axum/extract/

ws.rs

//! Handle WebSocket connections.
//!
//! # Example
//!
//! ```
//! use axum::{
//!     extract::ws::{WebSocketUpgrade, WebSocket},
//!     routing::any,
//!     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
//!     Router,
//! };
//!
//! let app = Router::new().route("/ws", any(handler));
//!
//! async fn handler(ws: WebSocketUpgrade) -> Response {
//!     ws.on_upgrade(handle_socket)
//! }
//!
//! async fn handle_socket(mut socket: WebSocket) {
//!     while let Some(msg) = socket.recv().await {
//!         let msg = if let Ok(msg) = msg {
//!             msg
//!         } else {
//!             // client disconnected
//!             return;
//!         };
//!
//!         if socket.send(msg).await.is_err() {
//!             // client disconnected
//!             return;
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//! # let _: Router = app;
//! ```
//!
//! # Passing data and/or state to an `on_upgrade` callback
//!
//! ```
//! use axum::{
//!     extract::{ws::{WebSocketUpgrade, WebSocket}, State},
//!     response::Response,
//!     routing::any,
//!     Router,
//! };
//!
//! #[derive(Clone)]
//! struct AppState {
//!     // ...
//! }
//!
//! async fn handler(ws: WebSocketUpgrade, State(state): State<AppState>) -> Response {
//!     ws.on_upgrade(|socket| handle_socket(socket, state))
//! }
//!
//! async fn handle_socket(socket: WebSocket, state: AppState) {
//!     // ...
//! }
//!
//! let app = Router::new()
//!     .route("/ws", any(handler))
//!     .with_state(AppState { /* ... */ });
//! # let _: Router = app;
//! ```
//!
//! # Read and write concurrently
//!
//! If you need to read and write concurrently from a [`WebSocket`] you can use
//! [`StreamExt::split`]:
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
//! use axum::{Error, extract::ws::{WebSocket, Message}};
//! use futures_util::{sink::SinkExt, stream::{StreamExt, SplitSink, SplitStream}};
//!
//! async fn handle_socket(mut socket: WebSocket) {
//!     let (mut sender, mut receiver) = socket.split();
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(write(sender));
//!     tokio::spawn(read(receiver));
//! }
//!
//! async fn read(receiver: SplitStream<WebSocket>) {
//!     // ...
//! }
//!
//! async fn write(sender: SplitSink<WebSocket, Message>) {
//!     // ...
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! [`StreamExt::split`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3.17/futures/stream/trait.StreamExt.html#method.split

use self::rejection::*;
use super::FromRequestParts;
use crate::{body::Bytes, response::Response, Error};
use axum_core::body::Body;
use futures_util::{
    sink::{Sink, SinkExt},
    stream::{FusedStream, Stream, StreamExt},
};
use http::{
    header::{self, HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue},
    request::Parts,
    Method, StatusCode, Version,
};
use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
use sha1::{Digest, Sha1};
use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
    future::Future,
    pin::Pin,
    task::{ready, Context, Poll},
};
use tokio_tungstenite::{
    tungstenite::{
        self as ts,
        protocol::{self, WebSocketConfig},
    },
    WebSocketStream,
};

/// Extractor for establishing WebSocket connections.
///
/// For HTTP/1.1 requests, this extractor requires the request method to be `GET`;
/// in later versions, `CONNECT` is used instead.
/// To support both, it should be used with [`any`](crate::routing::any).
///
/// See the [module docs](self) for an example.
///
/// [`MethodFilter`]: crate::routing::MethodFilter
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "ws")))]
#[must_use]
pub struct WebSocketUpgrade<F = DefaultOnFailedUpgrade> {
    config: WebSocketConfig,
    /// The chosen protocol sent in the `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol` header of the response.
    protocol: Option<HeaderValue>,
    /// `None` if HTTP/2+ WebSockets are used.
    sec_websocket_key: Option<HeaderValue>,
    on_upgrade: hyper::upgrade::OnUpgrade,
    on_failed_upgrade: F,
    sec_websocket_protocol: Option<HeaderValue>,
}

impl<F> std::fmt::Debug for WebSocketUpgrade<F> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("WebSocketUpgrade")
            .field("config", &self.config)
            .field("protocol", &self.protocol)
            .field("sec_websocket_key", &self.sec_websocket_key)
            .field("sec_websocket_protocol", &self.sec_websocket_protocol)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl<F> WebSocketUpgrade<F> {
    /// Read buffer capacity. The default value is 128KiB
    pub fn read_buffer_size(mut self, size: usize) -> Self {
        self.config.read_buffer_size = size;
        self
    }

    /// The target minimum size of the write buffer to reach before writing the data
    /// to the underlying stream.
    ///
    /// The default value is 128 KiB.
    ///
    /// If set to `0` each message will be eagerly written to the underlying stream.
    /// It is often more optimal to allow them to buffer a little, hence the default value.
    ///
    /// Note: [`flush`](SinkExt::flush) will always fully write the buffer regardless.
    pub fn write_buffer_size(mut self, size: usize) -> Self {
        self.config.write_buffer_size = size;
        self
    }

    /// The max size of the write buffer in bytes. Setting this can provide backpressure
    /// in the case the write buffer is filling up due to write errors.
    ///
    /// The default value is unlimited.
    ///
    /// Note: The write buffer only builds up past [`write_buffer_size`](Self::write_buffer_size)
    /// when writes to the underlying stream are failing. So the **write buffer can not
    /// fill up if you are not observing write errors even if not flushing**.
    ///
    /// Note: Should always be at least [`write_buffer_size + 1 message`](Self::write_buffer_size)
    /// and probably a little more depending on error handling strategy.
    pub fn max_write_buffer_size(mut self, max: usize) -> Self {
        self.config.max_write_buffer_size = max;
        self
    }

    /// Set the maximum message size (defaults to 64 megabytes)
    pub fn max_message_size(mut self, max: usize) -> Self {
        self.config.max_message_size = Some(max);
        self
    }

    /// Set the maximum frame size (defaults to 16 megabytes)
    pub fn max_frame_size(mut self, max: usize) -> Self {
        self.config.max_frame_size = Some(max);
        self
    }

    /// Allow server to accept unmasked frames (defaults to false)
    pub fn accept_unmasked_frames(mut self, accept: bool) -> Self {
        self.config.accept_unmasked_frames = accept;
        self
    }

    /// Set the known protocols.
    ///
    /// If the protocol name specified by `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol` header
    /// to match any of them, the upgrade response will include `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol` header and
    /// return the protocol name.
    ///
    /// The protocols should be listed in decreasing order of preference: if the client offers
    /// multiple protocols that the server could support, the server will pick the first one in
    /// this list.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use axum::{
    ///     extract::ws::{WebSocketUpgrade, WebSocket},
    ///     routing::any,
    ///     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
    ///     Router,
    /// };
    ///
    /// let app = Router::new().route("/ws", any(handler));
    ///
    /// async fn handler(ws: WebSocketUpgrade) -> Response {
    ///     ws.protocols(["graphql-ws", "graphql-transport-ws"])
    ///         .on_upgrade(|socket| async {
    ///             // ...
    ///         })
    /// }
    /// # let _: Router = app;
    /// ```
    pub fn protocols<I>(mut self, protocols: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        I::Item: Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
    {
        if let Some(req_protocols) = self
            .sec_websocket_protocol
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|p| p.to_str().ok())
        {
            self.protocol = protocols
                .into_iter()
                // FIXME: This will often allocate a new `String` and so is less efficient than it
                // could be. But that can't be fixed without breaking changes to the public API.
                .map(Into::into)
                .find(|protocol| {
                    req_protocols
                        .split(',')
                        .any(|req_protocol| req_protocol.trim() == protocol)
                })
                .map(|protocol| match protocol {
                    Cow::Owned(s) => HeaderValue::from_str(&s).unwrap(),
                    Cow::Borrowed(s) => HeaderValue::from_static(s),
                });
        }

        self
    }

    /// Return the selected WebSocket subprotocol, if one has been chosen.
    ///
    /// If [`protocols()`][Self::protocols] has been called and a matching
    /// protocol has been selected, the return value will be `Some` containing
    /// said protocol. Otherwise, it will be `None`.
    pub fn selected_protocol(&self) -> Option<&HeaderValue> {
        self.protocol.as_ref()
    }

    /// Provide a callback to call if upgrading the connection fails.
    ///
    /// The connection upgrade is performed in a background task. If that fails this callback
    /// will be called.
    ///
    /// By default any errors will be silently ignored.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use axum::{
    ///     extract::{WebSocketUpgrade},
    ///     response::Response,
    /// };
    ///
    /// async fn handler(ws: WebSocketUpgrade) -> Response {
    ///     ws.on_failed_upgrade(|error| {
    ///         report_error(error);
    ///     })
    ///     .on_upgrade(|socket| async { /* ... */ })
    /// }
    /// #
    /// # fn report_error(_: axum::Error) {}
    /// ```
    pub fn on_failed_upgrade<C>(self, callback: C) -> WebSocketUpgrade<C>
    where
        C: OnFailedUpgrade,
    {
        WebSocketUpgrade {
            config: self.config,
            protocol: self.protocol,
            sec_websocket_key: self.sec_websocket_key,
            on_upgrade: self.on_upgrade,
            on_failed_upgrade: callback,
            sec_websocket_protocol: self.sec_websocket_protocol,
        }
    }

    /// Finalize upgrading the connection and call the provided callback with
    /// the stream.
    #[must_use = "to set up the WebSocket connection, this response must be returned"]
    pub fn on_upgrade<C, Fut>(self, callback: C) -> Response
    where
        C: FnOnce(WebSocket) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
        F: OnFailedUpgrade,
    {
        let on_upgrade = self.on_upgrade;
        let config = self.config;
        let on_failed_upgrade = self.on_failed_upgrade;

        let protocol = self.protocol.clone();

        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let upgraded = match on_upgrade.await {
                Ok(upgraded) => upgraded,
                Err(err) => {
                    on_failed_upgrade.call(Error::new(err));
                    return;
                }
            };
            let upgraded = TokioIo::new(upgraded);

            let socket =
                WebSocketStream::from_raw_socket(upgraded, protocol::Role::Server, Some(config))
                    .await;
            let socket = WebSocket {
                inner: socket,
                protocol,
            };
            callback(socket).await;
        });

        let mut response = if let Some(sec_websocket_key) = &self.sec_websocket_key {
            // If `sec_websocket_key` was `Some`, we are using HTTP/1.1.

            #[allow(clippy::declare_interior_mutable_const)]
            const UPGRADE: HeaderValue = HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade");
            #[allow(clippy::declare_interior_mutable_const)]
            const WEBSOCKET: HeaderValue = HeaderValue::from_static("websocket");

            Response::builder()
                .status(StatusCode::SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS)
                .header(header::CONNECTION, UPGRADE)
                .header(header::UPGRADE, WEBSOCKET)
                .header(
                    header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_ACCEPT,
                    sign(sec_websocket_key.as_bytes()),
                )
                .body(Body::empty())
                .unwrap()
        } else {
            // Otherwise, we are HTTP/2+. As established in RFC 9113 section 8.5, we just respond
            // with a 2XX with an empty body:
            // <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9113#name-the-connect-method>.
            Response::new(Body::empty())
        };

        if let Some(protocol) = self.protocol {
            response
                .headers_mut()
                .insert(header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL, protocol);
        }

        response
    }
}

/// What to do when a connection upgrade fails.
///
/// See [`WebSocketUpgrade::on_failed_upgrade`] for more details.
pub trait OnFailedUpgrade: Send + 'static {
    /// Call the callback.
    fn call(self, error: Error);
}

impl<F> OnFailedUpgrade for F
where
    F: FnOnce(Error) + Send + 'static,
{
    fn call(self, error: Error) {
        self(error)
    }
}

/// The default `OnFailedUpgrade` used by `WebSocketUpgrade`.
///
/// It simply ignores the error.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DefaultOnFailedUpgrade;

impl OnFailedUpgrade for DefaultOnFailedUpgrade {
    #[inline]
    fn call(self, _error: Error) {}
}

impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for WebSocketUpgrade<DefaultOnFailedUpgrade>
where
    S: Send + Sync,
{
    type Rejection = WebSocketUpgradeRejection;

    async fn from_request_parts(parts: &mut Parts, _state: &S) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
        let sec_websocket_key = if parts.version <= Version::HTTP_11 {
            if parts.method != Method::GET {
                return Err(MethodNotGet.into());
            }

            if !header_contains(&parts.headers, header::CONNECTION, "upgrade") {
                return Err(InvalidConnectionHeader.into());
            }

            if !header_eq(&parts.headers, header::UPGRADE, "websocket") {
                return Err(InvalidUpgradeHeader.into());
            }

            Some(
                parts
                    .headers
                    .get(header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_KEY)
                    .ok_or(WebSocketKeyHeaderMissing)?
                    .clone(),
            )
        } else {
            if parts.method != Method::CONNECT {
                return Err(MethodNotConnect.into());
            }

            // if this feature flag is disabled, we won’t be receiving an HTTP/2 request to begin
            // with.
            #[cfg(feature = "http2")]
            if parts
                .extensions
                .get::<hyper::ext::Protocol>()
                .map_or(true, |p| p.as_str() != "websocket")
            {
                return Err(InvalidProtocolPseudoheader.into());
            }

            None
        };

        if !header_eq(&parts.headers, header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION, "13") {
            return Err(InvalidWebSocketVersionHeader.into());
        }

        let on_upgrade = parts
            .extensions
            .remove::<hyper::upgrade::OnUpgrade>()
            .ok_or(ConnectionNotUpgradable)?;

        let sec_websocket_protocol = parts.headers.get(header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL).cloned();

        Ok(Self {
            config: Default::default(),
            protocol: None,
            sec_websocket_key,
            on_upgrade,
            sec_websocket_protocol,
            on_failed_upgrade: DefaultOnFailedUpgrade,
        })
    }
}

fn header_eq(headers: &HeaderMap, key: HeaderName, value: &'static str) -> bool {
    if let Some(header) = headers.get(&key) {
        header.as_bytes().eq_ignore_ascii_case(value.as_bytes())
    } else {
        false
    }
}

fn header_contains(headers: &HeaderMap, key: HeaderName, value: &'static str) -> bool {
    let header = if let Some(header) = headers.get(&key) {
        header
    } else {
        return false;
    };

    if let Ok(header) = std::str::from_utf8(header.as_bytes()) {
        header.to_ascii_lowercase().contains(value)
    } else {
        false
    }
}

/// A stream of WebSocket messages.
///
/// See [the module level documentation](self) for more details.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct WebSocket {
    inner: WebSocketStream<TokioIo<hyper::upgrade::Upgraded>>,
    protocol: Option<HeaderValue>,
}

impl WebSocket {
    /// Receive another message.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the stream has closed.
    pub async fn recv(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Message, Error>> {
        self.next().await
    }

    /// Send a message.
    pub async fn send(&mut self, msg: Message) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.inner
            .send(msg.into_tungstenite())
            .await
            .map_err(Error::new)
    }

    /// Return the selected WebSocket subprotocol, if one has been chosen.
    pub fn protocol(&self) -> Option<&HeaderValue> {
        self.protocol.as_ref()
    }
}

impl FusedStream for WebSocket {
    /// Returns true if the websocket has been terminated.
    fn is_terminated(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_terminated()
    }
}

impl Stream for WebSocket {
    type Item = Result<Message, Error>;

    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        loop {
            match ready!(self.inner.poll_next_unpin(cx)) {
                Some(Ok(msg)) => {
                    if let Some(msg) = Message::from_tungstenite(msg) {
                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(msg)));
                    }
                }
                Some(Err(err)) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(Error::new(err)))),
                None => return Poll::Ready(None),
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Sink<Message> for WebSocket {
    type Error = Error;

    fn poll_ready(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_ready(cx).map_err(Error::new)
    }

    fn start_send(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, item: Message) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
        Pin::new(&mut self.inner)
            .start_send(item.into_tungstenite())
            .map_err(Error::new)
    }

    fn poll_flush(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_flush(cx).map_err(Error::new)
    }

    fn poll_close(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_close(cx).map_err(Error::new)
    }
}

/// UTF-8 wrapper for [Bytes].
///
/// An [Utf8Bytes] is always guaranteed to contain valid UTF-8.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub struct Utf8Bytes(ts::Utf8Bytes);

impl Utf8Bytes {
    /// Creates from a static str.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn from_static(str: &'static str) -> Self {
        Self(ts::Utf8Bytes::from_static(str))
    }

    /// Returns as a string slice.
    #[inline]
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
        self.0.as_str()
    }

    fn into_tungstenite(self) -> ts::Utf8Bytes {
        self.0
    }
}

impl std::ops::Deref for Utf8Bytes {
    type Target = str;

    /// ```
    /// /// Example fn that takes a str slice
    /// fn a(s: &str) {}
    ///
    /// let data = axum::extract::ws::Utf8Bytes::from_static("foo123");
    ///
    /// // auto-deref as arg
    /// a(&data);
    ///
    /// // deref to str methods
    /// assert_eq!(data.len(), 6);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for Utf8Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(self.as_str())
    }
}

impl TryFrom<Bytes> for Utf8Bytes {
    type Error = std::str::Utf8Error;

    #[inline]
    fn try_from(bytes: Bytes) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(Self(bytes.try_into()?))
    }
}

impl TryFrom<Vec<u8>> for Utf8Bytes {
    type Error = std::str::Utf8Error;

    #[inline]
    fn try_from(v: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(Self(v.try_into()?))
    }
}

impl From<String> for Utf8Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
        Self(s.into())
    }
}

impl From<&str> for Utf8Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
        Self(s.into())
    }
}

impl From<&String> for Utf8Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn from(s: &String) -> Self {
        Self(s.into())
    }
}

impl From<Utf8Bytes> for Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn from(Utf8Bytes(bytes): Utf8Bytes) -> Self {
        bytes.into()
    }
}

impl<T> PartialEq<T> for Utf8Bytes
where
    for<'a> &'a str: PartialEq<T>,
{
    /// ```
    /// let payload = axum::extract::ws::Utf8Bytes::from_static("foo123");
    /// assert_eq!(payload, "foo123");
    /// assert_eq!(payload, "foo123".to_string());
    /// assert_eq!(payload, &"foo123".to_string());
    /// assert_eq!(payload, std::borrow::Cow::from("foo123"));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &T) -> bool {
        self.as_str() == *other
    }
}

/// Status code used to indicate why an endpoint is closing the WebSocket connection.
pub type CloseCode = u16;

/// A struct representing the close command.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct CloseFrame {
    /// The reason as a code.
    pub code: CloseCode,
    /// The reason as text string.
    pub reason: Utf8Bytes,
}

/// A WebSocket message.
//
// This code comes from https://github.com/snapview/tungstenite-rs/blob/master/src/protocol/message.rs and is under following license:
// Copyright (c) 2017 Alexey Galakhov
// Copyright (c) 2016 Jason Housley
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
pub enum Message {
    /// A text WebSocket message
    Text(Utf8Bytes),
    /// A binary WebSocket message
    Binary(Bytes),
    /// A ping message with the specified payload
    ///
    /// The payload here must have a length less than 125 bytes.
    ///
    /// Ping messages will be automatically responded to by the server, so you do not have to worry
    /// about dealing with them yourself.
    Ping(Bytes),
    /// A pong message with the specified payload
    ///
    /// The payload here must have a length less than 125 bytes.
    ///
    /// Pong messages will be automatically sent to the client if a ping message is received, so
    /// you do not have to worry about constructing them yourself unless you want to implement a
    /// [unidirectional heartbeat](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-5.5.3).
    Pong(Bytes),
    /// A close message with the optional close frame.
    ///
    /// You may "uncleanly" close a WebSocket connection at any time
    /// by simply dropping the [`WebSocket`].
    /// However, you may also use the graceful closing protocol, in which
    /// 1. peer A sends a close frame, and does not send any further messages;
    /// 2. peer B responds with a close frame, and does not send any further messages;
    /// 3. peer A processes the remaining messages sent by peer B, before finally
    /// 4. both peers close the connection.
    ///
    /// After sending a close frame,
    /// you may still read messages,
    /// but attempts to send another message will error.
    /// After receiving a close frame,
    /// axum will automatically respond with a close frame if necessary
    /// (you do not have to deal with this yourself).
    /// Since no further messages will be received,
    /// you may either do nothing
    /// or explicitly drop the connection.
    Close(Option<CloseFrame>),
}

impl Message {
    fn into_tungstenite(self) -> ts::Message {
        match self {
            Self::Text(text) => ts::Message::Text(text.into_tungstenite()),
            Self::Binary(binary) => ts::Message::Binary(binary),
            Self::Ping(ping) => ts::Message::Ping(ping),
            Self::Pong(pong) => ts::Message::Pong(pong),
            Self::Close(Some(close)) => ts::Message::Close(Some(ts::protocol::CloseFrame {
                code: ts::protocol::frame::coding::CloseCode::from(close.code),
                reason: close.reason.into_tungstenite(),
            })),
            Self::Close(None) => ts::Message::Close(None),
        }
    }

    fn from_tungstenite(message: ts::Message) -> Option<Self> {
        match message {
            ts::Message::Text(text) => Some(Self::Text(Utf8Bytes(text))),
            ts::Message::Binary(binary) => Some(Self::Binary(binary)),
            ts::Message::Ping(ping) => Some(Self::Ping(ping)),
            ts::Message::Pong(pong) => Some(Self::Pong(pong)),
            ts::Message::Close(Some(close)) => Some(Self::Close(Some(CloseFrame {
                code: close.code.into(),
                reason: Utf8Bytes(close.reason),
            }))),
            ts::Message::Close(None) => Some(Self::Close(None)),
            // we can ignore `Frame` frames as recommended by the tungstenite maintainers
            // https://github.com/snapview/tungstenite-rs/issues/268
            ts::Message::Frame(_) => None,
        }
    }

    /// Consume the WebSocket and return it as binary data.
    pub fn into_data(self) -> Bytes {
        match self {
            Self::Text(string) => Bytes::from(string),
            Self::Binary(data) | Self::Ping(data) | Self::Pong(data) => data,
            Self::Close(None) => Bytes::new(),
            Self::Close(Some(frame)) => Bytes::from(frame.reason),
        }
    }

    /// Attempt to consume the WebSocket message and convert it to a Utf8Bytes.
    pub fn into_text(self) -> Result<Utf8Bytes, Error> {
        match self {
            Self::Text(string) => Ok(string),
            Self::Binary(data) | Self::Ping(data) | Self::Pong(data) => {
                Ok(Utf8Bytes::try_from(data).map_err(Error::new)?)
            }
            Self::Close(None) => Ok(Utf8Bytes::default()),
            Self::Close(Some(frame)) => Ok(frame.reason),
        }
    }

    /// Attempt to get a &str from the WebSocket message,
    /// this will try to convert binary data to utf8.
    pub fn to_text(&self) -> Result<&str, Error> {
        match *self {
            Self::Text(ref string) => Ok(string.as_str()),
            Self::Binary(ref data) | Self::Ping(ref data) | Self::Pong(ref data) => {
                Ok(std::str::from_utf8(data).map_err(Error::new)?)
            }
            Self::Close(None) => Ok(""),
            Self::Close(Some(ref frame)) => Ok(&frame.reason),
        }
    }

    /// Create a new text WebSocket message from a stringable.
    pub fn text<S>(string: S) -> Message
    where
        S: Into<Utf8Bytes>,
    {
        Message::Text(string.into())
    }

    /// Create a new binary WebSocket message by converting to `Bytes`.
    pub fn binary<B>(bin: B) -> Message
    where
        B: Into<Bytes>,
    {
        Message::Binary(bin.into())
    }
}

impl From<String> for Message {
    fn from(string: String) -> Self {
        Message::Text(string.into())
    }
}

impl<'s> From<&'s str> for Message {
    fn from(string: &'s str) -> Self {
        Message::Text(string.into())
    }
}

impl<'b> From<&'b [u8]> for Message {
    fn from(data: &'b [u8]) -> Self {
        Message::Binary(Bytes::copy_from_slice(data))
    }
}

impl From<Bytes> for Message {
    fn from(data: Bytes) -> Self {
        Message::Binary(data)
    }
}

impl From<Vec<u8>> for Message {
    fn from(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
        Message::Binary(data.into())
    }
}

impl From<Message> for Vec<u8> {
    fn from(msg: Message) -> Self {
        msg.into_data().to_vec()
    }
}

fn sign(key: &[u8]) -> HeaderValue {
    use base64::engine::Engine as _;

    let mut sha1 = Sha1::default();
    sha1.update(key);
    sha1.update(&b"258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11"[..]);
    let b64 = Bytes::from(base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(sha1.finalize()));
    HeaderValue::from_maybe_shared(b64).expect("base64 is a valid value")
}

pub mod rejection {
    //! WebSocket specific rejections.

    use axum_core::__composite_rejection as composite_rejection;
    use axum_core::__define_rejection as define_rejection;

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED]
        #[body = "Request method must be `GET`"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct MethodNotGet;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED]
        #[body = "Request method must be `CONNECT`"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct MethodNotConnect;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = BAD_REQUEST]
        #[body = "Connection header did not include 'upgrade'"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct InvalidConnectionHeader;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = BAD_REQUEST]
        #[body = "`Upgrade` header did not include 'websocket'"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct InvalidUpgradeHeader;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = BAD_REQUEST]
        #[body = "`:protocol` pseudo-header did not include 'websocket'"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct InvalidProtocolPseudoheader;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = BAD_REQUEST]
        #[body = "`Sec-WebSocket-Version` header did not include '13'"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct InvalidWebSocketVersionHeader;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = BAD_REQUEST]
        #[body = "`Sec-WebSocket-Key` header missing"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        pub struct WebSocketKeyHeaderMissing;
    }

    define_rejection! {
        #[status = UPGRADE_REQUIRED]
        #[body = "WebSocket request couldn't be upgraded since no upgrade state was present"]
        /// Rejection type for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        ///
        /// This rejection is returned if the connection cannot be upgraded for example if the
        /// request is HTTP/1.0.
        ///
        /// See [MDN] for more details about connection upgrades.
        ///
        /// [MDN]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Upgrade
        pub struct ConnectionNotUpgradable;
    }

    composite_rejection! {
        /// Rejection used for [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade).
        ///
        /// Contains one variant for each way the [`WebSocketUpgrade`](super::WebSocketUpgrade)
        /// extractor can fail.
        pub enum WebSocketUpgradeRejection {
            MethodNotGet,
            MethodNotConnect,
            InvalidConnectionHeader,
            InvalidUpgradeHeader,
            InvalidProtocolPseudoheader,
            InvalidWebSocketVersionHeader,
            WebSocketKeyHeaderMissing,
            ConnectionNotUpgradable,
        }
    }
}

pub mod close_code {
    //! Constants for [`CloseCode`]s.
    //!
    //! [`CloseCode`]: super::CloseCode

    /// Indicates a normal closure, meaning that the purpose for which the connection was
    /// established has been fulfilled.
    pub const NORMAL: u16 = 1000;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is "going away", such as a server going down or a browser having
    /// navigated away from a page.
    pub const AWAY: u16 = 1001;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is terminating the connection due to a protocol error.
    pub const PROTOCOL: u16 = 1002;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is terminating the connection because it has received a type of
    /// data that it cannot accept.
    ///
    /// For example, an endpoint MAY send this if it understands only text data, but receives a binary message.
    pub const UNSUPPORTED: u16 = 1003;

    /// Indicates that no status code was included in a closing frame.
    pub const STATUS: u16 = 1005;

    /// Indicates an abnormal closure.
    pub const ABNORMAL: u16 = 1006;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is terminating the connection because it has received data
    /// within a message that was not consistent with the type of the message.
    ///
    /// For example, an endpoint received non-UTF-8 RFC3629 data within a text message.
    pub const INVALID: u16 = 1007;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is terminating the connection because it has received a message
    /// that violates its policy.
    ///
    /// This is a generic status code that can be returned when there is
    /// no other more suitable status code (e.g., `UNSUPPORTED` or `SIZE`) or if there is a need to
    /// hide specific details about the policy.
    pub const POLICY: u16 = 1008;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is terminating the connection because it has received a message
    /// that is too big for it to process.
    pub const SIZE: u16 = 1009;

    /// Indicates that an endpoint (client) is terminating the connection because the server
    /// did not respond to extension negotiation correctly.
    ///
    /// Specifically, the client has expected the server to negotiate one or more extension(s),
    /// but the server didn't return them in the response message of the WebSocket handshake.
    /// The list of extensions that are needed should be given as the reason for closing.
    /// Note that this status code is not used by the server,
    /// because it can fail the WebSocket handshake instead.
    pub const EXTENSION: u16 = 1010;

    /// Indicates that a server is terminating the connection because it encountered an unexpected
    /// condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
    pub const ERROR: u16 = 1011;

    /// Indicates that the server is restarting.
    pub const RESTART: u16 = 1012;

    /// Indicates that the server is overloaded and the client should either connect to a different
    /// IP (when multiple targets exist), or reconnect to the same IP when a user has performed an
    /// action.
    pub const AGAIN: u16 = 1013;
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::future::ready;

    use super::*;
    use crate::{routing::any, test_helpers::spawn_service, Router};
    use http::{Request, Version};
    use http_body_util::BodyExt as _;
    use hyper_util::rt::TokioExecutor;
    use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
    use tokio::net::TcpStream;
    use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite;
    use tower::ServiceExt;

    #[crate::test]
    async fn rejects_http_1_0_requests() {
        let svc = any(|ws: Result<WebSocketUpgrade, WebSocketUpgradeRejection>| {
            let rejection = ws.unwrap_err();
            assert!(matches!(
                rejection,
                WebSocketUpgradeRejection::ConnectionNotUpgradable(_)
            ));
            std::future::ready(())
        });

        let req = Request::builder()
            .version(Version::HTTP_10)
            .method(Method::GET)
            .header("upgrade", "websocket")
            .header("connection", "Upgrade")
            .header("sec-websocket-key", "6D69KGBOr4Re+Nj6zx9aQA==")
            .header("sec-websocket-version", "13")
            .body(Body::empty())
            .unwrap();

        let res = svc.oneshot(req).await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn default_on_failed_upgrade() {
        async fn handler(ws: WebSocketUpgrade) -> Response {
            ws.on_upgrade(|_| async {})
        }
        let _: Router = Router::new().route("/", any(handler));
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn on_failed_upgrade() {
        async fn handler(ws: WebSocketUpgrade) -> Response {
            ws.on_failed_upgrade(|_error: Error| println!("oops!"))
                .on_upgrade(|_| async {})
        }
        let _: Router = Router::new().route("/", any(handler));
    }

    #[crate::test]
    async fn integration_test() {
        let addr = spawn_service(echo_app());
        let uri = format!("ws://{addr}/echo").try_into().unwrap();
        let req = tungstenite::client::ClientRequestBuilder::new(uri)
            .with_sub_protocol(TEST_ECHO_APP_REQ_SUBPROTO);
        let (socket, response) = tokio_tungstenite::connect_async(req).await.unwrap();
        test_echo_app(socket, response.headers()).await;
    }

    #[crate::test]
    #[cfg(feature = "http2")]
    async fn http2() {
        let addr = spawn_service(echo_app());
        let io = TokioIo::new(TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap());
        let (mut send_request, conn) =
            hyper::client::conn::http2::Builder::new(TokioExecutor::new())
                .handshake(io)
                .await
                .unwrap();

        // Wait a little for the SETTINGS frame to go through…
        for _ in 0..10 {
            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
        }
        assert!(conn.is_extended_connect_protocol_enabled());
        tokio::spawn(async {
            conn.await.unwrap();
        });

        let req = Request::builder()
            .method(Method::CONNECT)
            .extension(hyper::ext::Protocol::from_static("websocket"))
            .uri("/echo")
            .header("sec-websocket-version", "13")
            .header("sec-websocket-protocol", TEST_ECHO_APP_REQ_SUBPROTO)
            .header("Host", "server.example.com")
            .body(Body::empty())
            .unwrap();

        let mut response = send_request.send_request(req).await.unwrap();
        let status = response.status();
        if status != 200 {
            let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
            let body = std::str::from_utf8(&body).unwrap();
            panic!("response status was {status}: {body}");
        }
        let upgraded = hyper::upgrade::on(&mut response).await.unwrap();
        let upgraded = TokioIo::new(upgraded);
        let socket = WebSocketStream::from_raw_socket(upgraded, protocol::Role::Client, None).await;
        test_echo_app(socket, response.headers()).await;
    }

    fn echo_app() -> Router {
        async fn handle_socket(mut socket: WebSocket) {
            assert_eq!(socket.protocol().unwrap(), "echo");
            while let Some(Ok(msg)) = socket.recv().await {
                match msg {
                    Message::Text(_) | Message::Binary(_) | Message::Close(_) => {
                        if socket.send(msg).await.is_err() {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    Message::Ping(_) | Message::Pong(_) => {
                        // tungstenite will respond to pings automatically
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Router::new().route(
            "/echo",
            any(|ws: WebSocketUpgrade| {
                let ws = ws.protocols(["echo2", "echo"]);
                assert_eq!(ws.selected_protocol().unwrap(), "echo");
                ready(ws.on_upgrade(handle_socket))
            }),
        )
    }

    const TEST_ECHO_APP_REQ_SUBPROTO: &str = "echo3, echo";
    async fn test_echo_app<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
        mut socket: WebSocketStream<S>,
        headers: &http::HeaderMap,
    ) {
        assert_eq!(headers[http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL], "echo");

        let input = tungstenite::Message::Text(tungstenite::Utf8Bytes::from_static("foobar"));
        socket.send(input.clone()).await.unwrap();
        let output = socket.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(input, output);

        socket
            .send(tungstenite::Message::Ping(Bytes::from_static(b"ping")))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let output = socket.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            output,
            tungstenite::Message::Pong(Bytes::from_static(b"ping"))
        );
    }
}