async_nats/

header.rs

// Copyright 2020-2023 The NATS Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

// NOTE(thomastaylor312): This clippy lint is coming from serialize and deserialize and is likely a
// false positive due to the bytes crate, see
// https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#/mutable_key_type for more details.
// Sorry to make this global to this module, rather than on the `HeaderMap` struct, but because it
// is coming from the derive, it didn't work to set it on the struct.
#![allow(clippy::mutable_key_type)]

//! NATS [Message][crate::Message] headers, modeled loosely after the `http::header` crate.

use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt, slice::Iter, str::FromStr};

use bytes::Bytes;
use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};

/// A struct for handling NATS headers.
/// Has a similar API to `http::header`, but properly serializes and deserializes
/// according to NATS requirements.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # #[tokio::main]
/// # async fn main() -> Result<(), async_nats::Error> {
/// let client = async_nats::connect("demo.nats.io").await?;
/// let mut headers = async_nats::HeaderMap::new();
/// headers.insert("Key", "Value");
/// client
///     .publish_with_headers("subject", headers, "payload".into())
///     .await?;
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default)]
pub struct HeaderMap {
    inner: HashMap<HeaderName, Vec<HeaderValue>>,
}

/// Helper enum for backward-compatible deserialization using serde's untagged feature
/// This is required because of the bug #1470 where the client incorrectly serialized
/// headers with an "inner" wrapper.
#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(untagged)]
enum HeaderMapHelper {
    // Legacy format with "inner" wrapper
    Legacy {
        inner: HashMap<HeaderName, Vec<HeaderValue>>,
    },
    // Proper format - direct HashMap
    Current(HashMap<HeaderName, Vec<HeaderValue>>),
}

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for HeaderMap {
    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
    where
        D: Deserializer<'de>,
    {
        // Use the untagged enum to automatically try both formats
        let helper = HeaderMapHelper::deserialize(deserializer)?;

        Ok(match helper {
            HeaderMapHelper::Legacy { inner } => HeaderMap { inner },
            HeaderMapHelper::Current(inner) => HeaderMap { inner },
        })
    }
}

impl Serialize for HeaderMap {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        // Serialize as the new format (direct HashMap without "inner" wrapper)
        self.inner.serialize(serializer)
    }
}

impl FromIterator<(HeaderName, HeaderValue)> for HeaderMap {
    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (HeaderName, HeaderValue)>>(iter: T) -> Self {
        let mut header_map = HeaderMap::new();
        for (key, value) in iter {
            header_map.insert(key, value);
        }
        header_map
    }
}

impl HeaderMap {
    pub fn iter(&self) -> std::collections::hash_map::Iter<'_, HeaderName, Vec<HeaderValue>> {
        self.inner.iter()
    }
}

pub struct GetAll<'a, T> {
    inner: Iter<'a, T>,
}

impl<'a, T> Iterator for GetAll<'a, T> {
    type Item = &'a T;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.inner.next()
    }
}

impl HeaderMap {
    /// Create an empty `HeaderMap`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    /// let map = HeaderMap::new();
    ///
    /// assert!(map.is_empty());
    /// ```
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        HeaderMap::default()
    }

    /// Returns true if the map contains no elements.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    /// # use async_nats::header::NATS_SUBJECT;
    /// let mut map = HeaderMap::new();
    ///
    /// assert!(map.is_empty());
    ///
    /// map.insert(NATS_SUBJECT, "FOO.BAR");
    ///
    /// assert!(!map.is_empty());
    /// ```
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_empty()
    }

    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.len()
    }
}

impl HeaderMap {
    /// Inserts a new value to a [HeaderMap].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    ///
    /// let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
    /// headers.insert("Key", "Value");
    /// ```
    pub fn insert<K: IntoHeaderName, V: IntoHeaderValue>(&mut self, name: K, value: V) {
        self.inner
            .insert(name.into_header_name(), vec![value.into_header_value()]);
    }

    /// Appends a new value to the list of values to a given key.
    /// If the key did not exist, it will be inserted with provided value.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    ///
    /// let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
    /// headers.append("Key", "Value");
    /// headers.append("Key", "Another");
    pub fn append<K: IntoHeaderName, V: IntoHeaderValue>(&mut self, name: K, value: V) {
        let key = name.into_header_name();
        let v = self.inner.get_mut(&key);
        match v {
            Some(v) => {
                v.push(value.into_header_value());
            }
            None => {
                self.insert(key, value.into_header_value());
            }
        }
    }

    /// Gets a value for a given key. If key is not found, [Option::None] is returned.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    ///
    /// let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
    /// headers.append("Key", "Value");
    /// let values = headers.get("Key").unwrap();
    /// ```
    pub fn get<K: IntoHeaderName>(&self, key: K) -> Option<&HeaderValue> {
        self.inner
            .get(&key.into_header_name())
            .and_then(|x| x.first())
    }

    /// Gets a last value for a given key. If key is not found, [Option::None] is returned.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    ///
    /// let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
    /// headers.append("Key", "Value");
    /// let values = headers.get_last("Key").unwrap();
    /// ```
    pub fn get_last<K: IntoHeaderName>(&self, key: K) -> Option<&HeaderValue> {
        self.inner
            .get(&key.into_header_name())
            .and_then(|x| x.last())
    }

    /// Gets an iterator to the values for a given key.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use async_nats::HeaderMap;
    ///
    /// let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
    /// headers.append("Key", "Value1");
    /// headers.append("Key", "Value2");
    /// let mut values = headers.get_all("Key");
    /// let value1 = values.next();
    /// let value2 = values.next();
    /// ```
    pub fn get_all<K: IntoHeaderName>(&self, key: K) -> GetAll<'_, HeaderValue> {
        let inner = self
            .inner
            .get(&key.into_header_name())
            .map(|x| x.iter())
            .unwrap_or([].iter());

        GetAll { inner }
    }

    pub(crate) fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = vec![];
        buf.extend_from_slice(b"NATS/1.0\r\n");
        for (k, vs) in &self.inner {
            for v in vs.iter() {
                buf.extend_from_slice(k.as_str().as_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(b": ");
                buf.extend_from_slice(v.inner.as_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
            }
        }
        buf.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
        buf
    }
}

/// Represents NATS header field value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use async_nats::HeaderMap;
///
/// let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
/// headers.insert("Key", "Value");
/// headers.insert("Another", "AnotherValue");
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
pub struct HeaderValue {
    inner: String,
}

impl fmt::Display for HeaderValue {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for HeaderValue {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.inner.as_ref()
    }
}

impl AsRef<str> for HeaderValue {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl From<i16> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: i16) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<i32> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: i32) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<i64> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: i64) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<isize> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: isize) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<u16> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: u16) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<u32> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: u32) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<u64> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: u64) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<usize> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl FromStr for HeaderValue {
    type Err = ParseHeaderValueError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        if s.contains(['\r', '\n']) {
            return Err(ParseHeaderValueError);
        }

        Ok(HeaderValue {
            inner: s.to_string(),
        })
    }
}

impl From<&str> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(v: &str) -> Self {
        assert!(
            !v.contains(['\r', '\n']),
            "invalid header value: cannot contain '\\r' or '\\n'"
        );
        Self {
            inner: v.to_string(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<String> for HeaderValue {
    fn from(inner: String) -> Self {
        assert!(
            !inner.contains(['\r', '\n']),
            "invalid header value: cannot contain '\\r' or '\\n'"
        );
        Self { inner }
    }
}

impl HeaderValue {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        HeaderValue::default()
    }

    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
        self.inner.as_str()
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ParseHeaderValueError;

impl fmt::Display for ParseHeaderValueError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            r#"invalid character found in header value (value cannot contain '\r' or '\n')"#
        )
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for ParseHeaderValueError {}

pub trait IntoHeaderName {
    fn into_header_name(self) -> HeaderName;
}

impl IntoHeaderName for &str {
    fn into_header_name(self) -> HeaderName {
        assert!(
            !self.contains(|c: char| c == ':' || (c as u8) < 33 || (c as u8) > 126),
            "invalid header name: cannot contain control characters, non-ASCII, or ':'"
        );
        match StandardHeader::from_bytes(self.as_bytes()) {
            Some(v) => HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Standard(v),
            },
            None => HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Custom(self.into()),
            },
        }
    }
}

impl IntoHeaderName for String {
    fn into_header_name(self) -> HeaderName {
        assert!(
            !self.contains(|c: char| c == ':' || (c as u8) < 33 || (c as u8) > 126),
            "invalid header name: cannot contain control characters, non-ASCII, or ':'"
        );
        match StandardHeader::from_bytes(self.as_bytes()) {
            Some(v) => HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Standard(v),
            },
            None => HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Custom(self.into()),
            },
        }
    }
}

impl IntoHeaderName for HeaderName {
    fn into_header_name(self) -> HeaderName {
        self
    }
}

pub trait IntoHeaderValue {
    fn into_header_value(self) -> HeaderValue;
}

impl IntoHeaderValue for &str {
    fn into_header_value(self) -> HeaderValue {
        HeaderValue::from(self)
    }
}

impl IntoHeaderValue for String {
    fn into_header_value(self) -> HeaderValue {
        HeaderValue::from(self)
    }
}

impl IntoHeaderValue for HeaderValue {
    fn into_header_value(self) -> HeaderValue {
        self
    }
}

macro_rules! standard_headers {
    (
        $(
            $(#[$docs:meta])*
            ($variant:ident, $constant:ident, $bytes:literal);
        )+
    ) => {
        #[allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
        enum StandardHeader {
            $(
                $variant,
            )+
        }

        $(
            $(#[$docs])*
            pub const $constant: HeaderName = HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Standard(StandardHeader::$variant),
            };
        )+

        impl StandardHeader {
            #[inline]
            fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
                match *self {
                    $(
                    StandardHeader::$variant => unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked( $bytes ) },
                    )+
                }
            }

            const fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<StandardHeader> {
                match bytes {
                    $(
                        $bytes => Some(StandardHeader::$variant),
                    )+
                    _ => None,
                }
            }
        }

        #[cfg(test)]
        mod standard_header_tests {
            use super::HeaderName;
            use std::str::{self, FromStr};

            const TEST_HEADERS: &'static [(&'static HeaderName, &'static [u8])] = &[
                $(
                (&super::$constant, $bytes),
                )+
            ];

            #[test]
            fn from_str() {
                for &(header, bytes) in TEST_HEADERS {
                    let utf8 = str::from_utf8(bytes).expect("string constants isn't utf8");
                    assert_eq!(HeaderName::from_str(utf8).unwrap(), *header);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generate constants for all standard NATS headers.
standard_headers! {
    /// The name of the stream the message belongs to.
    (NatsStream, NATS_STREAM, b"Nats-Stream");
    /// The sequence number of the message within the stream.
    (NatsSequence, NATS_SEQUENCE, b"Nats-Sequence");
    /// The timestamp of when the message was sent.
    (NatsTimeStamp, NATS_TIME_STAMP, b"Nats-Time-Stamp");
    /// The subject of the message, used for routing and filtering messages.
    (NatsSubject, NATS_SUBJECT, b"Nats-Subject");
    /// A unique identifier for the message.
    (NatsMessageId, NATS_MESSAGE_ID, b"Nats-Msg-Id");
    /// The last known stream the message was part of.
    (NatsLastStream, NATS_LAST_STREAM, b"Nats-Last-Stream");
    /// The last known consumer that processed the message.
    (NatsLastConsumer, NATS_LAST_CONSUMER, b"Nats-Last-Consumer");
    /// The last known sequence number of the message.
    (NatsLastSequence, NATS_LAST_SEQUENCE, b"Nats-Last-Sequence");
    /// The expected last sequence number of the subject.
    (NatsExpectedLastSubjectSequence, NATS_EXPECTED_LAST_SUBJECT_SEQUENCE, b"Nats-Expected-Last-Subject-Sequence");
    /// The expected last message ID within the stream.
    (NatsExpectedLastMessageId, NATS_EXPECTED_LAST_MESSAGE_ID, b"Nats-Expected-Last-Msg-Id");
    /// The expected last sequence number within the stream.
    (NatsExpectedLastSequence, NATS_EXPECTED_LAST_SEQUENCE, b"Nats-Expected-Last-Sequence");
    /// The expected stream the message should be part of.
    (NatsExpectedStream, NATS_EXPECTED_STREAM, b"Nats-Expected-Stream");
    /// Sets the TTL for a single message.
    (NatsMessageTtl, NATS_MESSAGE_TTL, b"Nats-TTL");
    /// Reason why the delete marked on a stream with enabled markers was put.
    (NatsMarkerReason, NATS_MARKER_REASON, b"Nats-Marker-Reason");
}

#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
struct CustomHeader {
    bytes: Bytes,
}

impl CustomHeader {
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) const fn from_static(value: &'static str) -> CustomHeader {
        CustomHeader {
            bytes: Bytes::from_static(value.as_bytes()),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
        unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.bytes.as_ref()) }
    }
}

impl From<String> for CustomHeader {
    #[inline]
    fn from(value: String) -> CustomHeader {
        CustomHeader {
            bytes: Bytes::from(value),
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for CustomHeader {
    #[inline]
    fn from(value: &'a str) -> CustomHeader {
        CustomHeader {
            bytes: Bytes::copy_from_slice(value.as_bytes()),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
enum HeaderRepr {
    Standard(StandardHeader),
    Custom(CustomHeader),
}

/// Defines a NATS header field name
///
/// Header field names identify the header. Header sets may include multiple
/// headers with the same name.
///
/// # Representation
///
/// `HeaderName` represents standard header names using an `enum`, as such they
/// will not require an allocation for storage.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct HeaderName {
    inner: HeaderRepr,
}

impl HeaderName {
    /// Converts a static string to a NATS header name.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn from_static(value: &'static str) -> HeaderName {
        if let Some(standard) = StandardHeader::from_bytes(value.as_bytes()) {
            return HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Standard(standard),
            };
        }

        HeaderName {
            inner: HeaderRepr::Custom(CustomHeader::from_static(value)),
        }
    }

    /// Returns a `str` representation of the header.
    #[inline]
    fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
        match self.inner {
            HeaderRepr::Standard(v) => v.as_str(),
            HeaderRepr::Custom(ref v) => v.as_str(),
        }
    }
}

impl FromStr for HeaderName {
    type Err = ParseHeaderNameError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        if s.contains(|c: char| c == ':' || (c as u8) < 33 || (c as u8) > 126) {
            return Err(ParseHeaderNameError);
        }

        match StandardHeader::from_bytes(s.as_ref()) {
            Some(v) => Ok(HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Standard(v),
            }),
            None => Ok(HeaderName {
                inner: HeaderRepr::Custom(CustomHeader::from(s)),
            }),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for HeaderName {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for HeaderName {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_str().as_bytes()
    }
}

impl AsRef<str> for HeaderName {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

impl Serialize for HeaderName {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: serde::Serializer,
    {
        serializer.serialize_str(self.as_str())
    }
}

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for HeaderName {
    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
    where
        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
    {
        String::deserialize(deserializer)?
            .parse()
            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ParseHeaderNameError;

impl std::fmt::Display for ParseHeaderNameError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "invalid header name (name cannot contain non-ascii alphanumeric characters other than '-')")
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for ParseHeaderNameError {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::{HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue, IntoHeaderName, IntoHeaderValue};
    use std::str::{from_utf8, FromStr};

    #[test]
    fn try_from() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("name", "something".parse::<HeaderValue>().unwrap());
        headers.insert("name", "something2");
    }

    #[test]
    fn append() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.append("Key", "value");
        headers.append("Key", "second_value");

        let mut result = headers.get_all("Key");

        assert_eq!(
            result.next().unwrap(),
            &HeaderValue::from_str("value").unwrap()
        );

        assert_eq!(
            result.next().unwrap(),
            &HeaderValue::from_str("second_value").unwrap()
        );

        assert_eq!(result.next(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn get_string() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.append("Key", "value");
        headers.append("Key", "other");

        assert_eq!(headers.get("Key").unwrap().to_string(), "value");

        let key: String = headers.get("Key").unwrap().as_str().into();
        assert_eq!(key, "value".to_string());

        let key: String = headers.get("Key").unwrap().as_str().to_owned();
        assert_eq!(key, "value".to_string());

        assert_eq!(headers.get("Key").unwrap().as_str(), "value");

        let key: String = headers.get_last("Key").unwrap().as_str().into();
        assert_eq!(key, "other".to_string());
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Key", "Value");

        let mut result = headers.get_all("Key");

        assert_eq!(
            result.next().unwrap(),
            &HeaderValue::from_str("Value").unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(result.next(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn serialize() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.append("Key", "value");
        headers.append("Key", "second_value");
        headers.insert("Second", "SecondValue");

        let bytes = headers.to_bytes();

        println!("bytes: {:?}", from_utf8(&bytes));
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_empty() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        assert!(headers.is_empty());

        headers.append("Key", "value");
        headers.append("Key", "second_value");
        headers.insert("Second", "SecondValue");
        assert!(!headers.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parse_value() {
        assert!("Foo\r".parse::<HeaderValue>().is_err());
        assert!("Foo\n".parse::<HeaderValue>().is_err());
        assert!("Foo\r\n".parse::<HeaderValue>().is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn valid_header_name() {
        let valid_header_name = "X-Custom-Header";
        let parsed_header = HeaderName::from_str(valid_header_name);

        assert!(
            parsed_header.is_ok(),
            "Expected Ok(HeaderName), but got an error: {:?}",
            parsed_header.err()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn dollar_header_name() {
        let valid_header_name = "$X_Custom_Header";
        let parsed_header = HeaderName::from_str(valid_header_name);

        assert!(
            parsed_header.is_ok(),
            "Expected Ok(HeaderName), but got an error: {:?}",
            parsed_header.err()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_header_name_with_space() {
        let invalid_header_name = "X Custom Header";
        let parsed_header = HeaderName::from_str(invalid_header_name);

        assert!(
            parsed_header.is_err(),
            "Expected Err(InvalidHeaderNameError), but got Ok: {:?}",
            parsed_header.ok()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_header_name_with_special_chars() {
        let invalid_header_name = "X-Header:";
        let parsed_header = HeaderName::from_str(invalid_header_name);

        assert!(
            parsed_header.is_err(),
            "Expected Err(InvalidHeaderNameError), but got Ok: {:?}",
            parsed_header.ok()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn from_static_eq() {
        let a = HeaderName::from_static("NATS-Stream");
        let b = HeaderName::from_static("NATS-Stream");

        assert_eq!(a, b);
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_name_serde() {
        let raw = "Nats-Stream";
        let raw_json = "\"Nats-Stream\"";
        let header = HeaderName::from_static(raw);

        // ser/de of HeaderName should be the same as raw string
        assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&header).unwrap(), raw_json);
        assert_eq!(
            serde_json::from_str::<HeaderName>(raw_json).unwrap(),
            header
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_name_from_string() {
        let string = "NATS-Stream".to_string();
        let name = string.into_header_name();

        assert_eq!("NATS-Stream", name.as_str());
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_value_from_string_with_trait() {
        let string = "some value".to_string();

        let value = string.into_header_value();

        assert_eq!("some value", value.as_str());
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_value_from_string() {
        let string = "some value".to_string();

        let value: HeaderValue = string.into();

        assert_eq!("some value", value.as_str());
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_backward_compatible_deserialization() {
        // Test new format (direct HashMap) - this is how it should serialize now
        let new_format_json =
            r#"{"Content-Type": ["application/json"], "Authorization": ["Bearer token"]}"#;
        let header_map: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(new_format_json).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            header_map.get("Content-Type").unwrap().as_str(),
            "application/json"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            header_map.get("Authorization").unwrap().as_str(),
            "Bearer token"
        );

        // Test legacy format (with "inner" wrapper) - this is the old format that should still work
        let legacy_format_json = r#"{"inner": {"Content-Type": ["application/json"], "Authorization": ["Bearer token"]}}"#;
        let header_map_legacy: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(legacy_format_json).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            header_map_legacy.get("Content-Type").unwrap().as_str(),
            "application/json"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            header_map_legacy.get("Authorization").unwrap().as_str(),
            "Bearer token"
        );

        // Both should be equal after deserialization
        assert_eq!(header_map, header_map_legacy);
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_serialization_new_format() {
        // Test that serialization uses the new format (no "inner" wrapper)
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Content-Type", "application/json");
        headers.insert("Authorization", "Bearer token");

        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&headers).unwrap();

        // Should not contain "inner" key
        assert!(!serialized.contains("inner"));

        // Should be able to deserialize back
        let deserialized: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(headers, deserialized);
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_roundtrip_compatibility() {
        // Test that we can roundtrip both formats
        let mut original = HeaderMap::new();
        original.insert("X-Custom-Header", "custom-value");
        original.append("Multi-Value", "value1");
        original.append("Multi-Value", "value2");

        // Serialize using new format
        let new_serialized = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
        let new_deserialized: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(&new_serialized).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(original, new_deserialized);

        // Manually create legacy format JSON
        let legacy_json = format!(r#"{{"inner": {}}}"#, new_serialized);
        let legacy_deserialized: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(&legacy_json).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(original, legacy_deserialized);
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_invalid_format_error() {
        // Test that invalid JSON returns proper error
        let invalid_json = r#"{"not_inner_or_direct": {"Content-Type": ["application/json"]}}"#;
        let result = serde_json::from_str::<HeaderMap>(invalid_json);
        assert!(result.is_err());

        let error_message = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
        // With untagged enum, serde will report that data doesn't match any variant
        assert!(error_message.contains("did not match any variant"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_empty_cases() {
        // Test empty HeaderMap serialization/deserialization
        let empty = HeaderMap::new();
        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&empty).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(serialized, "{}");

        let deserialized: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str("{}").unwrap();
        assert!(deserialized.is_empty());

        // Test legacy empty format
        let legacy_empty = r#"{"inner": {}}"#;
        let legacy_deserialized: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(legacy_empty).unwrap();
        assert!(legacy_deserialized.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_mixed_legacy_detection() {
        // Test that an "inner" header name doesn't confuse the deserializer
        // This would be a new format where "inner" is a legitimate header name
        let json_with_inner_header =
            r#"{"inner": ["some-value"], "Other-Header": ["other-value"]}"#;
        let header_map: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(json_with_inner_header).unwrap();

        // Should have two headers
        assert_eq!(header_map.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(header_map.get("inner").unwrap().as_str(), "some-value");
        assert_eq!(
            header_map.get("Other-Header").unwrap().as_str(),
            "other-value"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header value")]
    fn header_value_from_str_rejects_cr() {
        let _: HeaderValue = "value\rwith\rcr".into();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header value")]
    fn header_value_from_str_rejects_lf() {
        let _: HeaderValue = "value\nwith\nlf".into();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header value")]
    fn header_value_from_string_rejects_crlf() {
        let _: HeaderValue = "injected\r\nPUB attack 0\r\n\r\n".to_string().into();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header value")]
    fn header_value_into_trait_rejects_crlf() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Key", "value\r\nPUB attack 0\r\n\r\n");
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header name")]
    fn header_name_into_trait_rejects_cr() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Bad\rName", "value");
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header name")]
    fn header_name_into_trait_rejects_lf() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Bad\nName", "value");
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header name")]
    fn header_name_into_trait_rejects_space() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Bad Name", "value");
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header name")]
    fn header_name_into_trait_rejects_colon() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("Bad:Name", "value");
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "invalid header name")]
    fn header_name_from_string_rejects_control_chars() {
        let name = "Bad\x00Name".to_string();
        name.into_header_name();
    }

    #[test]
    fn valid_header_values_still_work() {
        let _: HeaderValue = "normal value".into();
        let _: HeaderValue = "value with special chars !@#$%^&*()".into();
        let _: HeaderValue = "".into();
        let _: HeaderValue = String::from("string value").into();
    }

    #[test]
    fn valid_header_names_still_work() {
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        headers.insert("X-Custom-Header", "value");
        headers.insert("Another-Header", "value");
        headers.insert("$dollar", "value");
        headers.insert("Nats-Stream", "value");
        assert_eq!(headers.get("Nats-Stream").unwrap().as_str(), "value");
    }

    #[test]
    fn header_map_large_headers() {
        // Test with many headers
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        for i in 0..100 {
            headers.insert(format!("Header-{}", i), format!("Value-{}", i));
        }

        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&headers).unwrap();
        let deserialized: HeaderMap = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(headers.len(), deserialized.len());
        for i in 0..100 {
            assert_eq!(
                deserialized
                    .get(format!("Header-{}", i).as_str())
                    .unwrap()
                    .as_str(),
                format!("Value-{}", i)
            );
        }
    }
}