async_transport/

unix.rs

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
use std::ptr;
use std::{
    io,
    io::IoSliceMut,
    mem::{self, MaybeUninit},
    net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr, SocketAddr, SocketAddrV4, SocketAddrV6},
    os::unix::io::AsRawFd,
    sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, AtomicUsize},
    time::Instant,
};

use socket2::SockRef;

use super::{
    cmsg, log_sendmsg_error, Capabilities, EcnCodepoint, RecvMeta, Transmit, UdpSockRef,
    IO_ERROR_LOG_INTERVAL,
};

#[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
type IpTosTy = libc::c_uchar;
#[cfg(not(target_os = "freebsd"))]
type IpTosTy = libc::c_int;

/// Tokio-compatible UDP socket with some useful specializations.
///
/// Unlike a standard tokio UDP socket, this allows ECN bits to be read and written on some
/// platforms.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct UdpSocketState {
    epoch: Instant,
    last_send_error: AtomicU64,
}

impl UdpSocketState {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        let now = Instant::now();
        Self {
            epoch: now.checked_sub(2 * IO_ERROR_LOG_INTERVAL).unwrap_or(now),
            last_send_error: AtomicU64::new(0),
        }
    }

    pub fn configure(sock: UdpSockRef<'_>) -> io::Result<()> {
        init(sock.0)
    }

    pub fn send(
        &self,
        socket: UdpSockRef<'_>,
        capabilities: &Capabilities,
        transmits: &[Transmit],
    ) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        send(
            capabilities,
            socket.0,
            &self.epoch,
            &self.last_send_error,
            transmits,
        )
    }

    pub fn recv(
        &self,
        socket: UdpSockRef<'_>,
        bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>],
        meta: &mut [RecvMeta],
    ) -> io::Result<usize> {
        recv(socket.0, bufs, meta)
    }
}

impl Default for UdpSocketState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

fn init(io: SockRef<'_>) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut cmsg_platform_space = 0;
    if cfg!(target_os = "linux") || cfg!(target_os = "freebsd") || cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
        cmsg_platform_space +=
            unsafe { libc::CMSG_SPACE(mem::size_of::<libc::in6_pktinfo>() as _) as usize };
    }

    assert!(
        CMSG_LEN
            >= unsafe { libc::CMSG_SPACE(mem::size_of::<libc::c_int>() as _) as usize }
                + cmsg_platform_space
    );
    assert!(
        mem::align_of::<libc::cmsghdr>() <= mem::align_of::<cmsg::Aligned<[u8; 0]>>(),
        "control message buffers will be misaligned"
    );

    io.set_nonblocking(true)?;

    let addr = io.local_addr()?;
    let is_ipv4 = addr.family() == libc::AF_INET as libc::sa_family_t;

    // mac and ios do not support IP_RECVTOS on dual-stack sockets :(
    // older macos versions also don't have the flag and will error out if we don't ignore it
    if is_ipv4 || !io.only_v6()? {
        if let Err(err) = set_socket_option(&*io, libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_RECVTOS, OPTION_ON) {
            tracing::debug!("Ignoring error setting IP_RECVTOS on socket: {err:?}",);
        }
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    {
        // opportunistically try to enable GRO. See gro::gro_segments().
        let _ = set_socket_option(&*io, libc::SOL_UDP, libc::UDP_GRO, OPTION_ON);

        // Forbid IPv4 fragmentation. Set even for IPv6 to account for IPv6 mapped IPv4 addresses.
        set_socket_option(
            &*io,
            libc::IPPROTO_IP,
            libc::IP_MTU_DISCOVER,
            libc::IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE,
        )?;

        if is_ipv4 {
            set_socket_option(&*io, libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_PKTINFO, OPTION_ON)?;
        } else {
            set_socket_option(
                &*io,
                libc::IPPROTO_IPV6,
                libc::IPV6_MTU_DISCOVER,
                libc::IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE,
            )?;
        }
    }
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "macos"))]
    // IP_RECVDSTADDR == IP_SENDSRCADDR on FreeBSD
    // macOS uses only IP_RECVDSTADDR, no IP_SENDSRCADDR on macOS
    // macOS also supports IP_PKTINFO
    {
        if is_ipv4 {
            set_socket_option(&*io, libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_RECVDSTADDR, OPTION_ON)?;
        }
    }

    // IPV6_RECVPKTINFO is standardized
    if !is_ipv4 {
        set_socket_option(&*io, libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, OPTION_ON)?;
        set_socket_option(&*io, libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_RECVTCLASS, OPTION_ON)?;
    }

    if !is_ipv4 {
        set_socket_option(&*io, libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_RECVTCLASS, OPTION_ON)?;
    }

    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
fn send(
    #[allow(unused_variables)] // only used on Linux
    capabilities: &Capabilities,
    io: SockRef<'_>,
    epoch: &Instant,
    last_send_error: &AtomicU64,
    transmits: &[Transmit],
) -> io::Result<usize> {
    #[allow(unused_mut)] // only mutable on FeeBSD
    let mut encode_src_ip = true;
    #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
    {
        let addr = io.local_addr()?;
        let is_ipv4 = addr.family() == libc::AF_INET as libc::sa_family_t;
        if is_ipv4 {
            if let Some(socket) = addr.as_socket_ipv4() {
                encode_src_ip = socket.ip() == &Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED;
            }
        }
    }
    let mut msgs: [libc::mmsghdr; BATCH_SIZE] = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    let mut iovecs: [libc::iovec; BATCH_SIZE] = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    let mut cmsgs = [cmsg::Aligned([0u8; CMSG_LEN]); BATCH_SIZE];
    // This assume_init looks a bit weird because one might think it
    // assumes the SockAddr data to be initialized, but that call
    // refers to the whole array, which itself is made up of MaybeUninit
    // containers. Their presence protects the SockAddr inside from
    // being assumed as initialized by the assume_init call.
    // TODO: Replace this with uninit_array once it becomes MSRV-stable
    let mut addrs: [MaybeUninit<socket2::SockAddr>; BATCH_SIZE] =
        unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() };
    for (i, transmit) in transmits.iter().enumerate().take(BATCH_SIZE) {
        let dst_addr = unsafe {
            ptr::write(
                addrs[i].as_mut_ptr(),
                socket2::SockAddr::from(transmit.destination),
            );
            &*addrs[i].as_ptr()
        };
        prepare_msg(
            transmit,
            dst_addr,
            &mut msgs[i].msg_hdr,
            &mut iovecs[i],
            &mut cmsgs[i],
            encode_src_ip,
        );
    }
    let num_transmits = transmits.len().min(BATCH_SIZE);

    loop {
        let n = unsafe { libc::sendmmsg(io.as_raw_fd(), msgs.as_mut_ptr(), num_transmits as _, 0) };
        if n == -1 {
            let e = io::Error::last_os_error();
            match e.kind() {
                io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {
                    // Retry the transmission
                    continue;
                }
                io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => return Err(e),
                _ => {
                    // Some network adapters do not support GSO. Unfortunately, Linux offers no easy way
                    // for us to detect this short of an I/O error when we try to actually send
                    // datagrams using it.
                    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
                    if e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EIO) {
                        // Prevent new transmits from being scheduled using GSO. Existing GSO transmits
                        // may already be in the pipeline, so we need to tolerate additional failures.
                        if capabilities.max_gso_segments() > 1 {
                            tracing::error!("got EIO, halting segmentation offload");
                            capabilities
                                .max_gso_segments
                                .store(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
                        }
                    }

                    // Other errors are ignored, since they will usually be handled
                    // by higher level retransmits and timeouts.
                    // - PermissionDenied errors have been observed due to iptable rules.
                    //   Those are not fatal errors, since the
                    //   configuration can be dynamically changed.
                    // - Destination unreachable errors have been observed for other
                    log_sendmsg_error(epoch, last_send_error, e, &transmits[0]);

                    // The ERRORS section in https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/sendmmsg.2.html
                    // describes that errors will only be returned if no message could be transmitted
                    // at all. Therefore drop the first (problematic) message,
                    // and retry the remaining ones.
                    return Ok(num_transmits.min(1));
                }
            }
        }
        return Ok(n as usize);
    }
}

#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
fn send(
    _capabilities: &Capabilities,
    io: SockRef<'_>,
    epoch: &Instant,
    last_send_error: &AtomicU64,
    transmits: &[Transmit],
) -> io::Result<usize> {
    let mut hdr: libc::msghdr = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    let mut iov: libc::iovec = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    let mut ctrl = cmsg::Aligned([0u8; CMSG_LEN]);
    let mut sent = 0;

    while sent < transmits.len() {
        let addr = socket2::SockAddr::from(transmits[sent].destination);
        prepare_msg(
            &transmits[sent],
            &addr,
            &mut hdr,
            &mut iov,
            &mut ctrl,
            // Only tested on macOS
            cfg!(target_os = "macos"),
        );
        let n = unsafe { libc::sendmsg(io.as_raw_fd(), &hdr, 0) };
        if n == -1 {
            let e = io::Error::last_os_error();
            match e.kind() {
                io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {
                    // Retry the transmission
                }
                io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock if sent != 0 => return Ok(sent),
                io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => return Err(e),
                _ => {
                    // Other errors are ignored, since they will ususally be handled
                    // by higher level retransmits and timeouts.
                    // - PermissionDenied errors have been observed due to iptable rules.
                    //   Those are not fatal errors, since the
                    //   configuration can be dynamically changed.
                    // - Destination unreachable errors have been observed for other
                    log_sendmsg_error(epoch, last_send_error, e, &transmits[sent]);
                    sent += 1;
                }
            }
        } else {
            sent += 1;
        }
    }
    Ok(sent)
}

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
fn recv(io: SockRef<'_>, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>], meta: &mut [RecvMeta]) -> io::Result<usize> {
    let mut names = [MaybeUninit::<libc::sockaddr_storage>::uninit(); BATCH_SIZE];
    let mut ctrls = [cmsg::Aligned(MaybeUninit::<[u8; CMSG_LEN]>::uninit()); BATCH_SIZE];
    let mut hdrs = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<[libc::mmsghdr; BATCH_SIZE]>() };
    let max_msg_count = bufs.len().min(BATCH_SIZE);
    for i in 0..max_msg_count {
        prepare_recv(
            &mut bufs[i],
            &mut names[i],
            &mut ctrls[i],
            &mut hdrs[i].msg_hdr,
        );
    }
    let msg_count = loop {
        let n = unsafe {
            libc::recvmmsg(
                io.as_raw_fd(),
                hdrs.as_mut_ptr(),
                bufs.len().min(BATCH_SIZE) as _,
                0,
                ptr::null_mut(),
            )
        };
        if n == -1 {
            let e = io::Error::last_os_error();
            if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted {
                continue;
            }
            return Err(e);
        }
        break n;
    };
    for i in 0..(msg_count as usize) {
        meta[i] = decode_recv(&names[i], &hdrs[i].msg_hdr, hdrs[i].msg_len as usize);
    }
    Ok(msg_count as usize)
}

#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
fn recv(io: SockRef<'_>, bufs: &mut [IoSliceMut<'_>], meta: &mut [RecvMeta]) -> io::Result<usize> {
    let mut name = MaybeUninit::<libc::sockaddr_storage>::uninit();
    let mut ctrl = cmsg::Aligned(MaybeUninit::<[u8; CMSG_LEN]>::uninit());
    let mut hdr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<libc::msghdr>() };
    prepare_recv(&mut bufs[0], &mut name, &mut ctrl, &mut hdr);
    let n = loop {
        let n = unsafe { libc::recvmsg(io.as_raw_fd(), &mut hdr, 0) };
        if n == -1 {
            let e = io::Error::last_os_error();
            if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted {
                continue;
            }
            return Err(e);
        }
        if hdr.msg_flags & libc::MSG_TRUNC != 0 {
            continue;
        }
        break n;
    };
    meta[0] = decode_recv(&name, &hdr, n as usize);
    Ok(1)
}

/// Returns the platforms UDP socket capabilities
pub fn capabilities() -> Capabilities {
    Capabilities {
        max_gso_segments: AtomicUsize::new(gso::max_gso_segments()),
        gro_segments: gro::gro_segments(),
    }
}

const CMSG_LEN: usize = 88;

fn prepare_msg(
    transmit: &Transmit,
    dst_addr: &socket2::SockAddr,
    hdr: &mut libc::msghdr,
    iov: &mut libc::iovec,
    ctrl: &mut cmsg::Aligned<[u8; CMSG_LEN]>,
    #[allow(unused_variables)] // only used on FreeBSD & macOS
    encode_src_ip: bool,
) {
    iov.iov_base = transmit.contents.as_ptr() as *const _ as *mut _;
    iov.iov_len = transmit.contents.len();

    // SAFETY: Casting the pointer to a mutable one is legal,
    // as sendmsg is guaranteed to not alter the mutable pointer
    // as per the POSIX spec. See the section on the sys/socket.h
    // header for details. The type is only mutable in the first
    // place because it is reused by recvmsg as well.
    let name = dst_addr.as_ptr() as *mut libc::c_void;
    let namelen = dst_addr.len();
    hdr.msg_name = name as *mut _;
    hdr.msg_namelen = namelen;
    hdr.msg_iov = iov;
    hdr.msg_iovlen = 1;

    hdr.msg_control = ctrl.0.as_mut_ptr() as _;
    hdr.msg_controllen = CMSG_LEN as _;
    let mut encoder = unsafe { cmsg::Encoder::new(hdr) };
    let ecn = transmit.ecn.map_or(0, |x| x as libc::c_int);
    if transmit.destination.is_ipv4() {
        encoder.push(libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_TOS, ecn as IpTosTy);
    } else {
        encoder.push(libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_TCLASS, ecn);
    }

    if let Some(segment_size) = transmit.segment_size {
        gso::set_segment_size(&mut encoder, segment_size as u16);
    }

    if let Some(ip) = &transmit.src_ip {
        match ip {
            IpAddr::V4(v4) => {
                #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
                {
                    let pktinfo = libc::in_pktinfo {
                        ipi_ifindex: 0,
                        ipi_spec_dst: libc::in_addr {
                            s_addr: u32::from_ne_bytes(v4.octets()),
                        },
                        ipi_addr: libc::in_addr { s_addr: 0 },
                    };
                    encoder.push(libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_PKTINFO, pktinfo);
                }
                #[cfg(any(target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "macos"))]
                {
                    if encode_src_ip {
                        let addr = libc::in_addr {
                            s_addr: u32::from_ne_bytes(v4.octets()),
                        };
                        encoder.push(libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_RECVDSTADDR, addr);
                    }
                }
            }
            IpAddr::V6(v6) => {
                let pktinfo = libc::in6_pktinfo {
                    ipi6_ifindex: 0,
                    ipi6_addr: libc::in6_addr {
                        s6_addr: v6.octets(),
                    },
                };
                encoder.push(libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_PKTINFO, pktinfo);
            }
        }
    }

    encoder.finish();
}

fn prepare_recv(
    buf: &mut IoSliceMut<'_>,
    name: &mut MaybeUninit<libc::sockaddr_storage>,
    ctrl: &mut cmsg::Aligned<MaybeUninit<[u8; CMSG_LEN]>>,
    hdr: &mut libc::msghdr,
) {
    hdr.msg_name = name.as_mut_ptr() as _;
    hdr.msg_namelen = mem::size_of::<libc::sockaddr_storage>() as _;
    hdr.msg_iov = buf as *mut IoSliceMut<'_> as *mut libc::iovec;
    hdr.msg_iovlen = 1;
    hdr.msg_control = ctrl.0.as_mut_ptr() as _;
    hdr.msg_controllen = CMSG_LEN as _;
    hdr.msg_flags = 0;
}

fn decode_recv(
    name: &MaybeUninit<libc::sockaddr_storage>,
    hdr: &libc::msghdr,
    len: usize,
) -> RecvMeta {
    let name = unsafe { name.assume_init() };
    let mut ecn_bits = 0;
    let mut dst_ip = None;
    #[allow(unused_mut)] // only mutable on Linux
    let mut stride = len;

    let cmsg_iter = unsafe { cmsg::Iter::new(hdr) };
    for cmsg in cmsg_iter {
        match (cmsg.cmsg_level, cmsg.cmsg_type) {
            // FreeBSD uses IP_RECVTOS here, and we can be liberal because cmsgs are opt-in.
            (libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_TOS) | (libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_RECVTOS) => unsafe {
                ecn_bits = cmsg::decode::<u8>(cmsg);
            },
            (libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_TCLASS) => unsafe {
                // Temporary hack around broken macos ABI. Remove once upstream fixes it.
                // https://bugreport.apple.com/web/?problemID=48761855
                #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)] // cmsg.cmsg_len defined as size_t
                if cfg!(target_os = "macos")
                    && cmsg.cmsg_len as usize == libc::CMSG_LEN(mem::size_of::<u8>() as _) as usize
                {
                    ecn_bits = cmsg::decode::<u8>(cmsg);
                } else {
                    ecn_bits = cmsg::decode::<libc::c_int>(cmsg) as u8;
                }
            },
            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
            (libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_PKTINFO) => {
                let pktinfo = unsafe { cmsg::decode::<libc::in_pktinfo>(cmsg) };
                dst_ip = Some(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::from(
                    pktinfo.ipi_addr.s_addr.to_ne_bytes(),
                )));
            }
            #[cfg(any(target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "macos"))]
            (libc::IPPROTO_IP, libc::IP_RECVDSTADDR) => {
                let in_addr = unsafe { cmsg::decode::<libc::in_addr>(cmsg) };
                dst_ip = Some(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::from(in_addr.s_addr.to_ne_bytes())));
            }
            (libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_PKTINFO) => {
                let pktinfo = unsafe { cmsg::decode::<libc::in6_pktinfo>(cmsg) };
                dst_ip = Some(IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::from(pktinfo.ipi6_addr.s6_addr)));
            }
            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
            (libc::SOL_UDP, libc::UDP_GRO) => unsafe {
                stride = cmsg::decode::<libc::c_int>(cmsg) as usize;
            },
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    let addr = match libc::c_int::from(name.ss_family) {
        libc::AF_INET => {
            // Safety: if the ss_family field is AF_INET then storage must be a sockaddr_in.
            let addr: &libc::sockaddr_in =
                unsafe { &*(&name as *const _ as *const libc::sockaddr_in) };
            SocketAddr::V4(SocketAddrV4::new(
                Ipv4Addr::from(addr.sin_addr.s_addr.to_ne_bytes()),
                u16::from_be(addr.sin_port),
            ))
        }
        libc::AF_INET6 => {
            // Safety: if the ss_family field is AF_INET6 then storage must be a sockaddr_in6.
            let addr: &libc::sockaddr_in6 =
                unsafe { &*(&name as *const _ as *const libc::sockaddr_in6) };
            SocketAddr::V6(SocketAddrV6::new(
                Ipv6Addr::from(addr.sin6_addr.s6_addr),
                u16::from_be(addr.sin6_port),
                addr.sin6_flowinfo,
                addr.sin6_scope_id,
            ))
        }
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };

    RecvMeta {
        len,
        stride,
        addr,
        ecn: EcnCodepoint::from_bits(ecn_bits),
        dst_ip,
    }
}

#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
// Chosen somewhat arbitrarily; might benefit from additional tuning.
pub const BATCH_SIZE: usize = 32;

#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
pub const BATCH_SIZE: usize = 1;

#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
mod gso {
    use super::*;

    /// Checks whether GSO support is available by setting the UDP_SEGMENT
    /// option on a socket
    pub fn max_gso_segments() -> usize {
        const GSO_SIZE: libc::c_int = 1500;

        let socket = match std::net::UdpSocket::bind("[::]:0")
            .or_else(|_| std::net::UdpSocket::bind("127.0.0.1:0"))
        {
            Ok(socket) => socket,
            Err(_) => return 1,
        };

        // As defined in linux/udp.h
        // #define UDP_MAX_SEGMENTS        (1 << 6UL)
        match set_socket_option(&socket, libc::SOL_UDP, libc::UDP_SEGMENT, GSO_SIZE) {
            Ok(()) => 64,
            Err(_) => 1,
        }
    }

    pub fn set_segment_size(encoder: &mut cmsg::Encoder<'_>, segment_size: u16) {
        encoder.push(libc::SOL_UDP, libc::UDP_SEGMENT, segment_size);
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
mod gso {
    use super::*;

    pub fn max_gso_segments() -> usize {
        1
    }

    pub fn set_segment_size(_encoder: &mut cmsg::Encoder<'_>, _segment_size: u16) {
        panic!("Setting a segment size is not supported on current platform");
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
mod gro {
    use super::*;

    pub fn gro_segments() -> usize {
        let socket = match std::net::UdpSocket::bind("[::]:0")
            .or_else(|_| std::net::UdpSocket::bind("127.0.0.1:0"))
        {
            Ok(socket) => socket,
            Err(_) => return 1,
        };

        // As defined in net/ipv4/udp_offload.c
        // #define UDP_GRO_CNT_MAX 64
        //
        // NOTE: this MUST be set to UDP_GRO_CNT_MAX to ensure that the receive buffer size
        // (get_max_udp_payload_size() * gro_segments()) is large enough to hold the largest GRO
        // list the kernel might potentially produce. See
        // https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn/pull/1354.
        match set_socket_option(&socket, libc::SOL_UDP, libc::UDP_GRO, OPTION_ON) {
            Ok(()) => 64,
            Err(_) => 1,
        }
    }
}

fn set_socket_option(
    socket: &impl AsRawFd,
    level: libc::c_int,
    name: libc::c_int,
    value: libc::c_int,
) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
    let rc = unsafe {
        libc::setsockopt(
            socket.as_raw_fd(),
            level,
            name,
            &value as *const _ as _,
            mem::size_of_val(&value) as _,
        )
    };

    match rc == 0 {
        true => Ok(()),
        false => Err(io::Error::last_os_error()),
    }
}

const OPTION_ON: libc::c_int = 1;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
mod gro {
    pub fn gro_segments() -> usize {
        1
    }
}