arrow_string/

concat_elements.rs

// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

//! Provides utility functions for concatenation of elements in arrays.
use std::sync::Arc;

use arrow_array::builder::{
    BinaryViewBuilder, BufferBuilder, FixedSizeBinaryBuilder, StringViewBuilder,
};
use arrow_array::types::ByteArrayType;
use arrow_array::*;
use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, MutableBuffer, NullBuffer};
use arrow_data::ArrayDataBuilder;
use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType};

/// Returns the elementwise concatenation of a [`GenericByteArray`].
pub fn concat_elements_bytes<T: ByteArrayType>(
    left: &GenericByteArray<T>,
    right: &GenericByteArray<T>,
) -> Result<GenericByteArray<T>, ArrowError> {
    if left.len() != right.len() {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
            "Arrays must have the same length: {} != {}",
            left.len(),
            right.len()
        )));
    }

    let nulls = NullBuffer::union(left.nulls(), right.nulls());

    let left_offsets = left.value_offsets();
    let right_offsets = right.value_offsets();

    let left_values = left.value_data();
    let right_values = right.value_data();

    let mut output_values = BufferBuilder::<u8>::new(
        left_values.len() + right_values.len()
            - left_offsets[0].as_usize()
            - right_offsets[0].as_usize(),
    );

    let mut output_offsets = BufferBuilder::<T::Offset>::new(left_offsets.len());
    output_offsets.append(T::Offset::usize_as(0));
    for (left_idx, right_idx) in left_offsets.windows(2).zip(right_offsets.windows(2)) {
        output_values.append_slice(&left_values[left_idx[0].as_usize()..left_idx[1].as_usize()]);
        output_values.append_slice(&right_values[right_idx[0].as_usize()..right_idx[1].as_usize()]);
        output_offsets.append(T::Offset::from_usize(output_values.len()).unwrap());
    }

    let builder = ArrayDataBuilder::new(T::DATA_TYPE)
        .len(left.len())
        .add_buffer(output_offsets.finish())
        .add_buffer(output_values.finish())
        .nulls(nulls);

    // SAFETY - offsets valid by construction
    Ok(unsafe { builder.build_unchecked() }.into())
}

/// Returns the elementwise concatenation of a [`GenericStringArray`].
///
/// An index of the resulting [`GenericStringArray`] is null if any of
/// `StringArray` are null at that location.
///
/// ```text
/// e.g:
///
///   ["Hello"] + ["World"] = ["HelloWorld"]
///
///   ["a", "b"] + [None, "c"] = [None, "bc"]
/// ```
///
/// An error will be returned if `left` and `right` have different lengths
pub fn concat_elements_utf8<Offset: OffsetSizeTrait>(
    left: &GenericStringArray<Offset>,
    right: &GenericStringArray<Offset>,
) -> Result<GenericStringArray<Offset>, ArrowError> {
    concat_elements_bytes(left, right)
}

/// Returns the elementwise concatenation of a [`GenericBinaryArray`].
pub fn concat_element_binary<Offset: OffsetSizeTrait>(
    left: &GenericBinaryArray<Offset>,
    right: &GenericBinaryArray<Offset>,
) -> Result<GenericBinaryArray<Offset>, ArrowError> {
    concat_elements_bytes(left, right)
}

/// Returns the elementwise concatenation of [`StringArray`].
/// ```text
/// e.g:
///   ["a", "b"] + [None, "c"] + [None, "d"] = [None, "bcd"]
/// ```
///
/// An error will be returned if the [`StringArray`] are of different lengths
pub fn concat_elements_utf8_many<Offset: OffsetSizeTrait>(
    arrays: &[&GenericStringArray<Offset>],
) -> Result<GenericStringArray<Offset>, ArrowError> {
    if arrays.is_empty() {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(
            "concat requires input of at least one array".to_string(),
        ));
    }

    let size = arrays[0].len();
    if !arrays.iter().all(|array| array.len() == size) {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
            "Arrays must have the same length of {size}",
        )));
    }

    let nulls = arrays
        .iter()
        .fold(None, |acc, a| NullBuffer::union(acc.as_ref(), a.nulls()));

    let data_values = arrays
        .iter()
        .map(|array| array.value_data())
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

    let mut offsets = arrays
        .iter()
        .map(|a| a.value_offsets().iter().peekable())
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

    let mut output_values = BufferBuilder::<u8>::new(
        data_values
            .iter()
            .zip(offsets.iter_mut())
            .map(|(data, offset)| data.len() - offset.peek().unwrap().as_usize())
            .sum(),
    );

    let mut output_offsets = BufferBuilder::<Offset>::new(size + 1);
    output_offsets.append(Offset::zero());
    for _ in 0..size {
        data_values
            .iter()
            .zip(offsets.iter_mut())
            .for_each(|(values, offset)| {
                let index_start = offset.next().unwrap().as_usize();
                let index_end = offset.peek().unwrap().as_usize();
                output_values.append_slice(&values[index_start..index_end]);
            });
        output_offsets.append(Offset::from_usize(output_values.len()).unwrap());
    }

    let builder = ArrayDataBuilder::new(GenericStringArray::<Offset>::DATA_TYPE)
        .len(size)
        .add_buffer(output_offsets.finish())
        .add_buffer(output_values.finish())
        .nulls(nulls);

    // SAFETY - offsets valid by construction
    Ok(unsafe { builder.build_unchecked() }.into())
}

/// Returns the elementwise concatenation of a [`FixedSizeBinaryArray`].
///
/// The result has `value_length = left.value_length() + right.value_length()`.
/// An index is null if either input is null at that position.
///
/// An error will be returned if `left` and `right` have different lengths.
pub fn concat_elements_fixed_size_binary(
    left: &FixedSizeBinaryArray,
    right: &FixedSizeBinaryArray,
) -> Result<FixedSizeBinaryArray, ArrowError> {
    if left.len() != right.len() {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
            "Arrays must have the same length: {} != {}",
            left.len(),
            right.len()
        )));
    }

    let left_size = left.value_length() as usize;
    let right_size = right.value_length() as usize;
    let output_size = left_size + right_size;

    // Pre-compute combined null bitmap so the per-row NULL check is efficient
    let nulls = NullBuffer::union(left.nulls(), right.nulls());

    let mut result = FixedSizeBinaryBuilder::with_capacity(left.len(), output_size as i32);
    let mut buffer = MutableBuffer::with_capacity(output_size);
    for i in 0..left.len() {
        if nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| n.is_null(i)) {
            result.append_null();
        } else {
            buffer.clear();
            buffer.extend_from_slice(left.value(i));
            buffer.extend_from_slice(right.value(i));
            result.append_value(&buffer)?;
        }
    }

    Ok(result.finish())
}

/// Concatenates two `BinaryViewArray`s element-wise.
/// If either element is `Null`, the result element is also `Null`.
///
/// # Errors
/// - Returns an error if the input arrays have different lengths.
/// - Returns an error if any concatenated value exceeds `u32::MAX` in length.
pub fn concat_elements_binary_view_array(
    left: &BinaryViewArray,
    right: &BinaryViewArray,
) -> Result<BinaryViewArray, ArrowError> {
    if left.len() != right.len() {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
            "Arrays must have the same length: {} != {}",
            left.len(),
            right.len()
        )));
    }
    let mut result = BinaryViewBuilder::with_capacity(left.len());

    // Avoid reallocations by writing to a reused buffer
    let mut buffer = MutableBuffer::new(0);

    // Pre-compute combined null bitmap, so the per-row NULL check is efficient
    let nulls = NullBuffer::union(left.nulls(), right.nulls());

    for i in 0..left.len() {
        if nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| n.is_null(i)) {
            result.append_null();
        } else {
            buffer.clear();
            buffer.extend_from_slice(left.value(i));
            buffer.extend_from_slice(right.value(i));
            result.try_append_value(&buffer)?;
        }
    }
    Ok(result.finish())
}

/// Concatenates two `StringViewArray`s element-wise.
/// If either element is `Null`, the result element is also `Null`.
///
/// # Errors
/// - Returns an error if the input arrays have different lengths.
/// - Returns an error if any concatenated value exceeds `u32::MAX` in length.
/// - Returns an error if concatenated strings do not result in a proper UTF-8 string
// Cannot reuse code with `GenericByteViewBuilder` since `try_append_value` works with
// `AsRef<T::Native>`, and there is no conversion from `ByteViewType` to this or [u8]
pub fn concat_elements_string_view_array(
    left: &StringViewArray,
    right: &StringViewArray,
) -> Result<StringViewArray, ArrowError> {
    if left.len() != right.len() {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
            "Arrays must have the same length: {} != {}",
            left.len(),
            right.len()
        )));
    }

    let mut result = StringViewBuilder::with_capacity(left.len());

    // Avoid reallocations by writing to a reused buffer
    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();

    let nulls = NullBuffer::union(left.nulls(), right.nulls());

    for i in 0..left.len() {
        if nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| n.is_null(i)) {
            result.append_null();
        } else {
            buffer.clear();
            buffer.extend_from_slice(left.value(i).as_bytes());
            buffer.extend_from_slice(right.value(i).as_bytes());
            let s = std::str::from_utf8(&buffer).map_err(|_| {
                ArrowError::ComputeError("Concatenated values are not valid UTF-8".into())
            })?;
            result.try_append_value(s)?;
        }
    }
    Ok(result.finish())
}

/// Returns the elementwise concatenation of [`Array`]s.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This function errors if the arrays are of different types.
pub fn concat_elements_dyn(left: &dyn Array, right: &dyn Array) -> Result<ArrayRef, ArrowError> {
    if left.data_type() != right.data_type() {
        return Err(ArrowError::ComputeError(format!(
            "Cannot concat arrays of different types: {} != {}",
            left.data_type(),
            right.data_type()
        )));
    }
    match (left.data_type(), right.data_type()) {
        (DataType::Utf8, DataType::Utf8) => {
            let left = left.as_any().downcast_ref::<StringArray>().unwrap();
            let right = right.as_any().downcast_ref::<StringArray>().unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_elements_utf8(left, right)?))
        }
        (DataType::LargeUtf8, DataType::LargeUtf8) => {
            let left = left.as_any().downcast_ref::<LargeStringArray>().unwrap();
            let right = right.as_any().downcast_ref::<LargeStringArray>().unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_elements_utf8(left, right)?))
        }
        (DataType::Binary, DataType::Binary) => {
            let left = left.as_any().downcast_ref::<BinaryArray>().unwrap();
            let right = right.as_any().downcast_ref::<BinaryArray>().unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_element_binary(left, right)?))
        }
        (DataType::LargeBinary, DataType::LargeBinary) => {
            let left = left.as_any().downcast_ref::<LargeBinaryArray>().unwrap();
            let right = right.as_any().downcast_ref::<LargeBinaryArray>().unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_element_binary(left, right)?))
        }
        (DataType::BinaryView, DataType::BinaryView) => {
            let left = left.as_any().downcast_ref::<BinaryViewArray>().unwrap();
            let right = right.as_any().downcast_ref::<BinaryViewArray>().unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_elements_binary_view_array(left, right)?))
        }
        (DataType::Utf8View, DataType::Utf8View) => {
            let left = left.as_any().downcast_ref::<StringViewArray>().unwrap();
            let right = right.as_any().downcast_ref::<StringViewArray>().unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_elements_string_view_array(left, right)?))
        }
        (DataType::FixedSizeBinary(_), DataType::FixedSizeBinary(_)) => {
            let left = left
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<FixedSizeBinaryArray>()
                .unwrap();
            let right = right
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<FixedSizeBinaryArray>()
                .unwrap();
            Ok(Arc::new(concat_elements_fixed_size_binary(left, right)?))
        }
        // unimplemented
        _ => Err(ArrowError::NotYetImplemented(format!(
            "concat not supported for {}",
            left.data_type()
        ))),
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use arrow_buffer::Buffer;

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat() {
        let left = [Some("foo"), Some("bar"), None]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();
        let right = [None, Some("yyy"), Some("zzz")]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        let output = concat_elements_utf8(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = [None, Some("baryyy"), None]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_empty_string() {
        let left = [Some("foo"), Some(""), Some("bar")]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();
        let right = [Some("baz"), Some(""), Some("")]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        let output = concat_elements_utf8(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = [Some("foobaz"), Some(""), Some("bar")]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_no_null() {
        let left = StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "bar"]);
        let right = StringArray::from(vec!["bar", "baz"]);

        let output = concat_elements_utf8(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = StringArray::from(vec!["foobar", "barbaz"]);

        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_error() {
        let left = StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "bar"]);
        let right = StringArray::from(vec!["baz"]);

        let output = concat_elements_utf8(&left, &right);

        assert_eq!(
            output.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Compute error: Arrays must have the same length: 2 != 1".to_string()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_slice() {
        let left = &StringArray::from(vec![None, Some("foo"), Some("bar"), Some("baz")]);
        let right = &StringArray::from(vec![Some("boo"), None, Some("far"), Some("faz")]);

        let left_slice = left.slice(0, 3);
        let right_slice = right.slice(1, 3);
        let output = concat_elements_utf8(
            left_slice
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<GenericStringArray<i32>>()
                .unwrap(),
            right_slice
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<GenericStringArray<i32>>()
                .unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let expected = [None, Some("foofar"), Some("barfaz")]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        assert_eq!(output, expected);

        let left_slice = left.slice(2, 2);
        let right_slice = right.slice(1, 2);

        let output = concat_elements_utf8(
            left_slice
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<GenericStringArray<i32>>()
                .unwrap(),
            right_slice
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<GenericStringArray<i32>>()
                .unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let expected = [None, Some("bazfar")].into_iter().collect::<StringArray>();

        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_error_empty() {
        assert_eq!(
            concat_elements_utf8_many::<i32>(&[])
                .unwrap_err()
                .to_string(),
            "Compute error: concat requires input of at least one array".to_string()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_one() {
        let expected = [None, Some("baryyy"), None]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        let output = concat_elements_utf8_many(&[&expected]).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat_many() {
        let foo = StringArray::from(vec![Some("f"), Some("o"), Some("o"), None]);
        let bar = StringArray::from(vec![None, Some("b"), Some("a"), Some("r")]);
        let baz = StringArray::from(vec![Some("b"), None, Some("a"), Some("z")]);

        let output = concat_elements_utf8_many(&[&foo, &bar, &baz]).unwrap();

        let expected = [None, None, Some("oaa"), None]
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<StringArray>();

        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fixed_size_binary_concat() {
        let left = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![Some(b"foo" as &[u8]), Some(b"bar"), None]);
        let right = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![None, Some(b"yyy" as &[u8]), Some(b"zzz")]);

        let output = concat_elements_fixed_size_binary(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![None, Some(b"baryyy" as &[u8]), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fixed_size_binary_concat_no_null() {
        let left = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![b"ab" as &[u8], b"cd"]);
        let right = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![b"12" as &[u8], b"34"]);

        let output = concat_elements_fixed_size_binary(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![b"ab12" as &[u8], b"cd34"]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fixed_size_binary_concat_error() {
        let left = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![b"ab" as &[u8], b"cd"]);
        let right = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![b"12" as &[u8]]);

        let output = concat_elements_fixed_size_binary(&left, &right);
        assert_eq!(
            output.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Compute error: Arrays must have the same length: 2 != 1".to_string()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fixed_size_binary_concat_empty() {
        let left = FixedSizeBinaryArray::new(0, Buffer::from(&[]), None);
        let right = FixedSizeBinaryArray::new(0, Buffer::from(&[]), None);

        let output = concat_elements_fixed_size_binary(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = FixedSizeBinaryArray::new(0, Buffer::from(&[]), None);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binary_view_concat() {
        let left = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![Some(b"foo" as &[u8]), Some(b"bar"), None]);
        let right = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![None, Some(b"yyy" as &[u8]), Some(b"zzz")]);

        let output = concat_elements_binary_view_array(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![None, Some(b"baryyy" as &[u8]), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_view_concat() {
        let left = StringViewArray::from_iter(vec![Some("foo"), Some("bar"), None]);
        let right = StringViewArray::from_iter(vec![None, Some("yyy"), Some("zzz")]);

        let output = concat_elements_string_view_array(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = StringViewArray::from_iter(vec![None, Some("baryyy"), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binary_view_concat_no_null() {
        let left = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![
            Some(b"foo" as &[u8]),
            Some(b"bar"),
            Some(b""),
            Some(b"baz"),
        ]);
        let right = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![
            Some(b"bar" as &[u8]),
            Some(b"baz"),
            Some(b""),
            Some(b""),
        ]);

        let output = concat_elements_binary_view_array(&left, &right).unwrap();

        let expected = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![
            Some(b"foobar" as &[u8]),
            Some(b"barbaz"),
            Some(b""),
            Some(b"baz"),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binary_view_concat_error() {
        let left = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![Some(b"foo" as &[u8]), Some(b"bar")]);
        let right = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![Some(b"baz" as &[u8])]);

        let output = concat_elements_binary_view_array(&left, &right);
        assert_eq!(
            output.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Compute error: Arrays must have the same length: 2 != 1".to_string()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binary_view_concat_empty() {
        let left = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![] as Vec<Option<&[u8]>>);
        let right = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![] as Vec<Option<&[u8]>>);

        let output = concat_elements_binary_view_array(&left, &right).unwrap();
        let expected = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![] as Vec<Option<&[u8]>>);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_concat_dyn_same_type() {
        // test for StringArray
        let left = StringArray::from(vec![Some("foo"), Some("bar"), None]);
        let right = StringArray::from(vec![None, Some("yyy"), Some("zzz")]);

        let output: StringArray = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right)
            .unwrap()
            .into_data()
            .into();
        let expected = StringArray::from(vec![None, Some("baryyy"), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);

        // test for LargeStringArray
        let left = LargeStringArray::from(vec![Some("foo"), Some("bar"), None]);
        let right = LargeStringArray::from(vec![None, Some("yyy"), Some("zzz")]);

        let output: LargeStringArray = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right)
            .unwrap()
            .into_data()
            .into();
        let expected = LargeStringArray::from(vec![None, Some("baryyy"), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);

        // test for BinaryArray
        let left = BinaryArray::from_opt_vec(vec![Some(b"foo"), Some(b"bar"), None]);
        let right = BinaryArray::from_opt_vec(vec![None, Some(b"yyy"), Some(b"zzz")]);
        let output: BinaryArray = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right)
            .unwrap()
            .into_data()
            .into();
        let expected = BinaryArray::from_opt_vec(vec![None, Some(b"baryyy"), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);

        // test for LargeBinaryArray
        let left = LargeBinaryArray::from_opt_vec(vec![Some(b"foo"), Some(b"bar"), None]);
        let right = LargeBinaryArray::from_opt_vec(vec![None, Some(b"yyy"), Some(b"zzz")]);
        let output: LargeBinaryArray = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right)
            .unwrap()
            .into_data()
            .into();
        let expected = LargeBinaryArray::from_opt_vec(vec![None, Some(b"baryyy"), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);

        // test for BinaryViewArray
        let left = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![Some(b"foo" as &[u8]), Some(b"bar"), None]);
        let right = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![None, Some(b"yyy" as &[u8]), Some(b"zzz")]);
        let output: BinaryViewArray = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right)
            .unwrap()
            .into_data()
            .into();
        let expected = BinaryViewArray::from_iter(vec![None, Some(b"baryyy" as &[u8]), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);

        // test for FixedSizeBinaryArray
        let left = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![Some(b"foo" as &[u8]), Some(b"bar"), None]);
        let right = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![None, Some(b"yyy" as &[u8]), Some(b"zzz")]);
        let output: FixedSizeBinaryArray = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right)
            .unwrap()
            .into_data()
            .into();
        let expected = FixedSizeBinaryArray::from(vec![None, Some(b"baryyy" as &[u8]), None]);
        assert_eq!(output, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_concat_dyn_different_type() {
        let left = StringArray::from(vec![Some("foo"), Some("bar"), None]);
        let right = LargeStringArray::from(vec![None, Some("1"), Some("2")]);

        let output = concat_elements_dyn(&left, &right);
        assert_eq!(
            output.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Compute error: Cannot concat arrays of different types: Utf8 != LargeUtf8".to_string()
        );
    }
}