALID_MIME_TYPES: &[&str] = &["application/octet-stream", "application/gltf-buffer"];

    let mut buffer_data = Vec::new();
    for buffer in gltf.buffers() {
        match buffer.source() {
            gltf::buffer::Source::Uri(uri) => {
                let uri = percent_encoding::percent_decode_str(uri)
                    .decode_utf8()
                    .unwrap();
                let uri = uri.as_ref();
                let buffer_bytes = match DataUri::parse(uri) {
                    Ok(data_uri) if VALID_MIME_TYPES.contains(&data_uri.mime_type) => {
                        data_uri.decode()?
                    }
                    Ok(_) => return Err(GltfError::BufferFormatUnsupported),
                    Err(()) => {
                        // TODO: Remove this and add dep
                        let buffer_path = load_context
                            .path()
                            .resolve_embed(uri)
                            .map_err(|err| GltfError::InvalidBufferUri(uri.to_owned(), err))?;
                        load_context.read_asset_bytes(buffer_path).await?
                    }
                };
                buffer_data.push(buffer_bytes);
            }
            gltf::buffer::Source::Bin => {
                if let Some(blob) = gltf.blob.as_deref() {
                    buffer_data.push(blob.into());
                } else {
                    return Err(GltfError::MissingBlob);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(buffer_data)
}

struct DataUri<'a> {
    pub mime_type: &'a str,
    pub base64: bool,
    pub data: &'a str,
}

impl<'a> DataUri<'a> {
    fn parse(uri: &'a str) -> Result<DataUri<'a>, ()> {
        let uri = uri.strip_prefix("data:").ok_or(())?;
        let (mime_type, data) = Self::split_once(uri, ',').ok_or(())?;

        let (mime_type, base64) = match mime_type.strip_suffix(";base64") {
            Some(mime_type) => (mime_type, true),
            None => (mime_type, false),
        };

        Ok(DataUri {
            mime_type,
            base64,
            data,
        })
    }

    fn decode(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, base64::DecodeError> {
        if self.base64 {
            base64::Engine::decode(&base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD, self.data)
        } else {
            Ok(self.data.as_bytes().to_owned())
        }
    }

    fn split_once(input: &str, delimiter: char) -> Option<(&str, &str)> {
        let mut iter = input.splitn(2, delimiter);
        Some((iter.next()?, iter.next()?))
    }
}

enum ImageOrPath {
    Image {
        image: Image,
        label: GltfAssetLabel,
    },
    Path {
        path: AssetPath<'static>,
        is_srgb: bool,
        sampler_descriptor: ImageSamplerDescriptor,
        render_asset_usages: RenderAssetUsages,
    },
}

impl ImageOrPath {
    // TODO: use the threaded impl on wasm once wasm thread pool doesn't deadlock on it
    // See https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/issues/1924 for more details
    // The taskpool use is also avoided when there is only one texture for performance reasons and
    // to avoid https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/pull/2725
    // PERF: could this be a Vec instead? Are gltf texture indices dense?
    fn process_loaded_texture(
        self,
        load_context: &mut LoadContext,
        handles: &mut Vec<Handle<Image>>,
    ) {
        let handle = match self {
            ImageOrPath::Image { label, image } => {
                load_context.add_labeled_asset(label.to_string(), image)
            }
            ImageOrPath::Path {
                path,
                is_srgb,
                sampler_descriptor,
                render_asset_usages,
            } => load_context
                .loader()
                .with_settings(move |settings: &mut ImageLoaderSettings| {
                    settings.is_srgb = is_srgb;
                    settings.sampler = ImageSampler::Descriptor(sampler_descriptor.clone());
                    settings.asset_usage = render_asset_usages;
                })
                .load(path),
        };
        handles.push(handle);
    }
}

struct PrimitiveMorphAttributesIter<'s> {
    convert_coordinates: bool,
    positions: Option<Iter<'s, [f32; 3]>>,
    normals: Option<Iter<'s, [f32; 3]>>,
    tangents: Option<Iter<'s, [f32; 3]>>,
}

impl<'s> Iterator for PrimitiveMorphAttributesIter<'s> {
    type Item = MorphAttributes;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let position = self.positions.as_mut().and_then(Iterator::next);
        let normal = self.normals.as_mut().and_then(Iterator::next);
        let tangent = self.tangents.as_mut().and_then(Iterator::next);
        if position.is_none() && normal.is_none() && tangent.is_none() {
            return None;
        }

        let mut attributes = MorphAttributes {
            position: position.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(Vec3::ZERO),
            normal: normal.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(Vec3::ZERO),
            tangent: tangent.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(Vec3::ZERO),
        };

        if self.convert_coordinates {
            attributes = MorphAttributes {
                position: attributes.position.convert_coordinates(),
                normal: attributes.normal.convert_coordinates(),
                tangent: attributes.tangent.convert_coordinates(),
            }
        }

        Some(attributes)
    }
}

/// A helper structure for `load_node` that contains information about the
/// nearest ancestor animation root.
#[cfg(feature = "bevy_animation")]
#[derive(Clone)]
struct AnimationContext {
    /// The nearest ancestor animation root.
    pub root: Entity,
    /// The path to the animation root. This is used for constructing the
    /// animation target UUIDs.
    pub path: SmallVec<[Name; 8]>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct MorphTargetNames {
    pub target_names: Vec<String>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use std::path::Path;

    use crate::{Gltf, GltfAssetLabel, GltfNode, GltfSkin};
    use bevy_app::{App, TaskPoolPlugin};
    use bevy_asset::{
        io::{
            memory::{Dir, MemoryAssetReader},
            AssetSourceBuilder, AssetSourceId,
        },
        AssetApp, AssetLoader, AssetPlugin, AssetServer, Assets, Handle, LoadState,
    };
    use bevy_ecs::{resource::Resource, world::World};
    use bevy_image::{Image, ImageLoaderSettings};
    use bevy_log::LogPlugin;
    use bevy_mesh::skinning::SkinnedMeshInverseBindposes;
    use bevy_mesh::MeshPlugin;
    use bevy_pbr::StandardMaterial;
    use bevy_reflect::TypePath;
    use bevy_scene::ScenePlugin;

    fn test_app(dir: Dir) -> App {
        let mut app = App::new();
        let reader = MemoryAssetReader { root: dir };
        app.register_asset_source(
            AssetSourceId::Default,
            AssetSourceBuilder::new(move || Box::new(reader.clone())),
        )
        .add_plugins((
            LogPlugin::default(),
            TaskPoolPlugin::default(),
            AssetPlugin::default(),
            ScenePlugin,
            MeshPlugin,
            crate::GltfPlugin::default(),
        ));

        app.finish();
        app.cleanup();

        app
    }

    const LARGE_ITERATION_COUNT: usize = 10000;

    fn run_app_until(app: &mut App, mut predicate: impl FnMut(&mut World) -> Option<()>) {
        for _ in 0..LARGE_ITERATION_COUNT {
            app.update();
            if predicate(app.world_mut()).is_some() {
                return;
            }
        }

        panic!("Ran out of loops to return `Some` from `predicate`");
    }

    fn load_gltf_into_app(gltf_path: &str, gltf: &str) -> App {
        #[expect(
            dead_code,
            reason = "This struct is used to keep the handle alive. As such, we have no need to handle the handle directly."
        )]
        #[derive(Resource)]
        struct GltfHandle(Handle<Gltf>);

        let dir = Dir::default();
        dir.insert_asset_text(Path::new(gltf_path), gltf);
        let mut app = test_app(dir);
        app.update();
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>().clone();
        let handle: Handle<Gltf> = asset_server.load(gltf_path.to_string());
        let handle_id = handle.id();
        app.insert_resource(GltfHandle(handle));
        app.update();
        run_app_until(&mut app, |_world| {
            let load_state = asset_server.get_load_state(handle_id).unwrap();
            match load_state {
                LoadState::Loaded => Some(()),
                LoadState::Failed(err) => panic!("{err}"),
                _ => None,
            }
        });
        app
    }

    #[test]
    fn single_node() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let app = load_gltf_into_app(
            gltf_path,
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "TestSingleNode"
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#,
        );
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>();
        let handle = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let gltf_root_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<Gltf>>();
        let gltf_node_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<GltfNode>>();
        let gltf_root = gltf_root_assets.get(&handle).unwrap();
        assert!(gltf_root.nodes.len() == 1, "Single node");
        assert!(
            gltf_root.named_nodes.contains_key("TestSingleNode"),
            "Named node is in named nodes"
        );
        let gltf_node = gltf_node_assets
            .get(gltf_root.named_nodes.get("TestSingleNode").unwrap())
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(gltf_node.name, "TestSingleNode", "Correct name");
        assert_eq!(gltf_node.index, 0, "Correct index");
        assert_eq!(gltf_node.children.len(), 0, "No children");
        assert_eq!(gltf_node.asset_label(), GltfAssetLabel::Node(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn node_hierarchy_no_hierarchy() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let app = load_gltf_into_app(
            gltf_path,
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "l1"
        },
        {
            "name": "l2"
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#,
        );
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>();
        let handle = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let gltf_root_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<Gltf>>();
        let gltf_node_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<GltfNode>>();
        let gltf_root = gltf_root_assets.get(&handle).unwrap();
        let result = gltf_root
            .nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|h| gltf_node_assets.get(h).unwrap())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(result[0].name, "l1");
        assert_eq!(result[0].children.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(result[1].name, "l2");
        assert_eq!(result[1].children.len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn node_hierarchy_simple_hierarchy() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let app = load_gltf_into_app(
            gltf_path,
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "l1",
            "children": [1]
        },
        {
            "name": "l2"
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#,
        );
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>();
        let handle = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let gltf_root_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<Gltf>>();
        let gltf_node_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<GltfNode>>();
        let gltf_root = gltf_root_assets.get(&handle).unwrap();
        let result = gltf_root
            .nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|h| gltf_node_assets.get(h).unwrap())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(result[0].name, "l1");
        assert_eq!(result[0].children.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(result[1].name, "l2");
        assert_eq!(result[1].children.len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn node_hierarchy_hierarchy() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let app = load_gltf_into_app(
            gltf_path,
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "l1",
            "children": [1]
        },
        {
            "name": "l2",
            "children": [2]
        },
        {
            "name": "l3",
            "children": [3, 4, 5]
        },
        {
            "name": "l4",
            "children": [6]
        },
        {
            "name": "l5"
        },
        {
            "name": "l6"
        },
        {
            "name": "l7"
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#,
        );
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>();
        let handle = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let gltf_root_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<Gltf>>();
        let gltf_node_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<GltfNode>>();
        let gltf_root = gltf_root_assets.get(&handle).unwrap();
        let result = gltf_root
            .nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|h| gltf_node_assets.get(h).unwrap())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 7);
        assert_eq!(result[0].name, "l1");
        assert_eq!(result[0].children.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(result[1].name, "l2");
        assert_eq!(result[1].children.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(result[2].name, "l3");
        assert_eq!(result[2].children.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(result[3].name, "l4");
        assert_eq!(result[3].children.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(result[4].name, "l5");
        assert_eq!(result[4].children.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(result[5].name, "l6");
        assert_eq!(result[5].children.len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(result[6].name, "l7");
        assert_eq!(result[6].children.len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn node_hierarchy_cyclic() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let gltf_str = r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "l1",
            "children": [1]
        },
        {
            "name": "l2",
            "children": [0]
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#;

        let dir = Dir::default();
        dir.insert_asset_text(Path::new(gltf_path), gltf_str);
        let mut app = test_app(dir);
        app.update();
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>().clone();
        let handle: Handle<Gltf> = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let handle_id = handle.id();
        app.update();
        run_app_until(&mut app, |_world| {
            let load_state = asset_server.get_load_state(handle_id).unwrap();
            if load_state.is_failed() {
                Some(())
            } else {
                None
            }
        });
        let load_state = asset_server.get_load_state(handle_id).unwrap();
        assert!(load_state.is_failed());
    }

    #[test]
    fn node_hierarchy_missing_node() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let gltf_str = r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "l1",
            "children": [2]
        },
        {
            "name": "l2"
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#;

        let dir = Dir::default();
        dir.insert_asset_text(Path::new(gltf_path), gltf_str);
        let mut app = test_app(dir);
        app.update();
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>().clone();
        let handle: Handle<Gltf> = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let handle_id = handle.id();
        app.update();
        run_app_until(&mut app, |_world| {
            let load_state = asset_server.get_load_state(handle_id).unwrap();
            if load_state.is_failed() {
                Some(())
            } else {
                None
            }
        });
        let load_state = asset_server.get_load_state(handle_id).unwrap();
        assert!(load_state.is_failed());
    }

    #[test]
    fn skin_node() {
        let gltf_path = "test.gltf";
        let app = load_gltf_into_app(
            gltf_path,
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "name": "skinned",
            "skin": 0,
            "children": [1, 2]
        },
        {
            "name": "joint1"
        },
        {
            "name": "joint2"
        }
    ],
    "skins": [
        {
            "inverseBindMatrices": 0,
            "joints": [1, 2]
        }
    ],
    "buffers": [
        {
            "uri" : "data:application/gltf-buffer;base64,AACAPwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIA/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgD8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAPwAAgD8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAPwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIA/AAAAAAAAAAAAAIC/AAAAAAAAgD8=",
            "byteLength" : 128
        }
    ],
    "bufferViews": [
        {
            "buffer": 0,
            "byteLength": 128
        }
    ],
    "accessors": [
        {
            "bufferView" : 0,
            "componentType" : 5126,
            "count" : 2,
            "type" : "MAT4"
        }
    ],
    "scene": 0,
    "scenes": [{ "nodes": [0] }]
}
"#,
        );
        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>();
        let handle = asset_server.load(gltf_path);
        let gltf_root_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<Gltf>>();
        let gltf_node_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<GltfNode>>();
        let gltf_skin_assets = app.world().resource::<Assets<GltfSkin>>();
        let gltf_inverse_bind_matrices = app
            .world()
            .resource::<Assets<SkinnedMeshInverseBindposes>>();
        let gltf_root = gltf_root_assets.get(&handle).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(gltf_root.skins.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(gltf_root.nodes.len(), 3);

        let skin = gltf_skin_assets.get(&gltf_root.skins[0]).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(skin.joints.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(skin.joints[0], gltf_root.nodes[1]);
        assert_eq!(skin.joints[1], gltf_root.nodes[2]);
        assert!(gltf_inverse_bind_matrices.contains(&skin.inverse_bind_matrices));

        let skinned_node = gltf_node_assets.get(&gltf_root.nodes[0]).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(skinned_node.name, "skinned");
        assert_eq!(skinned_node.children.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(skinned_node.skin.as_ref(), Some(&gltf_root.skins[0]));
    }

    fn test_app_custom_asset_source() -> (App, Dir) {
        let dir = Dir::default();

        let mut app = App::new();
        let custom_reader = MemoryAssetReader { root: dir.clone() };
        // Create a default asset source so we definitely don't try to read from disk.
        app.register_asset_source(
            AssetSourceId::Default,
            AssetSourceBuilder::new(move || {
                Box::new(MemoryAssetReader {
                    root: Dir::default(),
                })
            }),
        )
        .register_asset_source(
            "custom",
            AssetSourceBuilder::new(move || Box::new(custom_reader.clone())),
        )
        .add_plugins((
            LogPlugin::default(),
            TaskPoolPlugin::default(),
            AssetPlugin::default(),
            ScenePlugin,
            MeshPlugin,
            crate::GltfPlugin::default(),
        ));

        app.finish();
        app.cleanup();

        (app, dir)
    }

    #[test]
    fn reads_buffer_in_custom_asset_source() {
        let (mut app, dir) = test_app_custom_asset_source();

        dir.insert_asset_text(
            Path::new("abc.gltf"),
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "buffers": [
        {
            "uri": "abc.bin",
            "byteLength": 3
        }
    ]
}
"#,
        );
        // We don't care that the buffer contains reasonable info since we won't actually use it.
        dir.insert_asset_text(Path::new("abc.bin"), "Sup");

        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>().clone();
        let handle: Handle<Gltf> = asset_server.load("custom://abc.gltf");
        run_app_until(&mut app, |_world| {
            let load_state = asset_server.get_load_state(handle.id()).unwrap();
            match load_state {
                LoadState::Loaded => Some(()),
                LoadState::Failed(err) => panic!("{err}"),
                _ => None,
            }
        });
    }

    #[test]
    fn reads_images_in_custom_asset_source() {
        let (mut app, dir) = test_app_custom_asset_source();

        app.init_asset::<StandardMaterial>();

        // Note: We need the material here since otherwise we don't store the texture handle, which
        // can result in the image getting dropped leading to the gltf never being loaded with
        // dependencies.
        dir.insert_asset_text(
            Path::new("abc.gltf"),
            r#"
{
    "asset": {
        "version": "2.0"
    },
    "textures": [
        {
            "source": 0,
            "sampler": 0
        }
    ],
    "images": [
        {
            "uri": "abc.png"
        }
    ],
    "samplers": [
        {
            "magFilter": 9729,
            "minFilter": 9729
        }
    ],
    "materials": [
        {
            "pbrMetallicRoughness": {
                "baseColorTexture": {
                    "index": 0,
                    "texCoord": 0
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}
"#,
        );
        // We don't care that the image contains reasonable info since we won't actually use it.
        dir.insert_asset_text(Path::new("abc.png"), "Sup");

        /// A fake loader to avoid actually loading any image data and just return an image.
        #[derive(TypePath)]
        struct FakePngLoader;

        impl AssetLoader for FakePngLoader {
            type Asset = Image;
            type Error = std::io::Error;
            type Settings = ImageLoaderSettings;

            async fn load(
                &self,
                _reader: &mut dyn bevy_asset::io::Reader,
                _settings: &Self::Settings,
                _load_context: &mut bevy_asset::LoadContext<'_>,
            ) -> Result<Self::Asset, Self::Error> {
                Ok(Image::default())
            }

            fn extensions(&self) -> &[&str] {
                &["png"]
            }
        }

        app.init_asset::<Image>()
            .register_asset_loader(FakePngLoader);

        let asset_server = app.world().resource::<AssetServer>().clone();
        let handle: Handle<Gltf> = asset_server.load("custom://abc.gltf");
        run_app_until(&mut app, |_world| {
            // Note: we can't assert for failure since it's the nested load that fails, not the GLTF
            // load.
            asset_server
                .is_loaded_with_dependencies(&handle)
                .then_some(())
        });
    }
}