//! # FFI-compatible futures
//!
//! In case of an async program with some async plugins, `Future`s need to cross the FFI boundary.
//! But Rust currently doesn't provide stable ABI nor stable layout of related structs like
//! `dyn Future` and `Waker`.
//! With this crate, we can easily wrap async blocks or async functions to make this happen.
//!
//! [`FfiFuture<T>`] provides the same function as `Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + Send>` but FFI-compatible (`repr(C)`).
//! Any future implementing `Send` can be converted to [`FfiFuture<T>`] by calling [`into_ffi`] on it.
//!
//! [`FfiFuture<T>`] also implements `Future<Output = T> + Send`. You can simply `await` a [`FfiFuture<T>`]
//! like a normal `Future` to get the output.
//!
//! There is also a non-`Send` version [`LocalFfiFuture<T>`] working like
//! `Box<dyn Future<Output = T>>`, which can be used for local future or single-threaded targets.
//! It is ABI-compatible to [`FfiFuture<T>`], but it's your duty to guarantee that non-`Send` types
//! never cross thread boundary.
//!
//! ## Example
//!
//! Provide some async functions in library: (plugin side)
//! ```
//! # async fn do_some_io(_: u32) -> u32 { 0 }
//! # async fn do_some_sleep(_: u32) {}
//! // Compile with `crate-type = ["cdylib"]`.
//! use async_ffi::{FfiFuture, FutureExt};
//!
//! #[no_mangle]
//! pub extern "C" fn work(arg: u32) -> FfiFuture<u32> {
//!     async move {
//!         let ret = do_some_io(arg).await;
//!         do_some_sleep(42).await;
//!         ret
//!     }
//!     .into_ffi()
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Execute async functions from external library: (host or executor side)
//! ```
//! use async_ffi::{FfiFuture, FutureExt};
//!
//! // #[link(name = "myplugin...")]
//! extern "C" {
//!     #[no_mangle]
//!     fn work(arg: u32) -> FfiFuture<u32>;
//! }
//!
//! async fn run_work(arg: u32) -> u32 {
//!     unsafe { work(arg).await }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! [`FfiFuture<T>`]: type.FfiFuture.html
//! [`LocalFfiFuture<T>`]: type.LocalFfiFuture.html
//! [`into_ffi`]: trait.FutureExt.html#tymethod.into_ffi
#![deny(missing_docs)]
use std::{
    future::Future,
    marker::PhantomData,
    mem::ManuallyDrop,
    pin::Pin,
    process::abort,
    task::{Context, Poll, RawWaker, RawWakerVTable, Waker},
};

/// The ABI version of `FfiFuture` and `LocalFfiFuture`.
/// Every non-compatible ABI change will increase this number.
pub const ABI_VERSION: u32 = 1;

type PollFn<T> = unsafe extern "C" fn(fut_ptr: *mut (), context_ptr: *mut FfiContext) -> FfiPoll<T>;

#[repr(C, u8)]
enum FfiPoll<T> {
    Ready(T),
    Pending,
}

#[repr(C)]
struct FfiContext {
    /// This waker is passed as borrow semantic.
    /// The external fn must not `drop` or `wake` it.
    waker_ref: *const FfiWaker,
}

// Inspired by Gary Guo (github.com/nbdd0121)
#[repr(C)]
struct FfiWaker {
    vtable: &'static FfiWakerVTable,
    // Opaque fields after the end of struct.
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
#[repr(C)]
struct FfiWakerVTable {
    clone: unsafe extern "C" fn(*const FfiWaker) -> *const FfiWaker,
    wake: unsafe extern "C" fn(*const FfiWaker),
    wake_by_ref: unsafe extern "C" fn(*const FfiWaker),
    drop: unsafe extern "C" fn(*const FfiWaker),
}

/// The FFI compatible future type with `Send` bound.
///
/// See [module level documentation](index.html) for more details.
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct BorrowingFfiFuture<'a, T>(LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'a, T>);

/// The FFI compatible future type with `Send` bound and `'static` lifetime,
/// which is needed for most use cases.
///
/// See [module level documentation](index.html) for more details.
pub type FfiFuture<T> = BorrowingFfiFuture<'static, T>;

/// Helper trait to provide conversion from `Future` to `FfiFuture` or `LocalFfiFuture`.
///
/// See [module level documentation](index.html) for more details.
pub trait FutureExt: Future + Sized {
    /// Convert a Rust `Future` implementing `Send` into a FFI-compatible `FfiFuture`.
    fn into_ffi<'a>(self) -> BorrowingFfiFuture<'a, Self::Output>
    where
        Self: Send + 'a,
    {
        BorrowingFfiFuture::new(self)
    }

    /// Convert a Rust `Future` into a FFI-compatible `LocalFfiFuture`.
    fn into_local_ffi<'a>(self) -> LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'a, Self::Output>
    where
        Self: 'a,
    {
        LocalBorrowingFfiFuture::new(self)
    }
}

impl<F> FutureExt for F where F: Future + Sized {}

impl<'a, T> BorrowingFfiFuture<'a, T> {
    /// Convert a Rust `Future` implementing `Send` into a FFI-compatible `FfiFuture`.
    ///
    /// Usually [`into_ffi`] is preferred and is identical to this method.
    ///
    /// [`into_ffi`]: trait.FutureExt.html#tymethod.into_ffi
    pub fn new<F: Future<Output = T> + Send + 'a>(fut: F) -> Self {
        Self(LocalBorrowingFfiFuture::new(fut))
    }
}

// This is safe since we allow only `Send` Future in `FfiFuture::new`.
unsafe impl<T> Send for BorrowingFfiFuture<'_, T> {}

impl<T> Future for BorrowingFfiFuture<'_, T> {
    type Output = T;

    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, ctx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(ctx)
    }
}

/// The FFI compatible future type without `Send` bound.
///
/// Non-`Send` `Future`s can only be converted into `LocalFfiFuture`. It is not able to be
/// `spawn`d in a multi-threaded runtime, but is useful for thread-local futures, single-threaded
/// runtimes, or single-threaded targets like `wasm`.
///
/// See [module level documentation](index.html) for more details.
#[repr(C)]
pub struct LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'a, T> {
    fut_ptr: *mut (),
    poll_fn: PollFn<T>,
    drop_fn: unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut ()),
    _marker: PhantomData<&'a ()>,
}

/// The FFI compatible future type without `Send` bound but with `'static` lifetime.
///
/// See [module level documentation](index.html) for more details.
pub type LocalFfiFuture<T> = LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'static, T>;

impl<'a, T> LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'a, T> {
    /// Convert a Rust `Future` into a FFI-compatible `LocalFfiFuture`.
    ///
    /// Usually [`into_local_ffi`] is preferred and is identical to this method.
    ///
    /// [`into_local_ffi`]: trait.FutureExt.html#tymethod.into_local_ffi
    pub fn new<F: Future<Output = T> + 'a>(fut: F) -> Self {
        unsafe extern "C" fn poll_fn<F: Future>(
            fut_ptr: *mut (),
            context_ptr: *mut FfiContext,
        ) -> FfiPoll<F::Output> {
            static RUST_WAKER_VTABLE: RawWakerVTable = {
                unsafe fn clone(data: *const ()) -> RawWaker {
                    let waker = data.cast::<FfiWaker>();
                    let cloned = ((*waker).vtable.clone)(waker);
                    RawWaker::new(cloned.cast(), &RUST_WAKER_VTABLE)
                }
                unsafe fn wake(data: *const ()) {
                    let waker = data.cast::<FfiWaker>();
                    ((*waker).vtable.wake)(waker);
                }
                unsafe fn wake_by_ref(data: *const ()) {
                    let waker = data.cast::<FfiWaker>();
                    ((*waker).vtable.wake_by_ref)(waker);
                }
                unsafe fn drop(data: *const ()) {
                    let waker = data.cast::<FfiWaker>();
                    ((*waker).vtable.drop)(waker);
                }
                RawWakerVTable::new(clone, wake, wake_by_ref, drop)
            };

            // The `waker_ref` is borrowed from external context. We must not call drop on it.
            let waker = ManuallyDrop::new(Waker::from_raw(RawWaker::new(
                (*context_ptr).waker_ref.cast(),
                &RUST_WAKER_VTABLE,
            )));
            let fut_pin = Pin::new_unchecked(&mut *fut_ptr.cast::<F>());
            let mut ctx = Context::from_waker(&*waker);
            match F::poll(fut_pin, &mut ctx) {
                Poll::Ready(v) => FfiPoll::Ready(v),
                Poll::Pending => FfiPoll::Pending,
            }
        }

        unsafe extern "C" fn drop_fn<T>(ptr: *mut ()) {
            drop(Box::from_raw(ptr.cast::<T>()));
        }

        let ptr = Box::into_raw(Box::new(fut));
        Self {
            fut_ptr: ptr.cast(),
            poll_fn: poll_fn::<F>,
            drop_fn: drop_fn::<F>,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'_, T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe { (self.drop_fn)(self.fut_ptr) };
    }
}

impl<T> Future for LocalBorrowingFfiFuture<'_, T> {
    type Output = T;

    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, ctx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
        #[repr(C)]
        struct FfiWakerImplOwned {
            vtable: &'static FfiWakerVTable,
            waker: Waker,
        }

        static C_WAKER_VTABLE_OWNED: FfiWakerVTable = {
            unsafe extern "C" fn clone(data: *const FfiWaker) -> *const FfiWaker {
                let waker: Waker = (*data.cast::<FfiWakerImplOwned>()).waker.clone();
                Box::into_raw(Box::new(FfiWakerImplOwned {
                    vtable: &C_WAKER_VTABLE_OWNED,
                    waker,
                }))
                .cast()
            }
            // In this case, we must own `data`. This can only happen on the `CRawWaker` returned from `clone`.
            // Thus the `data` is a `Box<Waker>`.
            unsafe extern "C" fn wake(data: *const FfiWaker) {
                let b = Box::from_raw(data as *mut FfiWakerImplOwned);
                b.waker.wake();
            }
            unsafe extern "C" fn wake_by_ref(data: *const FfiWaker) {
                (*data.cast::<FfiWakerImplOwned>()).waker.wake_by_ref();
            }
            // Same as `wake`.
            unsafe extern "C" fn drop(data: *const FfiWaker) {
                let b = Box::from_raw(data as *mut FfiWakerImplOwned);
                std::mem::drop(b);
            }
            FfiWakerVTable {
                clone,
                wake,
                wake_by_ref,
                drop,
            }
        };

        #[repr(C)]
        struct FfiWakerImplRef {
            vtable: &'static FfiWakerVTable,
            waker: *const Waker,
        }

        static C_WAKER_VTABLE_REF: FfiWakerVTable = {
            unsafe extern "C" fn clone(data: *const FfiWaker) -> *const FfiWaker {
                let waker: Waker = (*(*data.cast::<FfiWakerImplRef>()).waker).clone();
                Box::into_raw(Box::new(FfiWakerImplOwned {
                    vtable: &C_WAKER_VTABLE_OWNED,
                    waker,
                }))
                .cast()
            }
            unsafe extern "C" fn wake_by_ref(data: *const FfiWaker) {
                (*(*data.cast::<FfiWakerImplRef>()).waker).wake_by_ref();
            }
            unsafe extern "C" fn unreachable(_: *const FfiWaker) {
                abort();
            }
            FfiWakerVTable {
                clone,
                wake: unreachable,
                wake_by_ref,
                drop: unreachable,
            }
        };

        let waker = FfiWakerImplRef {
            vtable: &C_WAKER_VTABLE_REF,
            waker: ctx.waker(),
        };
        let mut ctx = FfiContext {
            waker_ref: &waker as *const _ as *const FfiWaker,
        };
        match unsafe { (self.poll_fn)(self.fut_ptr, &mut ctx) } {
            FfiPoll::Ready(v) => Poll::Ready(v),
            FfiPoll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
        }
    }
}