alef_codegen/generators/

binding_helpers.rs

use crate::conversions::helpers::{core_prim_str, needs_f64_cast, needs_i32_cast};
use crate::generators::{AsyncPattern, RustBindingConfig};
use crate::type_mapper::TypeMapper;
use ahash::AHashSet;
use alef_core::ir::{CoreWrapper, ParamDef, TypeDef, TypeRef};

/// Helper: wrap an opaque inner value in the correct smart pointer expression.
///
/// - Plain opaque types use `Arc::new(val)`.
/// - Mutex-wrapped opaque types use `Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(val))`.
fn arc_wrap(val: &str, name: &str, mutex_types: &AHashSet<String>) -> String {
    let needs_mutex = mutex_types.contains(name);
    crate::template_env::render(
        "binding_helpers/arc_wrap.jinja",
        minijinja::context! {
            val => val,
            needs_mutex => needs_mutex,
        },
    )
    .trim_end_matches('\n')
    .to_string()
}

/// Detect whether the core-call expression already evaluates to `Arc<T>` (or the
/// equivalent mutex-wrapped variant) for the binding's `inner` field.
///
/// When the method body forwards `self.inner` (e.g. `Node::clone` whose core impl
/// calls `Arc::clone(&self.tree)` internally), the expression is already an
/// `Arc<Node>` and must not be wrapped in another `Arc::new(...)`.
fn expr_is_already_arc(expr: &str) -> bool {
    let trimmed = expr.trim();
    trimmed == "self.inner" || trimmed == "self.inner.clone()" || trimmed == "self.inner.as_ref().clone()"
}

/// Wrap a core-call result for opaque delegation methods.
///
/// - `TypeRef::Named(n)` where `n == type_name` → re-wrap in `Self { inner: Arc::new(...) }`
/// - `TypeRef::Named(n)` where `n` is another opaque type → wrap in `{n} { inner: Arc::new(...) }`
/// - `TypeRef::Named(n)` where `n` is a non-opaque type → `todo!()` placeholder (From may not exist)
/// - Everything else (primitives, String, Vec, etc.) → pass through unchanged
/// - `TypeRef::Unit` → pass through unchanged
///
/// When `returns_cow` is true the core method returns `Cow<'_, T>`. `.into_owned()` is emitted
/// before any further type conversion to obtain an owned `T`.
///
/// `mutex_types` identifies opaque types that use `Arc<Mutex<T>>` instead of `Arc<T>`, so
/// constructor expressions use `Arc::new(Mutex::new(...))` where needed.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub fn wrap_return_with_mutex(
    expr: &str,
    return_type: &TypeRef,
    type_name: &str,
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    mutex_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    self_is_opaque: bool,
    returns_ref: bool,
    returns_cow: bool,
) -> String {
    wrap_return_with_mutex_mapped(
        expr,
        return_type,
        type_name,
        opaque_types,
        mutex_types,
        self_is_opaque,
        returns_ref,
        returns_cow,
        &crate::type_mapper::IdentityMapper,
    )
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub fn wrap_return_with_mutex_mapped(
    expr: &str,
    return_type: &TypeRef,
    type_name: &str,
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    mutex_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    self_is_opaque: bool,
    returns_ref: bool,
    returns_cow: bool,
    mapper: &dyn TypeMapper,
) -> String {
    let self_arc = arc_wrap("", type_name, mutex_types); // used for pattern matching only
    let _ = self_arc; // just to reference mutex_types in context
    match return_type {
        TypeRef::Named(n) if n == type_name && self_is_opaque => {
            // If the expression already evaluates to `Arc<T>` (e.g. `self.inner.clone()`
            // where `inner: Arc<T>`), don't wrap in another Arc — pass through.
            if expr_is_already_arc(expr) {
                return format!("Self {{ inner: {expr} }}");
            }
            let inner = if returns_cow {
                format!("{expr}.into_owned()")
            } else if returns_ref {
                format!("{expr}.clone()")
            } else {
                expr.to_string()
            };
            format!("Self {{ inner: {} }}", arc_wrap(&inner, type_name, mutex_types))
        }
        TypeRef::Named(n) if opaque_types.contains(n.as_str()) => {
            let mapped_n = mapper.named(n);
            // Same already-Arc guard as the Self branch above.
            if expr_is_already_arc(expr) {
                return format!("{mapped_n} {{ inner: {expr} }}");
            }
            let inner = if returns_cow {
                format!("{expr}.into_owned()")
            } else if returns_ref {
                format!("{expr}.clone()")
            } else {
                expr.to_string()
            };
            format!("{mapped_n} {{ inner: {} }}", arc_wrap(&inner, n, mutex_types))
        }
        TypeRef::Named(_) => {
            // Non-opaque Named return type — use .into() for core→binding From conversion.
            // When the core returns a Cow, call .into_owned() first to get an owned T.
            // When the core returns a reference, clone first since From<&T> typically doesn't exist.
            // NOTE: If this type was sanitized to String in the binding, From won't exist.
            // The calling backend should check method.sanitized before delegating.
            // This code assumes non-sanitized Named types have From impls.
            if returns_cow {
                format!("{expr}.into_owned().into()")
            } else if returns_ref {
                format!("{expr}.clone().into()")
            } else {
                format!("{expr}.into()")
            }
        }
        // String: only convert when the core returns a reference (&str→String).
        TypeRef::String => {
            if returns_ref {
                format!("{expr}.into()")
            } else {
                expr.to_string()
            }
        }
        // Bytes: always use .to_vec() which works for both &Bytes and owned Bytes.
        // &Bytes does not implement From<&Bytes> for Vec<u8>, so .into() fails.
        TypeRef::Bytes => format!("{expr}.to_vec()"),
        // Path: PathBuf→String needs to_string_lossy, &Path→String too
        TypeRef::Path => format!("{expr}.to_string_lossy().to_string()"),
        // Duration: core returns std::time::Duration, binding uses u64 (millis)
        TypeRef::Duration => format!("{expr}.as_millis() as u64"),
        // Json: serde_json::Value needs serialization to string
        TypeRef::Json => format!("{expr}.to_string()"),
        // Optional: wrap inner conversion in .map(...)
        TypeRef::Optional(inner) => match inner.as_ref() {
            TypeRef::Named(n) if opaque_types.contains(n.as_str()) => {
                let mapped_n = mapper.named(n);
                let wrap = arc_wrap("v", n, mutex_types);
                if returns_ref {
                    format!(
                        "{expr}.map(|v| {mapped_n} {{ inner: {} }})",
                        arc_wrap("v.clone()", n, mutex_types)
                    )
                } else {
                    format!("{expr}.map(|v| {mapped_n} {{ inner: {wrap} }})")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                if returns_ref {
                    format!("{expr}.map(|v| v.clone().into())")
                } else {
                    format!("{expr}.map(Into::into)")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Path => {
                format!("{expr}.map(Into::into)")
            }
            TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Bytes => {
                if returns_ref {
                    format!("{expr}.map(Into::into)")
                } else {
                    expr.to_string()
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Duration => format!("{expr}.map(|d| d.as_millis() as u64)"),
            TypeRef::Json => format!("{expr}.map(ToString::to_string)"),
            // Optional<Vec<Named>>: convert each element in the inner Vec
            TypeRef::Vec(vec_inner) => match vec_inner.as_ref() {
                TypeRef::Named(n) if opaque_types.contains(n.as_str()) => {
                    let mapped_n = mapper.named(n);
                    if returns_ref {
                        let wrap = arc_wrap("x.clone()", n, mutex_types);
                        format!("{expr}.map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| {mapped_n} {{ inner: {wrap} }}).collect())")
                    } else {
                        let wrap = arc_wrap("x", n, mutex_types);
                        format!("{expr}.map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| {mapped_n} {{ inner: {wrap} }}).collect())")
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                    if returns_ref {
                        format!("{expr}.map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x.clone().into()).collect())")
                    } else {
                        format!("{expr}.map(|v| v.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect())")
                    }
                }
                _ => expr.to_string(),
            },
            _ => expr.to_string(),
        },
        // Vec: map each element through the appropriate conversion
        TypeRef::Vec(inner) => match inner.as_ref() {
            TypeRef::Named(n) if opaque_types.contains(n.as_str()) => {
                let mapped_n = mapper.named(n);
                if returns_ref {
                    let wrap = arc_wrap("v.clone()", n, mutex_types);
                    format!("{expr}.into_iter().map(|v| {mapped_n} {{ inner: {wrap} }}).collect()")
                } else {
                    let wrap = arc_wrap("v", n, mutex_types);
                    format!("{expr}.into_iter().map(|v| {mapped_n} {{ inner: {wrap} }}).collect()")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                if returns_ref {
                    format!("{expr}.into_iter().map(|v| v.clone().into()).collect()")
                } else {
                    format!("{expr}.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect()")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Path => {
                format!("{expr}.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect()")
            }
            TypeRef::String => {
                if returns_ref {
                    // Core returns `&[&str]` / `&[String]`; `.iter()` yields `&&str` / `&String`.
                    // `Into::into` on those fails (`From<&&str>` is not implemented). Force
                    // an explicit ToString hop so the binding always sees owned `String`s.
                    format!("{expr}.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()")
                } else {
                    expr.to_string()
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Bytes => {
                if returns_ref {
                    format!("{expr}.iter().map(|b| b.to_vec()).collect()")
                } else {
                    expr.to_string()
                }
            }
            _ => expr.to_string(),
        },
        _ => expr.to_string(),
    }
}

/// Wrap a core-call result for opaque delegation methods.
///
/// This is the backward-compatible wrapper that passes an empty `mutex_types` set.
/// Use `wrap_return_with_mutex` when the type set contains mutex-wrapped opaque types.
pub fn wrap_return(
    expr: &str,
    return_type: &TypeRef,
    type_name: &str,
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    self_is_opaque: bool,
    returns_ref: bool,
    returns_cow: bool,
) -> String {
    wrap_return_with_mutex(
        expr,
        return_type,
        type_name,
        opaque_types,
        &AHashSet::new(),
        self_is_opaque,
        returns_ref,
        returns_cow,
    )
}

/// Unwrap a newtype return value when `return_newtype_wrapper` is set.
///
/// Core function returns a newtype (e.g. `NodeIndex(u32)`), but the binding return type
/// is the inner type (e.g. `u32`). Access `.0` to unwrap the newtype.
pub fn apply_return_newtype_unwrap(expr: &str, return_newtype_wrapper: &Option<String>) -> String {
    match return_newtype_wrapper {
        Some(_) => crate::template_env::render(
            "binding_helpers/return_newtype_unwrap.jinja",
            minijinja::context! {
                expr => expr,
            },
        )
        .trim_end_matches('\n')
        .to_string(),
        None => expr.to_string(),
    }
}

/// Build call argument expressions from parameters.
/// - Opaque Named types: unwrap Arc wrapper via `(*param.inner).clone()`
/// - Non-opaque Named types: `.into()` for From conversion
/// - String/Path/Bytes: `&param` since core functions typically take `&str`/`&Path`/`&[u8]`
/// - Params with `newtype_wrapper` set: re-wrap the raw value in the newtype constructor
///   (e.g., `NodeIndex(parent)`) since the binding resolved `NodeIndex(u32)` → `u32`.
///
/// NOTE: This function does not perform serde-based conversion. For Named params that lack
/// From impls (e.g., due to sanitized fields), use `gen_serde_let_bindings` instead when
/// `cfg.has_serde` is true, or fall back to `gen_unimplemented_body`.
pub fn gen_call_args(params: &[ParamDef], opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>) -> String {
    params
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(idx, p)| {
            let promoted = crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
            // If a required param was promoted to optional, unwrap it before use.
            // Note: promoted params that are not Optional<T> will NOT call .expect() because
            // promoted refers to the PyO3 signature constraint, not the actual Rust type.
            // The function_params logic wraps promoted params in Option<T>, making them truly optional.
            let unwrap_suffix = if promoted && p.optional {
                format!(".expect(\"'{}' is required\")", p.name)
            } else {
                String::new()
            };
            // If this param's type was resolved from a newtype (e.g. NodeIndex(u32) → u32),
            // re-wrap the raw value back into the newtype when calling core.
            if let Some(newtype_path) = &p.newtype_wrapper {
                return if p.optional {
                    format!("{}.map({newtype_path})", p.name)
                } else if promoted {
                    format!("{newtype_path}({}{})", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                } else {
                    format!("{newtype_path}({})", p.name)
                };
            }
            match &p.ty {
                TypeRef::Named(name) if opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) => {
                    // Opaque type: borrow through Arc to get &CoreType
                    if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_ref().map(|v| &v.inner)", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}.inner.as_ref()", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("&{}.inner", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                    if p.optional {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            // Option<T> (binding) -> Option<&CoreT>: use as_ref() only
                            // The Into conversion must happen in a let binding to avoid E0716
                            format!("{}.as_ref()", p.name)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}.map(Into::into)", p.name)
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}.into()", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("{}.into()", p.name)
                    }
                }
                // String → &str for core function calls when is_ref=true,
                // or pass owned when is_ref=false (core takes String/impl Into<String>).
                // For optional params: as_deref() when is_ref=true, pass owned when is_ref=false.
                TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char => {
                    if p.optional {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        }
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("&{}", p.name)
                    } else {
                        p.name.clone()
                    }
                }
                // Path → PathBuf/&Path for core function calls
                TypeRef::Path => {
                    if p.optional && p.is_ref {
                        format!("{}.as_deref().map(std::path::Path::new)", p.name)
                    } else if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.map(std::path::PathBuf::from)", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("std::path::PathBuf::from({}{})", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("std::path::Path::new(&{})", p.name)
                    } else {
                        format!("std::path::PathBuf::from({})", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Bytes => {
                    if p.optional {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        // is_ref=true: pass &Vec<u8> (core takes &[u8])
                        // is_ref=false: pass Vec<u8> (core takes owned Vec<u8>)
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        }
                    } else {
                        // is_ref=true: pass &Vec<u8> (core takes &[u8])
                        // is_ref=false: pass Vec<u8> (core takes owned Vec<u8>)
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    }
                }
                // Duration: binding uses u64 (millis), core uses std::time::Duration
                TypeRef::Duration => {
                    if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.map(std::time::Duration::from_millis)", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("std::time::Duration::from_millis({}{})", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("std::time::Duration::from_millis({})", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Json => {
                    // JSON params: binding has String, core expects serde_json::Value
                    if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_ref().and_then(|s| serde_json::from_str(s).ok())", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("serde_json::from_str(&{}{}).unwrap_or_default()", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("serde_json::from_str(&{}).unwrap_or_default()", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Vec(inner) => {
                    // Vec<Named>: convert each element via Into::into when used with let bindings
                    if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(_)) {
                        if p.optional {
                            if p.is_ref {
                                format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                            } else {
                                p.name.clone()
                            }
                        } else if promoted {
                            if p.is_ref {
                                format!("&{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                            } else {
                                format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                            }
                        } else if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else if p.is_mut && p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_deref_mut()", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_mut {
                        format!("&mut {}", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref && p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("&{}", p.name)
                    } else {
                        p.name.clone()
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else if p.is_mut && p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_deref_mut()", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_mut {
                        format!("&mut {}", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref && p.optional {
                        // Optional ref params: use as_deref() for slice/str coercion
                        // Option<Vec<T>> -> Option<&[T]>, Option<String> -> Option<&str>
                        format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("&{}", p.name)
                    } else {
                        p.name.clone()
                    }
                }
            }
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join(", ")
}

/// Build call argument expressions with primitive type casting for backends that remap
/// numeric types (e.g. extendr maps `f32`/`usize`/`u64` to `f64` and `u32` to `i32`).
///
/// For `TypeRef::Primitive` params whose binding type differs from the core type, emits
/// `name as core_ty` (or `.map(|v| v as core_ty)` for optional params). All other params
/// fall back to the same logic as `gen_call_args`.
pub fn gen_call_args_cfg(
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    cast_uints_to_i32: bool,
    cast_large_ints_to_f64: bool,
) -> String {
    params
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(idx, p)| {
            let promoted = crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
            let unwrap_suffix = if promoted && p.optional {
                format!(".expect(\"'{}' is required\")", p.name)
            } else {
                String::new()
            };
            // Newtype params are handled the same as in gen_call_args.
            if p.newtype_wrapper.is_some() {
                // Delegate newtype handling to the standard gen_call_args helper by
                // collecting a one-element slice and extracting the result.
                return gen_call_args(std::slice::from_ref(p), opaque_types);
            }
            // For primitive params that need a cast, emit the cast expression.
            if let TypeRef::Primitive(prim) = &p.ty {
                let core_ty = core_prim_str(prim);
                let needs_cast =
                    (cast_uints_to_i32 && needs_i32_cast(prim)) || (cast_large_ints_to_f64 && needs_f64_cast(prim));
                if needs_cast {
                    return if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.map(|v| v as {core_ty})", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("({}{}) as {core_ty}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("{} as {core_ty}", p.name)
                    };
                }
            }
            // Delegate all other types to gen_call_args.
            gen_call_args(std::slice::from_ref(p), opaque_types)
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join(", ")
}

/// Build call argument expressions using pre-bound let bindings for non-opaque Named params.
/// Non-opaque Named params use `&{name}_core` references instead of `.into()`.
pub fn gen_call_args_with_let_bindings(params: &[ParamDef], opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>) -> String {
    params
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(idx, p)| {
            let promoted = crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
            let unwrap_suffix = if promoted {
                format!(".expect(\"'{}' is required\")", p.name)
            } else {
                String::new()
            };
            // If this param's type was resolved from a newtype, re-wrap when calling core.
            if let Some(newtype_path) = &p.newtype_wrapper {
                return if p.optional {
                    format!("{}.map({newtype_path})", p.name)
                } else if promoted {
                    format!("{newtype_path}({}{})", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                } else {
                    format!("{newtype_path}({})", p.name)
                };
            }
            match &p.ty {
                TypeRef::Named(name) if opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) => {
                    if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_ref().map(|v| &v.inner)", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}.inner.as_ref()", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("&{}.inner", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                    if p.optional && p.is_ref {
                        // Let binding already created Option<&T> via .as_ref()
                        format!("{}_core", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        // Let binding created T, need reference for call
                        format!("&{}_core", p.name)
                    } else {
                        format!("{}_core", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char => {
                    if p.optional {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        }
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("&{}", p.name)
                    } else {
                        p.name.clone()
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Path => {
                    if promoted {
                        format!("std::path::PathBuf::from({}{})", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else if p.optional && p.is_ref {
                        format!("{}.as_deref().map(std::path::Path::new)", p.name)
                    } else if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.map(std::path::PathBuf::from)", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("std::path::Path::new(&{})", p.name)
                    } else {
                        format!("std::path::PathBuf::from({})", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Bytes => {
                    if p.optional {
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        // is_ref=true: pass &Vec<u8> (core takes &[u8])
                        // is_ref=false: pass Vec<u8> (core takes owned Vec<u8>)
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                        }
                    } else {
                        // is_ref=true: pass &Vec<u8> (core takes &[u8])
                        // is_ref=false: pass Vec<u8> (core takes owned Vec<u8>)
                        if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}", p.name)
                        } else {
                            p.name.clone()
                        }
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Duration => {
                    if p.optional {
                        format!("{}.map(std::time::Duration::from_millis)", p.name)
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("std::time::Duration::from_millis({}{})", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else {
                        format!("std::time::Duration::from_millis({})", p.name)
                    }
                }
                TypeRef::Vec(inner) => {
                    // Sanitized Vec<tuple>: binding accepts Vec<String> (JSON-encoded tuples).
                    // Let binding created {name}_core via JSON deserialization.
                    if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String) && p.sanitized && p.original_type.is_some() {
                        if p.optional && p.is_ref {
                            format!("{}_core.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else if p.optional {
                            format!("{}_core", p.name)
                        } else if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}_core", p.name)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}_core", p.name)
                        }
                    } else if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(_)) {
                        // Vec<Named>: use let binding that converts each element
                        if p.optional && p.is_ref {
                            // Let binding creates Option<Vec<CoreType>>, use as_deref() to get Option<&[CoreType]>
                            format!("{}_core.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else if p.optional {
                            // Let binding creates Option<Vec<CoreType>>, no ref needed
                            format!("{}_core", p.name)
                        } else if p.is_ref {
                            format!("&{}_core", p.name)
                        } else {
                            format!("{}_core", p.name)
                        }
                    } else if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char) && p.is_ref {
                        // Vec<String> with is_ref=true: core expects &[&str].
                        // Convert via _refs intermediate binding.
                        if p.optional {
                            format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                        } else {
                            format!("&{}_refs", p.name)
                        }
                    } else if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else if p.is_ref && p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("&{}", p.name)
                    } else {
                        p.name.clone()
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    if promoted {
                        format!("{}{}", p.name, unwrap_suffix)
                    } else if p.is_ref && p.optional {
                        format!("{}.as_deref()", p.name)
                    } else if p.is_ref {
                        format!("&{}", p.name)
                    } else {
                        p.name.clone()
                    }
                }
            }
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join(", ")
}

/// Generate let bindings for non-opaque Named params, converting them to core types.
pub fn gen_named_let_bindings_pub(params: &[ParamDef], opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>, core_import: &str) -> String {
    gen_named_let_bindings(params, opaque_types, core_import)
}

/// Like `gen_named_let_bindings_pub` but without optional-promotion semantics.
/// Use this for backends (e.g. WASM) that do not promote non-optional params to `Option<T>`.
pub fn gen_named_let_bindings_no_promote(
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    core_import: &str,
) -> String {
    gen_named_let_bindings_inner(params, opaque_types, core_import, false)
}

pub(super) fn gen_named_let_bindings(
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    core_import: &str,
) -> String {
    gen_named_let_bindings_inner(params, opaque_types, core_import, true)
}

/// Variant of `gen_named_let_bindings` for backends where Named non-opaque params
/// are passed by reference (`&T`) in the function signature (e.g. extendr).
/// Uses `.clone().into()` instead of `.into()` to convert the borrowed value.
pub(super) fn gen_named_let_bindings_by_ref(
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    core_import: &str,
) -> String {
    let mut bindings = String::new();
    for (idx, p) in params.iter().enumerate() {
        match &p.ty {
            TypeRef::Named(name) if !opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) => {
                let promoted = crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
                let core_type_path = format!("{core_import}::{name}");
                let binding = if p.optional {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_by_ref_optional.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                        },
                    )
                } else if promoted {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_by_ref_promoted.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                        },
                    )
                } else {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_by_ref_simple.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                        },
                    )
                };
                bindings.push_str(&binding);
                bindings.push_str("\n    ");
            }
            TypeRef::Vec(inner) if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(n) if !opaque_types.contains(n.as_str())) => {
                let binding = if p.optional {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_by_ref_optional.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                } else {
                    let promoted = crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
                    if promoted {
                        crate::template_env::render(
                            "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_by_ref_promoted.jinja",
                            minijinja::context! {
                                name => &p.name,
                            },
                        )
                    } else {
                        crate::template_env::render(
                            "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_by_ref_simple.jinja",
                            minijinja::context! {
                                name => &p.name,
                            },
                        )
                    }
                };
                bindings.push_str(&binding);
                bindings.push_str("\n    ");
            }
            TypeRef::Vec(inner) if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char) && p.is_ref => {
                let binding = if p.optional {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_string_refs_binding_optional.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                } else {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_string_refs_binding_simple.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                };
                bindings.push_str(&binding);
                bindings.push_str("\n    ");
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    bindings
}

fn gen_named_let_bindings_inner(
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    core_import: &str,
    promote: bool,
) -> String {
    let mut bindings = String::new();
    for (idx, p) in params.iter().enumerate() {
        match &p.ty {
            TypeRef::Named(name) if !opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) => {
                let promoted = promote && crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
                let core_type_path = format!("{}::{}", core_import, name);
                let binding = if p.optional {
                    if p.is_ref {
                        crate::template_env::render(
                            "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_optional_ref.jinja",
                            minijinja::context! {
                                name => &p.name,
                                core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                            },
                        )
                    } else {
                        crate::template_env::render(
                            "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_optional.jinja",
                            minijinja::context! {
                                name => &p.name,
                                core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                            },
                        )
                    }
                } else if promoted {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_promoted.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                        },
                    )
                } else {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/named_let_binding_simple.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_type_path => &core_type_path,
                        },
                    )
                };
                bindings.push_str(&binding);
                bindings.push_str("\n    ");
            }
            TypeRef::Vec(inner) if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(n) if !opaque_types.contains(n.as_str())) => {
                let promoted = promote && crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
                let binding = if p.optional && p.is_ref {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_optional.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                } else if p.optional {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_optional_no_ref.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                } else if promoted {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_promoted.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                } else {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_named_let_binding_simple.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                };
                bindings.push_str(&binding);
                bindings.push_str("\n    ");
            }
            // Vec<String> with is_ref=true: core expects &[&str].
            // Convert Vec<String> to Vec<&str> via intermediate binding.
            TypeRef::Vec(inner) if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char) && p.is_ref => {
                let binding = if p.optional {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_string_refs_binding_optional.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                } else {
                    crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/vec_string_refs_binding_simple.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                        },
                    )
                };
                bindings.push_str(&binding);
                bindings.push_str("\n    ");
            }
            // Sanitized Vec<String> (originally Vec<tuple>): deserialize each JSON string.
            TypeRef::Vec(inner)
                if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String) && p.sanitized && p.original_type.is_some() =>
            {
                let template = if p.optional {
                    "binding_helpers/sanitized_vec_string_filter_optional.jinja"
                } else {
                    "binding_helpers/sanitized_vec_string_filter_simple.jinja"
                };
                bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                    template,
                    minijinja::context! {
                        name => &p.name,
                    },
                ));
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    bindings
}

/// Generate serde-based let bindings for non-opaque Named params.
/// Serializes binding types to JSON and deserializes to core types.
/// Used when From impls don't exist (e.g., types with sanitized fields).
/// `indent` is the whitespace prefix for each generated line (e.g., "    " for functions, "        " for methods).
/// NOTE: This function should only be called when `cfg.has_serde` is true.
/// The caller (functions.rs, methods.rs) must gate the call behind a `has_serde` check.
pub fn gen_serde_let_bindings(
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    core_import: &str,
    err_conv: &str,
    indent: &str,
) -> String {
    let mut bindings = String::new();
    for (idx, p) in params.iter().enumerate() {
        let promoted = crate::shared::is_promoted_optional(params, idx);
        match &p.ty {
            TypeRef::Named(name) if !opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) => {
                let core_path = format!("{}::{}", core_import, name);
                if p.optional {
                    bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/serde_named_let_binding_optional.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_path => core_path,
                            err_conv => err_conv,
                            indent => indent,
                        },
                    ));
                } else if promoted {
                    // Promoted-optional: param is required in core but wrapped in Option<T>
                    // in the binding because an earlier param is optional. Use unwrap_or_default()
                    // so JS callers can omit it (pass undefined/null) to get default behaviour.
                    bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/serde_named_let_binding_promoted.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_path => core_path,
                            err_conv => err_conv,
                            indent => indent,
                        },
                    ));
                } else {
                    bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                        "binding_helpers/serde_named_let_binding_simple.jinja",
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            core_path => core_path,
                            err_conv => err_conv,
                            indent => indent,
                        },
                    ));
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Vec(inner) => {
                if let TypeRef::Named(name) = inner.as_ref() {
                    if !opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) {
                        let core_path = format!("{}::{}", core_import, name);
                        if p.optional {
                            bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                                "binding_helpers/serde_vec_named_optional.jinja",
                                minijinja::context! {
                                    name => &p.name,
                                    core_path => core_path,
                                    err_conv => err_conv,
                                    indent => indent,
                                },
                            ));
                        } else {
                            bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                                "binding_helpers/serde_vec_named_simple.jinja",
                                minijinja::context! {
                                    name => &p.name,
                                    core_path => core_path,
                                    err_conv => err_conv,
                                    indent => indent,
                                },
                            ));
                        }
                    }
                } else if matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String) && p.sanitized && p.original_type.is_some() {
                    // Sanitized Vec<tuple>: binding accepts Vec<String> (JSON-encoded tuple items).
                    // Deserialize each JSON string as a tuple using serde_json.
                    let template = if p.optional {
                        "binding_helpers/serde_sanitized_vec_string_optional.jinja"
                    } else {
                        "binding_helpers/serde_sanitized_vec_string_simple.jinja"
                    };
                    bindings.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                        template,
                        minijinja::context! {
                            name => &p.name,
                            err_conv => err_conv,
                            indent => indent,
                        },
                    ));
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    bindings
}

/// Check if params contain any non-opaque Named types that need let bindings.
/// This includes direct Named types, Vec<Named> types, Vec<String> params
/// with is_ref=true (which need a Vec<&str> intermediate to pass as &[&str]),
/// and sanitized Vec<String> params (which are JSON-deserialized to tuples).
pub fn has_named_params(params: &[ParamDef], opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>) -> bool {
    params.iter().any(|p| match &p.ty {
        TypeRef::Named(name) if !opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) => true,
        TypeRef::Vec(inner) => {
            // Vec<Named> always needs a conversion let binding.
            // Sanitized Vec<String> needs JSON deserialization via let binding.
            // Vec<String> with is_ref=true needs a _refs let binding for &[&str] conversion.
            matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(name) if !opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()))
                || (matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char) && p.is_ref)
                || (matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::String) && p.sanitized && p.original_type.is_some())
        }
        _ => false,
    })
}

/// Check if a param type is safe for non-opaque delegation (no complex conversions needed).
/// Vec and Map params can cause type mismatches (e.g. Vec<String> vs &[&str]).
pub fn is_simple_non_opaque_param(ty: &TypeRef) -> bool {
    match ty {
        TypeRef::Primitive(_)
        | TypeRef::String
        | TypeRef::Char
        | TypeRef::Bytes
        | TypeRef::Path
        | TypeRef::Unit
        | TypeRef::Duration => true,
        TypeRef::Optional(inner) => is_simple_non_opaque_param(inner),
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Generate a lossy binding→core struct literal for non-opaque delegation.
/// Sanitized fields use `Default::default()`, non-sanitized fields are cloned and converted.
/// Fields are accessed via `self.` (behind &self), so all non-Copy types need `.clone()`.
///
/// `opaque_types` is the set of opaque type names (Arc-wrapped handles, trait bridge aliases,
/// etc.). Fields whose `TypeRef::Named` type is in this set have no `From` impl in the binding
/// layer, so `Default::default()` is emitted for them instead of `.clone().into()`.
///
/// NOTE: This assumes all binding struct fields implement Clone. If a field type does not
/// implement Clone (e.g., `Mutex<T>`), it should be marked as `sanitized=true` so that
/// `Default::default()` is used instead of calling `.clone()`. Backends that exclude types
/// should mark such fields appropriately.
pub fn gen_lossy_binding_to_core_fields(
    typ: &TypeDef,
    core_import: &str,
    option_duration_on_defaults: bool,
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    cast_uints_to_i32: bool,
    cast_large_ints_to_f64: bool,
    skip_types: &[String],
) -> String {
    gen_lossy_binding_to_core_fields_inner(
        typ,
        core_import,
        false,
        option_duration_on_defaults,
        opaque_types,
        cast_uints_to_i32,
        cast_large_ints_to_f64,
        skip_types,
    )
}

/// Same as `gen_lossy_binding_to_core_fields` but declares `core_self` as mutable.
pub fn gen_lossy_binding_to_core_fields_mut(
    typ: &TypeDef,
    core_import: &str,
    option_duration_on_defaults: bool,
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    cast_uints_to_i32: bool,
    cast_large_ints_to_f64: bool,
    skip_types: &[String],
) -> String {
    gen_lossy_binding_to_core_fields_inner(
        typ,
        core_import,
        true,
        option_duration_on_defaults,
        opaque_types,
        cast_uints_to_i32,
        cast_large_ints_to_f64,
        skip_types,
    )
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn gen_lossy_binding_to_core_fields_inner(
    typ: &TypeDef,
    core_import: &str,
    needs_mut: bool,
    option_duration_on_defaults: bool,
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
    cast_uints_to_i32: bool,
    cast_large_ints_to_f64: bool,
    skip_types: &[String],
) -> String {
    let core_path = crate::conversions::core_type_path(typ, core_import);
    let mut_kw = if needs_mut { "mut " } else { "" };
    // When has_stripped_cfg_fields is true we emit ..Default::default() at the end of the
    // struct literal to fill cfg-gated fields that were stripped from the binding IR.
    // Suppress clippy::needless_update because the fields only exist when the corresponding
    // feature is enabled — without the feature, clippy thinks the spread is redundant.
    let allow = if typ.has_stripped_cfg_fields {
        "#[allow(clippy::needless_update)]\n        "
    } else {
        ""
    };
    let mut out = format!("{allow}let {mut_kw}core_self = {core_path} {{\n");
    for field in &typ.fields {
        if field.binding_excluded {
            out.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/struct_field_default.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    name => &field.name,
                },
            ));
            continue;
        }
        // Skip cfg-gated fields — they are absent from the binding struct.
        // The ..Default::default() spread below fills them when the feature is enabled.
        if field.cfg.is_some() {
            continue;
        }
        let name = &field.name;
        if field.sanitized && field.core_wrapper != CoreWrapper::Cow {
            out.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/struct_field_default.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    name => &field.name,
                },
            ));
            out.push('\n');
            continue;
        }
        // Opaque-type fields (Arc-wrapped handles, trait bridge aliases) have no From impl
        // in the binding layer. Emit Default::default() so the apply_update / clone-mutate
        // paths compile without needing From<Arc<Py<PyAny>>> for VisitorHandle, etc.
        // This covers both bare Named opaque fields and Optional<Named opaque> fields.
        let is_opaque_named = match &field.ty {
            TypeRef::Named(n) => opaque_types.contains(n.as_str()),
            TypeRef::Optional(inner) => {
                matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(n) if opaque_types.contains(n.as_str()))
            }
            _ => false,
        };
        if is_opaque_named {
            out.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/struct_field_default.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    name => &field.name,
                },
            ));
            out.push('\n');
            continue;
        }
        // Skip types: output-only types (e.g. flat data enums) that have no From impl
        // from the binding layer. Emit Default::default() so method body compiles.
        let is_skip_named = match &field.ty {
            TypeRef::Named(n) => skip_types.contains(n),
            TypeRef::Optional(inner) => {
                matches!(inner.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(n) if skip_types.contains(n))
            }
            _ => false,
        };
        if is_skip_named {
            out.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/default_field.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    name => &name,
                },
            ));
            continue;
        }
        let expr = match &field.ty {
            TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_uints_to_i32 && needs_i32_cast(p) => {
                let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.map(|v| v as {core_ty})")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name} as {core_ty}")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_large_ints_to_f64 && needs_f64_cast(p) => {
                let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.map(|v| v as {core_ty})")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name} as {core_ty}")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Primitive(_) => format!("self.{name}"),
            TypeRef::Duration => {
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.map(std::time::Duration::from_millis)")
                } else if option_duration_on_defaults && typ.has_default {
                    // When option_duration_on_defaults is true, non-optional Duration fields
                    // on has_default types are stored as Option<u64> in the binding struct.
                    // Use .map(...).unwrap_or_default() so that None falls back to the core
                    // type's Default (e.g. Duration::from_secs(30)) rather than Duration::ZERO.
                    format!("self.{name}.map(std::time::Duration::from_millis).unwrap_or_default()")
                } else {
                    format!("std::time::Duration::from_millis(self.{name})")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::String => {
                if field.core_wrapper == CoreWrapper::Cow {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone().into()")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone()")
                }
            }
            // Bytes: binding stores Vec<u8>. When core_wrapper == Bytes, core expects
            // bytes::Bytes so we must call .into() to convert Vec<u8> → Bytes.
            // When core_wrapper == None, the core field is also Vec<u8> (plain clone).
            TypeRef::Bytes => {
                if field.core_wrapper == CoreWrapper::Bytes {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone().into()")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone()")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Char => {
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.chars().next())")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name}.chars().next().unwrap_or('*')")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Path => {
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone().map(Into::into)")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone().into()")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone().map(Into::into)")
                } else {
                    format!("self.{name}.clone().into()")
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Vec(inner) => match inner.as_ref() {
                TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                    if field.optional {
                        // Option<Vec<Named(T)>>: map over the Option, then convert each element
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|v| v.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect())")
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(Into::into).collect()")
                    }
                }
                // Vec<u8/u16/u32/i8/i16> stored as Vec<i32> in binding → cast each element back
                TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_uints_to_i32 && needs_i32_cast(p) => {
                    let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                    if field.optional {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x as {core_ty}).collect())")
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|v| v as {core_ty}).collect()")
                    }
                }
                // Vec<usize/u64/i64/isize/f32> stored as Vec<f64> in binding → cast each element back
                TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_large_ints_to_f64 && needs_f64_cast(p) => {
                    let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                    if field.optional {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x as {core_ty}).collect())")
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|v| v as {core_ty}).collect()")
                    }
                }
                _ => format!("self.{name}.clone()"),
            },
            TypeRef::Optional(inner) => {
                // When field.optional is also true, the binding field was flattened from
                // Option<Option<T>> to Option<T>. Core expects Option<Option<T>>, so wrap
                // with .map(Some) to reconstruct the double-optional.
                let base = match inner.as_ref() {
                    TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().map(Into::into)")
                    }
                    TypeRef::Duration => {
                        format!("self.{name}.map(|v| std::time::Duration::from_millis(v as u64))")
                    }
                    TypeRef::Vec(vi) if matches!(vi.as_ref(), TypeRef::Named(_)) => {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|v| v.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect())")
                    }
                    // Option<Vec<u8/u16/u32/i8/i16>> stored as Option<Vec<i32>> → cast elements back
                    TypeRef::Vec(vi) => match vi.as_ref() {
                        TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_uints_to_i32 && needs_i32_cast(p) => {
                            let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                            format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x as {core_ty}).collect())")
                        }
                        // Option<Vec<usize/u64/i64/f32>> stored as Option<Vec<f64>> → cast elements back
                        TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_large_ints_to_f64 && needs_f64_cast(p) => {
                            let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                            format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x as {core_ty}).collect())")
                        }
                        _ => format!("self.{name}.clone()"),
                    },
                    _ => format!("self.{name}.clone()"),
                };
                if field.optional {
                    format!("({base}).map(Some)")
                } else {
                    base
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Map(_, v) => match v.as_ref() {
                TypeRef::Json => {
                    // HashMap<String, String> (binding) → HashMap<K, Value> (core).
                    // Emit `k.into()` so wrapped string keys (`Cow`, `Box<str>`, `Arc<str>`)
                    // — which the type resolver collapses to `TypeRef::String` — convert
                    // correctly. For a real `String` core key it is a no-op.
                    if field.optional {
                        format!(
                            "self.{name}.clone().map(|m| m.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| \
                                 (k.into(), serde_json::from_str(&v).unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::String(v)))).collect())"
                        )
                    } else {
                        format!(
                            "self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|(k, v)| \
                                 (k.into(), serde_json::from_str(&v).unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::String(v)))).collect()"
                        )
                    }
                }
                // Named values: each value needs Into conversion to bridge the binding wrapper
                // type into the core type (e.g. PyExtractionPattern → ExtractionPattern).
                TypeRef::Named(_) => {
                    if field.optional {
                        format!(
                            "self.{name}.clone().map(|m| m.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v.into())).collect())"
                        )
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v.into())).collect()")
                    }
                }
                // Map values that are u8/u16/u32/i8/i16 stored as i32 in binding → cast back
                TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_uints_to_i32 && needs_i32_cast(p) => {
                    let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                    if field.optional {
                        format!(
                            "self.{name}.clone().map(|m| m.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v as {core_ty})).collect())"
                        )
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v as {core_ty})).collect()")
                    }
                }
                // Map values that are usize/u64/i64/isize/f32 stored as f64 in binding → cast back
                TypeRef::Primitive(p) if cast_large_ints_to_f64 && needs_f64_cast(p) => {
                    let core_ty = core_prim_str(p);
                    if field.optional {
                        format!(
                            "self.{name}.clone().map(|m| m.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v as {core_ty})).collect())"
                        )
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v as {core_ty})).collect()")
                    }
                }
                // Collect to handle HashMap↔BTreeMap conversion
                _ => {
                    if field.optional {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().map(|m| m.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v)).collect())")
                    } else {
                        format!("self.{name}.clone().into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), v)).collect()")
                    }
                }
            },
            TypeRef::Unit => format!("self.{name}.clone()"),
            TypeRef::Json => {
                // String (binding) → serde_json::Value (core)
                if field.optional {
                    format!("self.{name}.as_ref().and_then(|s| serde_json::from_str(s).ok())")
                } else {
                    format!("serde_json::from_str(&self.{name}).unwrap_or_default()")
                }
            }
        };
        // Newtype wrapping: when the field was resolved from a newtype (e.g. NodeIndex → u32),
        // re-wrap the binding value into the newtype for the core struct literal.
        // When `optional=true` and `ty` is a plain Primitive (not TypeRef::Optional), the core
        // field is actually `Option<NewtypeT>`, so we must use `.map(NewtypeT)` not `NewtypeT(...)`.
        let expr = if let Some(newtype_path) = &field.newtype_wrapper {
            match &field.ty {
                TypeRef::Optional(_) => format!("({expr}).map({newtype_path})"),
                TypeRef::Vec(_) => format!("({expr}).into_iter().map({newtype_path}).collect::<Vec<_>>()"),
                _ if field.optional => format!("({expr}).map({newtype_path})"),
                _ => format!("{newtype_path}({expr})"),
            }
        } else {
            expr
        };
        out.push_str(&crate::template_env::render(
            "binding_helpers/struct_field_line.jinja",
            minijinja::context! {
                name => &field.name,
                expr => &expr,
            },
        ));
        out.push('\n');
    }
    // Use ..Default::default() to fill cfg-gated fields stripped from the IR
    if typ.has_stripped_cfg_fields {
        out.push_str("            ..Default::default()\n");
    }
    out.push_str("        };\n        ");
    out
}

/// Generate the body for an async call, unified across methods, static methods, and free functions.
///
/// - `core_call`: the expression to await, e.g. `inner.method(args)` or `CoreType::fn(args)`.
///   For Pyo3FutureIntoPy opaque methods this should reference `inner` (the Arc clone);
///   for all other patterns it may reference `self.inner` or a static call expression.
/// - `cfg`: binding configuration (determines which async pattern to emit)
/// - `has_error`: whether the core call returns a `Result`
/// - `return_wrap`: expression to produce the binding return value from `result`,
///   e.g. `"result"` or `"TypeName::from(result)"`
///
/// - `is_opaque`: whether the binding type is Arc-wrapped (affects TokioBlockOn wrapping)
/// - `inner_clone_line`: optional statement emitted before the pattern-specific body,
///   e.g. `"let inner = self.inner.clone();\n        "` for opaque instance methods, or `""`.
///   Required when `core_call` references `inner` (Pyo3FutureIntoPy opaque case).
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub fn gen_async_body(
    core_call: &str,
    cfg: &RustBindingConfig,
    has_error: bool,
    return_wrap: &str,
    is_opaque: bool,
    inner_clone_line: &str,
    is_unit_return: bool,
    return_type: Option<&str>,
) -> String {
    let pattern_body = match cfg.async_pattern {
        AsyncPattern::Pyo3FutureIntoPy => {
            let result_handling = if has_error {
                format!(
                    "let result = {core_call}.await\n            \
                     .map_err(|e| PyErr::new::<PyRuntimeError, _>(e.to_string()))?;"
                )
            } else if is_unit_return {
                format!("{core_call}.await;")
            } else {
                format!("let result = {core_call}.await;")
            };
            let (ok_expr, extra_binding) = if is_unit_return && !has_error {
                ("()".to_string(), String::new())
            } else if return_wrap.contains(".into()") || return_wrap.contains("::from(") {
                // When return_wrap contains type conversions like .into() or ::from(),
                // bind to a variable to help type inference for the generic future_into_py.
                // This avoids E0283 "type annotations needed".
                let wrapped_var = "wrapped_result";
                let binding = if let Some(ret_type) = return_type {
                    // Add explicit type annotation to help type inference
                    format!("let {wrapped_var}: {ret_type} = {return_wrap};\n            ")
                } else {
                    format!("let {wrapped_var} = {return_wrap};\n            ")
                };
                (wrapped_var.to_string(), binding)
            } else {
                (return_wrap.to_string(), String::new())
            };
            crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/async_body_pyo3.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    result_handling => result_handling,
                    extra_binding => extra_binding,
                    ok_expr => ok_expr,
                },
            )
        }
        AsyncPattern::WasmNativeAsync => {
            let result_handling = if has_error {
                format!(
                    "let result = {core_call}.await\n        \
                     .map_err(|e| JsValue::from_str(&e.to_string()))?;"
                )
            } else if is_unit_return {
                format!("{core_call}.await;")
            } else {
                format!("let result = {core_call}.await;")
            };
            let ok_expr = if is_unit_return && !has_error {
                "()"
            } else {
                return_wrap
            };
            crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/async_body_wasm.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    result_handling => result_handling,
                    ok_expr => ok_expr,
                },
            )
        }
        AsyncPattern::NapiNativeAsync => {
            let result_handling = if has_error {
                format!(
                    "let result = {core_call}.await\n            \
                     .map_err(|e| napi::Error::new(napi::Status::GenericFailure, e.to_string()))?;"
                )
            } else if is_unit_return {
                format!("{core_call}.await;")
            } else {
                format!("let result = {core_call}.await;")
            };
            let (needs_ok_wrapper, ok_expr) = if !has_error && !is_unit_return {
                // No error type: return value directly without Ok() wrapper
                (false, return_wrap.to_string())
            } else {
                let expr = if is_unit_return && !has_error {
                    "()".to_string()
                } else {
                    return_wrap.to_string()
                };
                (true, expr)
            };
            crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/async_body_napi.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    result_handling => result_handling,
                    needs_ok_wrapper => needs_ok_wrapper,
                    ok_expr => ok_expr,
                    return_wrap => return_wrap,
                },
            )
        }
        AsyncPattern::TokioBlockOn => {
            let rt_new = "tokio::runtime::Runtime::new()\
                          .map_err(|e| extendr_api::Error::Other(e.to_string()))?";
            crate::template_env::render(
                "binding_helpers/async_body_tokio.jinja",
                minijinja::context! {
                    has_error => has_error,
                    is_opaque => is_opaque,
                    is_unit_return => is_unit_return,
                    core_call => core_call,
                    return_wrap => return_wrap,
                    rt_new => rt_new,
                },
            )
        }
        AsyncPattern::None => "todo!(\"async not supported by backend\")".to_string(),
    };
    if inner_clone_line.is_empty() {
        pattern_body
    } else {
        format!("{inner_clone_line}{pattern_body}")
    }
}

/// Generate a compilable body for functions that can't be auto-delegated.
/// Returns a default value or error instead of `todo!()` which would panic.
///
/// `opaque_types` is the set of opaque type names (Arc-wrapped). Opaque types do not
/// implement `Default`, so returning `Default::default()` for their Named return types
/// would fail to compile. For those cases a `todo!()` body is emitted instead.
pub fn gen_unimplemented_body(
    return_type: &TypeRef,
    fn_name: &str,
    has_error: bool,
    cfg: &RustBindingConfig,
    params: &[ParamDef],
    opaque_types: &AHashSet<String>,
) -> String {
    // Suppress unused_variables by binding all params to `_`
    let suppress = if params.is_empty() {
        String::new()
    } else {
        let names: Vec<&str> = params.iter().map(|p| p.name.as_str()).collect();
        if names.len() == 1 {
            format!("let _ = {};\n        ", names[0])
        } else {
            format!("let _ = ({});\n        ", names.join(", "))
        }
    };
    let err_msg = format!("Not implemented: {fn_name}");
    let body = if has_error {
        // Backend-specific error return
        match cfg.async_pattern {
            AsyncPattern::Pyo3FutureIntoPy => {
                format!("Err(pyo3::exceptions::PyNotImplementedError::new_err(\"{err_msg}\"))")
            }
            AsyncPattern::NapiNativeAsync => {
                format!("Err(napi::Error::new(napi::Status::GenericFailure, \"{err_msg}\"))")
            }
            AsyncPattern::WasmNativeAsync => {
                format!("Err(JsValue::from_str(\"{err_msg}\"))")
            }
            // extendr uses `Result<T, extendr_api::Error>`; cast_uints_to_i32 is a flag
            // unique to the extendr backend, so use it as a sentinel for the Err wrapping.
            _ if cfg.cast_uints_to_i32 => {
                format!("Err(extendr_api::Error::Other(\"{err_msg}\".to_string()))")
            }
            _ => format!("Err(\"{err_msg}\".to_string())"),
        }
    } else {
        // Return type-appropriate default
        match return_type {
            TypeRef::Unit => "()".to_string(),
            TypeRef::String | TypeRef::Char | TypeRef::Path => format!("String::from(\"[unimplemented: {fn_name}]\")"),
            TypeRef::Bytes => "Vec::new()".to_string(),
            TypeRef::Primitive(p) => match p {
                alef_core::ir::PrimitiveType::Bool => "false".to_string(),
                alef_core::ir::PrimitiveType::F32 => "0.0f32".to_string(),
                alef_core::ir::PrimitiveType::F64 => "0.0f64".to_string(),
                _ => "0".to_string(),
            },
            TypeRef::Optional(_) => "None".to_string(),
            TypeRef::Vec(_) => "Vec::new()".to_string(),
            TypeRef::Map(_, _) => "Default::default()".to_string(),
            TypeRef::Duration => "0".to_string(),
            TypeRef::Named(name) => {
                // Opaque types (Arc-wrapped) do not implement Default — use todo!() to
                // produce a compilable placeholder that panics at runtime if called.
                // Non-opaque Named types (config structs) do derive Default, so use that.
                if opaque_types.contains(name.as_str()) {
                    format!("todo!(\"{err_msg}\")")
                } else {
                    "Default::default()".to_string()
                }
            }
            TypeRef::Json => {
                // Json return without error type: return Default::default()
                "Default::default()".to_string()
            }
        }
    };
    format!("{suppress}{body}")
}