aither_core/llm/

tool.rs

//! # LLM Tool Calling Framework
//!
//!
//! Type-safe tool calling system for Large Language Models. Enables LLMs to execute external
//! functions, access APIs, and interact with systems through well-defined interfaces.
//!
//! ## How a model calls a tool
//!
//! A [`Tool`] declares a name, a description, and an `Arguments` type whose
//! JSON schema is sent to the provider. When the model decides to use a tool it
//! emits a [`ToolCall`](crate::llm::ToolCall) event carrying the tool name and
//! arguments as JSON; this crate does not execute it. Executing the call and
//! feeding the result back is the job of a higher layer such as `aither-agent`,
//! which keeps tool execution under the caller's control.
//!
//! ## Core Components
//!
//! - [`Tool`] - Trait for defining executable tools
//! - [`Tools`] - Registry for managing multiple tools
//! - [`ToolContext`] - Per-call context through which a tool reports progress
//! - [`tool::ToolDefinition`] - Metadata and schema for LLM consumption
//!
//! ## Quick Start
//!
//! ```rust
//! use aither_core::llm::{Tool, ToolContext, ToolResult};
//! use schemars::JsonSchema;
//! use serde::Deserialize;
//! use std::borrow::Cow;
//!
//! /// Performs basic math operations.
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! struct MathArgs {
//!     /// Operation: "add", "subtract", "multiply", "divide"
//!     operation: String,
//!     /// First number
//!     a: f64,
//!     /// Second number
//!     b: f64,
//! }
//!
//! struct Calculator;
//!
//! impl Tool for Calculator {
//!     fn name(&self) -> Cow<'static, str> {
//!         Cow::Borrowed("calculator")
//!     }
//!
//!     type Arguments = MathArgs;
//!     type Res = ToolResult;
//!
//!     async fn call(
//!         &self,
//!         args: Self::Arguments,
//!         _cx: ToolContext,
//!     ) -> aither_core::Result<Self::Res> {
//!         let result = match args.operation.as_str() {
//!             "add" => args.a + args.b,
//!             "subtract" => args.a - args.b,
//!             "multiply" => args.a * args.b,
//!             "divide" if args.b != 0.0 => args.a / args.b,
//!             "divide" => return Err(anyhow::Error::msg("Division by zero")),
//!             _ => return Err(anyhow::Error::msg("Unknown operation")),
//!         };
//!         Ok(ToolResult::text(result.to_string()))
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Reporting progress
//!
//! A long-running tool reports how far it has got through the [`ToolContext`]
//! its call receives. Whether anyone listens is the caller's business: an MCP
//! server turns each report into a `notifications/progress` for the request's
//! progress token, and a caller that does not listen passes
//! [`ToolContext::new`], which drops the reports.
//!
//! ```rust
//! use aither_core::llm::{Tool, ToolContext, ToolResult};
//! use aither_core::llm::tool::Progress;
//! use schemars::JsonSchema;
//! use serde::Deserialize;
//! use std::borrow::Cow;
//!
//! /// Copies the given files.
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! struct CopyArgs {
//!     files: Vec<String>,
//! }
//!
//! struct Copy;
//!
//! impl Tool for Copy {
//!     fn name(&self) -> Cow<'static, str> {
//!         "copy".into()
//!     }
//!
//!     type Arguments = CopyArgs;
//!     type Res = ToolResult;
//!
//!     async fn call(
//!         &self,
//!         args: Self::Arguments,
//!         mut cx: ToolContext,
//!     ) -> aither_core::Result<Self::Res> {
//!         let total = args.files.len() as f64;
//!         for (done, file) in args.files.iter().enumerate() {
//!             // ... copy `file` ...
//!             let progress = Progress::new(done as f64 + 1.0)
//!                 .with_total(total)
//!                 .with_message(format!("copied {file}"));
//!             cx.report_progress(progress).await?;
//!         }
//!         Ok(ToolResult::text("done"))
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Schema Design Best Practices
//!
//! ### 1. Use Clear Documentation Comments
//! Doc comments automatically become schema descriptions:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! use schemars::JsonSchema;
//! use serde::Deserialize;
//!
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! struct WeatherArgs {
//!     /// City name (e.g., "London", "Tokyo", "New York")
//!     city: String,
//!     /// Temperature unit: "celsius" or "fahrenheit"
//!     #[serde(default = "default_celsius")]
//!     unit: String,
//! }
//!
//! fn default_celsius() -> String { "celsius".to_string() }
//! ```
//!
//! ### 2. Prefer Enums Over Strings
//! Enums provide clear constraints for LLMs:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! use schemars::JsonSchema;
//! use serde::Deserialize;
//!
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! enum Priority { Low, Medium, High, Critical }
//!
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]  
//! struct TaskArgs {
//!     /// Task description
//!     description: String,
//!     /// Task priority level
//!     priority: Priority,
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### 3. Add Validation Constraints
//! Use schemars attributes for validation:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! use schemars::JsonSchema;
//! use serde::Deserialize;
//!
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! struct UserArgs {
//!     /// Valid email address
//!     #[schemars(regex(pattern = "^[^@]+@[^@]+\\.[^@]+$"))]
//!     email: String,
//!     /// Age between 13 and 120
//!     #[schemars(range(min = 13, max = 120))]
//!     age: u8,
//!     /// Bio text, max 500 characters
//!     #[schemars(length(max = 500))]
//!     bio: Option<String>,
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### 4. Structure Complex Data
//! Break down complex parameters into nested types:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! use schemars::JsonSchema;
//! use serde::Deserialize;
//!
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! struct Address {
//!     street: String,
//!     city: String,
//!     /// Two-letter country code (e.g., "US", "GB", "JP")
//!     country: String,
//! }
//!
//! #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
//! struct CreateUserArgs {
//!     name: String,
//!     address: Address,
//!     /// List of user interests
//!     #[schemars(length(max = 10))]
//!     interests: Vec<String>,
//! }
//! ```
//!

// Re-export procedural macros
#[cfg(feature = "derive")]
pub use aither_derive::tool;
use alloc::borrow::Cow;
use serde_json::Value;

use crate::Result;
use alloc::format;
use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
use alloc::vec::Vec;
use alloc::{boxed::Box, collections::BTreeMap};
use core::any::Any;
use core::fmt::{Debug, Display};
use core::{future::Future, pin::Pin};
pub use mime::Mime;
use schemars::{JsonSchema, Schema, schema_for};
use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;

mod command;
mod context;

pub use command::{CommandOutcome, CommandResult, CommandStream, StoredFile};
pub use context::{Progress, ProgressError, ProgressSink, ToolContext};

/// Final structured result from a tool execution.
///
/// This keeps successful content and tool-level failures in distinct variants so
/// UIs and runtimes do not need to infer errors from free-form strings.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// use aither::llm::tool::ToolResult;
///
/// fn search_tool() -> ToolResult {
///     ToolResult::text("Found 3 results...")
/// }
///
/// fn delete_tool() -> ToolResult {
///     ToolResult::Done
/// }
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case"))]
pub enum ToolResult {
    /// Tool completed with no output to return.
    Done,

    /// UTF-8 plain text output.
    Text {
        /// Plain text content.
        text: String,
    },

    /// Tab-separated tabular output.
    Tsv {
        /// TSV content.
        text: String,
    },

    /// Binary or media payload.
    Binary {
        /// MIME type of the payload (for example `image/png`).
        mime: String,
        /// Raw content bytes.
        content: Vec<u8>,
    },

    /// Tool-level error. This is distinct from transport/runtime failures.
    Error {
        /// Tool-level error message.
        message: String,
    },

    /// Typed record of a command run by a terminal-like tool.
    ///
    /// [`ToolResult::render_for_model`] renders the model's prose from it;
    /// hosts read the fields and never parse that prose.
    /// Boxed: the record is much larger than every other variant.
    Command(Box<CommandResult>),

    /// Several content items produced by one tool call.
    ///
    /// A single call can legitimately yield more than one payload — for
    /// example a relayed MCP tool result that pairs explanatory text with a
    /// screenshot. Parts never nest and never carry errors: tool-level
    /// failures stay on [`ToolResult::Error`].
    Parts {
        /// Ordered content items.
        parts: Vec<ToolResultPart>,
    },
}

/// One content item inside [`ToolResult::Parts`].
///
/// Mirrors the payload-carrying [`ToolResult`] variants. `Done` and `Error`
/// have no part equivalent: they describe the call as a whole.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case"))]
pub enum ToolResultPart {
    /// UTF-8 plain text output.
    Text {
        /// Plain text content.
        text: String,
    },

    /// Tab-separated tabular output.
    Tsv {
        /// TSV content.
        text: String,
    },

    /// Binary or media payload.
    Binary {
        /// MIME type of the payload (for example `image/png`).
        mime: String,
        /// Raw content bytes.
        content: Vec<u8>,
    },
}

impl ToolResult {
    /// Creates a plain text result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn text(s: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self::Text { text: s.into() }
    }

    /// Creates a TSV result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn tsv(s: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self::Tsv { text: s.into() }
    }

    /// Creates an image result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn image(data: Vec<u8>, media_type: &str) -> Self {
        Self::Binary {
            mime: parse_media_type_or_octet_stream(media_type),
            content: data,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a binary result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn binary(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
        Self::Binary {
            mime: mime::APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM.essence_str().to_string(),
            content: data,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a typed tool error result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn error(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self::Error {
            message: message.into(),
        }
    }

    /// Creates a multi-part result.
    ///
    /// An empty part list collapses to [`ToolResult::Done`] and a single part
    /// collapses to the matching single-payload variant, so callers that
    /// conditionally accumulate parts never produce a degenerate `Parts`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn parts(parts: Vec<ToolResultPart>) -> Self {
        match <[ToolResultPart; 1]>::try_from(parts) {
            Ok([part]) => part.into_result(),
            Err(parts) if parts.is_empty() => Self::Done,
            Err(parts) => Self::Parts { parts },
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this is a `Done` variant.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn is_done(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::Done)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this is a typed tool error.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn is_error(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::Error { .. })
    }

    /// Returns plain textual content when every payload this result carries is text-like.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn as_text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
            Self::Text { text } | Self::Tsv { text } => Some(text),
            Self::Error { message } => Some(message),
            Self::Done | Self::Binary { .. } | Self::Command(_) | Self::Parts { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the typed command record if this is a command result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn command(&self) -> Option<&CommandResult> {
        match self {
            Self::Command(command) => Some(command.as_ref()),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the error message if this is a typed tool error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn error_message(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
            Self::Error { message } => Some(message),
            Self::Done
            | Self::Text { .. }
            | Self::Tsv { .. }
            | Self::Binary { .. }
            | Self::Command(_)
            | Self::Parts { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Projects the result into a textual representation safe to re-inject into model context.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn render_for_model(&self) -> String {
        match self {
            Self::Done => String::new(),
            Self::Text { text } | Self::Tsv { text } => text.clone(),
            Self::Command(command) => command.render_for_model(),
            Self::Binary { mime, content } => render_binary_placeholder(mime, content),
            Self::Error { message } => message.clone(),
            Self::Parts { parts } => join_part_renders(parts),
        }
    }

    /// Parses and returns the MIME type when this result carries binary content.
    ///
    /// A multi-part result yields a MIME type only when it holds exactly one
    /// binary part; mixed content has no single type to report.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn mime(&self) -> Option<Mime> {
        match self {
            Self::Binary { mime, .. } => mime.parse().ok(),
            Self::Parts { parts } => match parts.as_slice() {
                [ToolResultPart::Binary { mime, .. }] => mime.parse().ok(),
                _ => None,
            },
            Self::Done
            | Self::Text { .. }
            | Self::Tsv { .. }
            | Self::Command(_)
            | Self::Error { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns raw bytes when this result carries binary content.
    ///
    /// Follows the same single-binary rule as [`Self::mime`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn content(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
        match self {
            Self::Binary { content, .. } => Some(content),
            Self::Parts { parts } => match parts.as_slice() {
                [ToolResultPart::Binary { content, .. }] => Some(content),
                _ => None,
            },
            Self::Done
            | Self::Text { .. }
            | Self::Tsv { .. }
            | Self::Command(_)
            | Self::Error { .. } => None,
        }
    }
}

impl ToolResultPart {
    /// Creates a plain text part.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn text(s: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self::Text { text: s.into() }
    }

    /// Creates a TSV part.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn tsv(s: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self::Tsv { text: s.into() }
    }

    /// Creates an image part.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn image(data: Vec<u8>, media_type: &str) -> Self {
        Self::Binary {
            mime: parse_media_type_or_octet_stream(media_type),
            content: data,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a binary part.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn binary(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
        Self::Binary {
            mime: mime::APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM.essence_str().to_string(),
            content: data,
        }
    }

    /// Returns plain textual content for text-like parts.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn as_text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
            Self::Text { text } | Self::Tsv { text } => Some(text),
            Self::Binary { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Projects the part into a textual representation safe to re-inject into model context.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn render_for_model(&self) -> String {
        match self {
            Self::Text { text } | Self::Tsv { text } => text.clone(),
            Self::Binary { mime, content } => render_binary_placeholder(mime, content),
        }
    }

    /// Parses and returns the MIME type when this part carries binary content.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn mime(&self) -> Option<Mime> {
        match self {
            Self::Binary { mime, .. } => mime.parse().ok(),
            Self::Text { .. } | Self::Tsv { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns raw bytes for binary parts.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn content(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
        match self {
            Self::Binary { content, .. } => Some(content),
            Self::Text { .. } | Self::Tsv { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Lifts the part into its single-payload [`ToolResult`] equivalent.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn into_result(self) -> ToolResult {
        match self {
            Self::Text { text } | Self::Tsv { text } => ToolResult::Text { text },
            Self::Binary { mime, content } => ToolResult::Binary { mime, content },
        }
    }
}

fn render_binary_placeholder(mime: &str, content: &[u8]) -> String {
    let mut rendered = String::new();
    rendered.push_str("[binary tool result: ");
    rendered.push_str(mime);
    rendered.push_str(", ");
    rendered.push_str(content.len().to_string().as_str());
    rendered.push_str(" bytes]");
    rendered
}

fn join_part_renders(parts: &[ToolResultPart]) -> String {
    let mut rendered = String::new();
    for part in parts {
        let text = part.render_for_model();
        if text.is_empty() {
            continue;
        }
        if !rendered.is_empty() {
            rendered.push('\n');
        }
        rendered.push_str(&text);
    }
    rendered
}

/// Conversion trait for values returned by [`Tool::call`].
///
/// Tool authors can return `Result<T: IntoToolResult, E: Display>`; an `Err`
/// becomes a typed tool error inside [`ToolResult`]. Structured data is
/// rendered to text by the tool itself, never by a serializer.
pub trait IntoToolResult {
    /// Converts the value into a final [`ToolResult`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the conversion cannot be completed.
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult>;
}

impl IntoToolResult for ToolResult {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(self)
    }
}

impl IntoToolResult for CommandResult {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(ToolResult::Command(Box::new(self)))
    }
}

impl IntoToolResult for () {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(ToolResult::Done)
    }
}

impl IntoToolResult for String {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(ToolResult::text(self))
    }
}

impl IntoToolResult for &str {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(ToolResult::text(self))
    }
}

impl IntoToolResult for Cow<'_, str> {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(ToolResult::text(self.into_owned()))
    }
}

impl<T> IntoToolResult for Option<T>
where
    T: IntoToolResult,
{
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        self.map_or_else(|| Ok(ToolResult::Done), IntoToolResult::into_tool_result)
    }
}

impl IntoToolResult for Vec<ToolResultPart> {
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        Ok(ToolResult::parts(self))
    }
}

impl<T, E> IntoToolResult for core::result::Result<T, E>
where
    T: IntoToolResult,
    E: Display,
{
    fn into_tool_result(self) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        match self {
            Ok(value) => value.into_tool_result(),
            Err(error) => Ok(ToolResult::error(error.to_string())),
        }
    }
}

fn parse_media_type_or_octet_stream(media_type: &str) -> String {
    media_type
        .parse::<Mime>()
        .unwrap_or(mime::APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM)
        .essence_str()
        .to_string()
}

/// Tools that can be called by language models.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// use aither::llm::{Tool, ToolContext, ToolResult};
/// use schemars::JsonSchema;
/// use serde::Deserialize;
///
/// #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
/// struct CalculatorArgs {
///     operation: String,
///     a: f64,
///     b: f64,
/// }
///
/// struct Calculator;
///
/// impl Tool for Calculator {
///     type Arguments = CalculatorArgs;
///     type Res = ToolResult;
///
///     async fn call(&self, args: Self::Arguments, _cx: ToolContext) -> aither::Result<Self::Res> {
///         match args.operation.as_str() {
///             "add" => Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a + args.b).to_string())),
///             "subtract" => Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a - args.b).to_string())),
///             "multiply" => Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a * args.b).to_string())),
///             "divide" => {
///                 if args.b != 0.0 {
///                     Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a / args.b).to_string()))
///                 } else {
///                     Err(anyhow::Error::msg("Division by zero"))
///                 }
///             }
///             _ => Err(anyhow::Error::msg("Unknown operation")),
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
pub trait Tool: Send + Sync {
    /// Tool name. Must be unique.
    fn name(&self) -> Cow<'static, str>;

    /// What the tool does, as shown to the model.
    ///
    /// This is the single most important thing a model uses to decide whether
    /// to call a tool, so it must not be empty — [`Tools::register`] rejects a
    /// tool whose description is blank.
    ///
    /// The default implementation reads the rustdoc comment on
    /// [`Self::Arguments`], which `schemars` records in the generated schema.
    /// Override it to supply the description directly.
    fn description(&self) -> Cow<'static, str> {
        description_from_schema::<Self::Arguments>().unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Tool arguments type. Must implement [`schemars::JsonSchema`] and [`serde::de::DeserializeOwned`].
    /// Its rustdoc becomes the default tool description.
    type Arguments: Send + JsonSchema + DeserializeOwned;

    /// Raw return type from the tool implementation.
    type Res: IntoToolResult + Send;

    /// Executes the tool with the provided arguments.
    ///
    /// `cx` is this call's own context: report progress through
    /// [`ToolContext::report_progress`], which reaches the caller when it
    /// listens and is a no-op when it does not. It is owned, so the tool may
    /// move it into whatever part of the work reports.
    ///
    /// Returns a value that can be converted into a final [`ToolResult`].
    ///
    /// Tools that need mutable state should use interior mutability (e.g., `Mutex`).
    fn call(
        &self,
        arguments: Self::Arguments,
        cx: ToolContext,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Res>> + Send;
}

trait ToolImpl: Send + Sync + Any {
    fn call(
        &self,
        args: &str,
        cx: ToolContext,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolResult>> + Send + '_>>;

    /// The cached definition. Borrowed, so registering a tool does not have to
    /// clone its argument schema.
    fn definition(&self) -> &ToolDefinition;

    /// Upcast to [`Any`] so [`Tools::get`] can recover the concrete tool.
    ///
    /// Casting the `Box<dyn ToolImpl>` itself would downcast the box rather
    /// than the tool inside it, and so never match.
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;

    /// Mutable counterpart of [`Self::as_any`].
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
}

/// Dynamic tool implementation for type-erased tools.
struct DynToolImpl<F>
where
    F: Fn(&str, ToolContext) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolResult>> + Send>>
        + Send
        + Sync,
{
    definition: ToolDefinition,
    handler: F,
}

impl<F> ToolImpl for DynToolImpl<F>
where
    F: Fn(&str, ToolContext) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolResult>> + Send>>
        + Send
        + Sync
        + 'static,
{
    fn call(
        &self,
        args: &str,
        cx: ToolContext,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolResult>> + Send + '_>> {
        (self.handler)(args, cx)
    }

    fn definition(&self) -> &ToolDefinition {
        &self.definition
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        self
    }
}

/// Whether a schema describes a JSON object, and so can be sent to a provider
/// as tool arguments without being wrapped in [`ToolArgument`].
fn schema_is_object(value: &Value) -> bool {
    matches!(value.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str), Some("object"))
        || value.get("properties").is_some()
        || value.get("oneOf").is_some()
        || value.get("anyOf").is_some()
        || value.get("$defs").is_some()
}

fn is_object<T: JsonSchema>() -> bool {
    schema_is_object(&schema_for!(T).to_value())
}

/// Builds the argument schema for a tool, wrapping scalars so the root is
/// always an object as providers require.
fn arguments_schema<T: JsonSchema>() -> Schema {
    if is_object::<T>() {
        schema_for!(T)
    } else {
        schema_for!(ToolArgument<T>)
    }
}

/// Reads the `description` a `JsonSchema` derive records from a type's rustdoc.
fn description_from_schema<T: JsonSchema>() -> Option<Cow<'static, str>> {
    schema_for!(T)
        .to_value()
        .get("description")
        .and_then(Value::as_str)
        .filter(|text| !text.trim().is_empty())
        .map(|text| Cow::Owned(text.to_string()))
}

/// A registered tool together with everything derived from its type.
///
/// The argument schema and the "are these arguments an object?" decision are
/// properties of `T::Arguments` alone, so they are computed once here rather
/// than rebuilt on every invocation.
struct RegisteredTool<T: Tool> {
    tool: T,
    definition: ToolDefinition,
    args_are_object: bool,
}

impl<T: Tool> RegisteredTool<T> {
    fn new(tool: T) -> Self {
        let definition = ToolDefinition::new(&tool);
        let args_are_object = is_object::<T::Arguments>();
        Self {
            tool,
            definition,
            args_are_object,
        }
    }
}

/// Error the model reads when it sends arguments that do not parse.
#[derive(askama::Template)]
#[template(path = "invalid_arguments.txt", escape = "none")]
struct InvalidArguments<'a> {
    tool: &'a str,
    error: &'a serde_json::Error,
}

impl<T: Tool + 'static> ToolImpl for RegisteredTool<T> {
    fn call(
        &self,
        args: &str,
        cx: ToolContext,
    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolResult>> + Send + '_>> {
        let result = if self.args_are_object {
            serde_json::from_str::<T::Arguments>(args)
        } else {
            serde_json::from_str::<ToolArgument<T::Arguments>>(args).map(|wrapper| wrapper.value)
        };

        let arguments = match result {
            Ok(arguments) => arguments,
            Err(error) => {
                let message = InvalidArguments {
                    tool: self.definition.name(),
                    error: &error,
                }
                .to_string();
                return Box::pin(async move { Err(anyhow::Error::msg(message)) });
            }
        };

        Box::pin(async move {
            Tool::call(&self.tool, arguments, cx)
                .await?
                .into_tool_result()
        })
    }

    fn definition(&self) -> &ToolDefinition {
        &self.definition
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        &self.tool
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        &mut self.tool
    }
}

/// A tool definition carried something that is not a JSON schema.
///
/// JSON Schema allows an object or a bare boolean; anything else — a string, an
/// array, a number — describes nothing a model could fill in.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidSchema {
    /// The tool whose schema was rejected.
    name: Cow<'static, str>,
}

impl InvalidSchema {
    /// The name of the tool whose schema was rejected.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }
}

impl Display for InvalidSchema {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            "tool '{}' has an argument schema that is neither an object nor a boolean",
            self.name
        )
    }
}

impl core::error::Error for InvalidSchema {}

/// Why a tool could not be added to a [`Tools`] registry.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RegisterError {
    /// A tool with this name is already registered.
    ///
    /// Names address tools in a model's tool-call, so they must be unique.
    DuplicateName(Cow<'static, str>),

    /// The tool's description is empty.
    ///
    /// A description is what a model uses to decide whether to call a tool, so
    /// an empty one makes the tool unusable rather than merely undocumented.
    EmptyDescription(Cow<'static, str>),
}

impl Display for RegisterError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::DuplicateName(name) => {
                write!(f, "a tool named '{name}' is already registered")
            }
            Self::EmptyDescription(name) => write!(
                f,
                "tool '{name}' has an empty description; add a rustdoc comment to its \
                 Arguments type or implement Tool::description"
            ),
        }
    }
}

impl core::error::Error for RegisterError {}

/// Tool registry for managing and calling tools by name.
///
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// use aither::llm::tool::Tools;
///
/// let mut tools = Tools::new();
/// // tools.register(Calculator);
/// let definitions = tools.definitions();
/// // let result = tools
/// //     .call("calculator", r#"{"operation": "add", "a": 5, "b": 3}"#, ToolContext::new())
/// //     .await;
/// ```
pub struct Tools {
    tools: BTreeMap<Cow<'static, str>, Box<dyn ToolImpl>>,
}

impl Debug for Tools {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Tools")
            .field("tools", &self.tools.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>())
            .finish()
    }
}

/// Tool definition including schema for language models.
///
/// Used to provide language models with information about available [`Tool`]s.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
pub struct ToolDefinition {
    /// Tool name.
    name: Cow<'static, str>,
    /// Tool description.
    description: Cow<'static, str>,
    /// JSON schema for tool arguments.
    arguments: Schema,
}

impl ToolDefinition {
    /// Creates a tool definition for a given tool type.
    ///
    /// The description comes from [`Tool::description`], which by default reads
    /// the rustdoc on the tool's `Arguments` type.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new<T: Tool>(tool: &T) -> Self {
        Self {
            name: tool.name(),
            description: tool.description(),
            arguments: arguments_schema::<T::Arguments>(),
        }
    }

    /// Creates a tool definition from raw parts.
    ///
    /// This is useful for creating definitions from external sources like MCP servers.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`InvalidSchema`] if the value is not a JSON schema — that is,
    /// anything other than an object or a boolean. The schema often comes from
    /// a remote server, so this is a rejection to report, not a bug to panic
    /// on.
    pub fn from_parts(
        name: Cow<'static, str>,
        description: Cow<'static, str>,
        schema: Value,
    ) -> core::result::Result<Self, InvalidSchema> {
        let arguments: Schema = schema
            .try_into()
            .map_err(|_| InvalidSchema { name: name.clone() })?;

        Ok(Self {
            name,
            description,
            arguments,
        })
    }

    /// Returns the tool's name.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }

    /// Returns the tool's description.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn description(&self) -> &str {
        &self.description
    }

    /// Return an OpenAI-compatible JSON schema for the tool's arguments.
    ///
    /// This schema would have an object type at the root, as required by `OpenAI`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn arguments_openai_schema(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
        let mut inner = self.arguments.clone().to_value();
        clean_schema(&mut inner);

        inner
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
struct ToolArgument<T> {
    value: T,
}

fn clean_schema(value: &mut Value) {
    // First pass: extract $defs for reference resolution
    let defs = extract_defs(value);

    // Second pass: resolve refs and clean
    resolve_and_clean(value, &defs);

    // Clean up root-level schema
    if let Value::Object(map) = value {
        // Remove root-level description - it's already used as tool description
        // Keeping it duplicates the description in the API request
        map.remove("description");

        // Ensure root has type: object (required by OpenAI function calling)
        if map.contains_key("properties") && !map.contains_key("type") {
            map.insert("type".to_string(), Value::String("object".to_string()));
        }
    }
}

/// Extracts `$defs` or `definitions` from the root schema.
fn extract_defs(value: &Value) -> serde_json::Map<String, Value> {
    if let Value::Object(map) = value
        && let Some(Value::Object(defs)) = map.get("$defs").or_else(|| map.get("definitions"))
    {
        return defs.clone();
    }
    serde_json::Map::new()
}

/// Resolves `$ref` and cleans the schema recursively.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
fn resolve_and_clean(value: &mut Value, defs: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) {
    resolve_and_clean_inner(value, defs, false);
}

/// Inner recursive function with flag to track if we're inside a properties object.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
fn resolve_and_clean_inner(
    value: &mut Value,
    defs: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
    inside_properties: bool,
) {
    match value {
        Value::Object(map) => {
            // Handle $ref - inline the referenced definition, preserving sibling properties
            if let Some(Value::String(ref_path)) = map.remove("$ref")
                && let Some(Value::Object(resolved_map)) = resolve_ref(&ref_path, defs)
            {
                // Merge resolved definition with any existing properties (like description)
                // Resolved definition takes precedence for conflicts except description
                let existing_description = map.remove("description");
                for (k, v) in resolved_map {
                    map.entry(k).or_insert(v);
                }
                // Preserve the field-level description if it exists
                if let Some(desc) = existing_description {
                    map.insert("description".to_string(), desc);
                }
            }

            // Convert "const" to "enum" with single value (before filtering)
            if let Some(const_val) = map.remove("const") {
                map.insert("enum".to_string(), Value::Array(alloc::vec![const_val]));
            }

            // Flatten oneOf/anyOf variants (before filtering, since oneOf is not in allowed list)
            if let Some(Value::Array(variants)) =
                map.remove("oneOf").or_else(|| map.remove("anyOf"))
            {
                // Check if this is a simple string enum (variants have const/type but no properties)
                let is_simple_enum = variants.iter().all(|v| {
                    if let Value::Object(vm) = v {
                        (vm.contains_key("const") || vm.contains_key("enum"))
                            && !vm.contains_key("properties")
                    } else {
                        false
                    }
                });

                if is_simple_enum {
                    // Collect all const/enum values into a single enum array
                    let mut enum_values: alloc::vec::Vec<Value> = alloc::vec::Vec::new();
                    let mut variant_type: Option<String> = None;

                    for variant in &variants {
                        if let Value::Object(vm) = variant {
                            if let Some(const_val) = vm.get("const")
                                && !enum_values.contains(const_val)
                            {
                                enum_values.push(const_val.clone());
                            }
                            if let Some(Value::Array(arr)) = vm.get("enum") {
                                for val in arr {
                                    if !enum_values.contains(val) {
                                        enum_values.push(val.clone());
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if variant_type.is_none()
                                && let Some(Value::String(t)) = vm.get("type")
                            {
                                variant_type = Some(t.clone());
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    if !enum_values.is_empty() {
                        map.insert("enum".to_string(), Value::Array(enum_values));
                        if let Some(t) = variant_type {
                            map.insert("type".to_string(), Value::String(t));
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // Complex variants with properties - merge them
                    let mut all_properties = serde_json::Map::new();

                    for variant in variants {
                        if let Value::Object(variant_map) = variant
                            && let Some(Value::Object(props)) = variant_map.get("properties")
                        {
                            for (key, val) in props {
                                // Extract enum value - handle both "enum" and "const"
                                let new_values: Option<alloc::vec::Vec<Value>> =
                                    if let Value::Object(val_obj) = val {
                                        if let Some(Value::Array(arr)) = val_obj.get("enum") {
                                            Some(arr.clone())
                                        } else {
                                            val_obj
                                                .get("const")
                                                .map(|const_val| alloc::vec![const_val.clone()])
                                        }
                                    } else {
                                        None
                                    };

                                if all_properties.contains_key(key) {
                                    // Merge enum/const values into existing
                                    if let Some(values) = new_values
                                        && let Some(Value::Object(existing_obj)) =
                                            all_properties.get_mut(key)
                                        && let Some(Value::Array(existing_enum)) =
                                            existing_obj.get_mut("enum")
                                    {
                                        for e in values {
                                            if !existing_enum.contains(&e) {
                                                existing_enum.push(e);
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    // First time seeing this property - convert const to enum
                                    let mut val_clone = val.clone();
                                    if let Value::Object(obj) = &mut val_clone
                                        && let Some(const_val) = obj.remove("const")
                                    {
                                        obj.insert(
                                            "enum".to_string(),
                                            Value::Array(alloc::vec![const_val]),
                                        );
                                    }
                                    all_properties.insert(key.clone(), val_clone);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // Set type as object if we have properties
                    if !all_properties.is_empty() {
                        map.insert("type".to_string(), Value::String("object".to_string()));
                        map.insert("properties".to_string(), Value::Object(all_properties));
                    }
                }
            }

            // Only filter schema keywords, not property names inside "properties"
            // OpenAPI schema subset supported by most LLM providers
            if !inside_properties {
                let allowed = [
                    "type",
                    "description",
                    "properties",
                    "required",
                    "items",
                    "enum",
                    "nullable",
                ];
                map.retain(|k, _| allowed.contains(&k.as_str()));
            }

            // Simplify "type" arrays like ["string", "null"] to single type
            if let Some(Value::Array(types)) = map.get("type") {
                // Filter out "null" and take the first non-null type
                let non_null: Vec<&Value> = types
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|t| !matches!(t, Value::String(s) if s == "null"))
                    .collect();
                if non_null.len() == 1 {
                    map.insert("type".to_string(), non_null[0].clone());
                }
            }

            // Recursively clean all values
            for (key, v) in map.iter_mut() {
                // When entering "properties", its children are property definitions
                let child_inside_props = key == "properties";
                resolve_and_clean_inner(v, defs, child_inside_props);
            }
        }
        Value::Array(arr) => {
            for v in arr {
                resolve_and_clean_inner(v, defs, false);
            }
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// Resolves a `$ref` path like `#/$defs/FsOperation` to its definition.
fn resolve_ref(ref_path: &str, defs: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> Option<Value> {
    // Handle common patterns: #/$defs/Name or #/definitions/Name
    let name = ref_path
        .strip_prefix("#/$defs/")
        .or_else(|| ref_path.strip_prefix("#/definitions/"))?;

    defs.get(name).cloned()
}

impl Default for Tools {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Tools {
    /// Creates a new empty tools registry.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            tools: BTreeMap::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Retrieves a tool by type.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the tool is not found.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
    where
        T: Tool + 'static,
    {
        self.tools
            .values()
            .find_map(|tool| tool.as_any().downcast_ref::<T>())
    }

    /// Retrieves a mutable reference to a tool by type.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the tool is not found.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
    where
        T: Tool + 'static,
    {
        self.tools
            .values_mut()
            .find_map(|tool| tool.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<T>())
    }

    /// Returns definitions of all registered tools.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn definitions(&self) -> Vec<ToolDefinition> {
        self.tools
            .values()
            .map(|tool| tool.definition().clone())
            .collect()
    }

    /// Registers a new tool.
    ///
    /// The tool must implement [`Tool`] and be `'static`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`RegisterError::DuplicateName`] if a tool of that name is
    /// already registered, or [`RegisterError::EmptyDescription`] if the tool
    /// has no description — a model cannot use a tool it cannot read about, so
    /// this is rejected rather than silently passed on.
    pub fn register<T: Tool + 'static>(
        &mut self,
        tool: T,
    ) -> core::result::Result<(), RegisterError> {
        self.insert(Box::new(RegisteredTool::new(tool)))
    }

    /// Registers a dynamic tool with a pre-made definition and handler.
    ///
    /// This is useful for type-erased tools (e.g., child terminal tools for subagents)
    /// where the concrete type isn't known at compile time. The handler
    /// receives the JSON arguments and the call's [`ToolContext`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Same conditions as [`Self::register`].
    pub fn register_dyn<F>(
        &mut self,
        definition: ToolDefinition,
        handler: F,
    ) -> core::result::Result<(), RegisterError>
    where
        F: Fn(&str, ToolContext) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ToolResult>> + Send>>
            + Send
            + Sync
            + 'static,
    {
        self.insert(Box::new(DynToolImpl {
            definition,
            handler,
        }))
    }

    fn insert(&mut self, tool: Box<dyn ToolImpl>) -> core::result::Result<(), RegisterError> {
        let name = tool.definition().name.clone();
        if self.tools.contains_key(&name) {
            return Err(RegisterError::DuplicateName(name));
        }
        if tool.definition().description().trim().is_empty() {
            return Err(RegisterError::EmptyDescription(name));
        }
        self.tools.insert(name, tool);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Removes a tool from the registry.
    pub fn unregister(&mut self, name: &str) {
        self.tools.remove(name);
    }

    /// Calls a tool by name with JSON arguments, running it with `cx` as its
    /// [`ToolContext`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the tool is not found, arguments cannot be parsed,
    /// or tool execution fails.
    pub async fn call(&self, name: &str, args: &str, cx: ToolContext) -> Result<ToolResult> {
        if let Some(tool) = self.tools.get(name) {
            tool.call(args, cx).await
        } else {
            Err(anyhow::Error::msg(format!("Tool '{name}' not found")))
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloc::{format, string::ToString, vec};
    use schemars::JsonSchema;
    use serde::Deserialize;

    /// Performs basic mathematical operations.
    #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
    struct CalculatorArgs {
        operation: String,
        a: f64,
        b: f64,
    }

    struct Calculator;

    impl Tool for Calculator {
        fn name(&self) -> Cow<'static, str> {
            "calculator".into()
        }
        type Arguments = CalculatorArgs;
        type Res = ToolResult;

        fn call(
            &self,
            args: Self::Arguments,
            _cx: ToolContext,
        ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Res>> + Send {
            core::future::ready(match args.operation.as_str() {
                "add" => Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a + args.b).to_string())),
                "subtract" => Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a - args.b).to_string())),
                "multiply" => Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a * args.b).to_string())),
                "divide" => {
                    if args.b == 0.0 {
                        Err(anyhow::Error::msg("Division by zero"))
                    } else {
                        Ok(ToolResult::text((args.a / args.b).to_string()))
                    }
                }
                _ => Err(anyhow::Error::msg(format!(
                    "Unknown operation: {}",
                    args.operation
                ))),
            })
        }
    }

    /// Greets a person by name.
    #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
    struct GreetArgs {
        name: String,
    }

    struct Greeter;

    impl Tool for Greeter {
        fn name(&self) -> Cow<'static, str> {
            "greeter".into()
        }
        type Arguments = GreetArgs;
        type Res = ToolResult;

        fn call(
            &self,
            args: Self::Arguments,
            _cx: ToolContext,
        ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Res>> + Send {
            core::future::ready(Ok(ToolResult::text(format!("Hello, {}!", args.name))))
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn from_parts_accepts_object_and_boolean_schemas() {
        // JSON Schema allows a bare boolean as well as an object.
        for schema in [
            serde_json::json!({"type": "object"}),
            serde_json::json!(true),
        ] {
            assert!(
                ToolDefinition::from_parts("t".into(), "does a thing".into(), schema.clone())
                    .is_ok(),
                "{schema} should be accepted"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn from_parts_rejects_non_schema_values() {
        // A server that sends any of these describes nothing a model could
        // fill in. Rejecting must not panic: the value came off the wire.
        for schema in [
            serde_json::json!("a string"),
            serde_json::json!([1, 2, 3]),
            serde_json::json!(7),
            serde_json::json!(null),
        ] {
            let result = ToolDefinition::from_parts("weird".into(), "d".into(), schema.clone());
            let Err(err) = result else {
                panic!("{schema} should be rejected");
            };
            assert_eq!(err.name(), "weird");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn tool_definition_creation() {
        let calculator = Calculator;
        let definition = ToolDefinition::new(&calculator);

        assert_eq!(definition.name, "calculator");
        assert_eq!(
            definition.description,
            "Performs basic mathematical operations."
        );
        // Schema should be present - just check it exists
        // The exact structure of schemars::Schema is implementation detail
    }

    #[test]
    fn tools_creation() {
        let tools = Tools::new();
        assert_eq!(tools.definitions().len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn tools_default() {
        let tools = Tools::default();
        assert_eq!(tools.definitions().len(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn tools_register_and_call() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");

        let definitions = tools.definitions();
        assert_eq!(definitions.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(definitions[0].name, "calculator");

        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "add", "a": 5, "b": 3}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        assert_eq!(result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("8"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn invalid_arguments_report_the_parse_error_without_schema() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");

        let error = tools
            .call("calculator", r#"{"operation": "add"}"#, ToolContext::new())
            .await
            .unwrap_err()
            .to_string();
        assert_eq!(
            error,
            "Invalid arguments for tool 'calculator': missing field `a` at line 1 column 20"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn command_result_renders_its_text() {
        let result = ToolResult::Command(Box::new(CommandResult {
            stdout: CommandStream::Inline {
                text: "hi\n".to_string(),
            },
            stderr: None,
            outcome: CommandOutcome::Exited { code: 3 },
        }));
        assert_eq!(result.render_for_model(), "hi\nExit code: 3.\n");
        assert_eq!(
            result.command().map(|command| &command.outcome),
            Some(&CommandOutcome::Exited { code: 3 })
        );
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    #[test]
    fn command_result_round_trips_through_serde() {
        let file = || crate::llm::StoredFile {
            url: "outputs/x.txt".to_string(),
            path: "/sandbox/outputs/x.txt".to_string(),
        };
        let results = [
            CommandResult {
                stdout: CommandStream::Inline {
                    text: "hi\n".to_string(),
                },
                stderr: Some(CommandStream::Inline {
                    text: "oops".to_string(),
                }),
                outcome: CommandOutcome::Exited { code: 1 },
            },
            CommandResult {
                stdout: CommandStream::Stored {
                    file: file(),
                    preview: "head".to_string(),
                    truncated: true,
                },
                stderr: None,
                outcome: CommandOutcome::Exited { code: 0 },
            },
            CommandResult {
                stdout: CommandStream::Image {
                    media_type: "image/png".to_string(),
                    file: file(),
                },
                stderr: None,
                outcome: CommandOutcome::Running {
                    task_id: "t1".to_string(),
                    output: file(),
                },
            },
        ];
        for command in results {
            let result = ToolResult::Command(Box::new(command));
            let json = serde_json::to_string(&result).expect("a command result serializes");
            let back: ToolResult = serde_json::from_str(&json).expect("it deserializes back");
            assert_eq!(back, result, "{json}");
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn calculator_operations() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");

        // Test addition
        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "add", "a": 10, "b": 5}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert_eq!(result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("15"));

        // Test subtraction
        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "subtract", "a": 10, "b": 3}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert_eq!(result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("7"));

        // Test multiplication
        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "multiply", "a": 4, "b": 3}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert_eq!(result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("12"));

        // Test division
        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "divide", "a": 15, "b": 3}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert_eq!(result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("5"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn calculator_division_by_zero() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");

        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "divide", "a": 10, "b": 0}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("Division by zero"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn calculator_unknown_operation() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");

        let result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "modulo", "a": 10, "b": 3}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(
            result
                .unwrap_err()
                .to_string()
                .contains("Unknown operation")
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn multiple_tools() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");
        tools.register(Greeter).expect("greeter registers");

        let definitions = tools.definitions();
        assert_eq!(definitions.len(), 2);

        // Find calculator and greeter in definitions
        let calc_def = definitions.iter().find(|d| d.name == "calculator").unwrap();
        let greet_def = definitions.iter().find(|d| d.name == "greeter").unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            calc_def.description,
            "Performs basic mathematical operations."
        );
        assert_eq!(greet_def.description, "Greets a person by name.");

        // Test both tools
        let calc_result = tools
            .call(
                "calculator",
                r#"{"operation": "add", "a": 2, "b": 3}"#,
                ToolContext::new(),
            )
            .await;
        assert_eq!(calc_result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("5"));

        let greet_result = tools
            .call("greeter", r#"{"name": "Alice"}"#, ToolContext::new())
            .await;
        assert_eq!(greet_result.unwrap().as_text(), Some("Hello, Alice!"));
    }

    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct ToolFailure(&'static str);

    impl core::fmt::Display for ToolFailure {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
            f.write_str(self.0)
        }
    }

    impl core::error::Error for ToolFailure {}

    #[test]
    fn into_tool_result_string_is_plain_text() {
        assert_eq!(
            String::from("hello").into_tool_result().unwrap(),
            ToolResult::text("hello")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn into_tool_result_str_is_plain_text() {
        assert_eq!(
            "hello".into_tool_result().unwrap(),
            ToolResult::text("hello")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn into_tool_result_option_none_is_done() {
        let result = Option::<String>::None.into_tool_result().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, ToolResult::Done);
    }

    #[test]
    fn into_tool_result_option_some_delegates() {
        let result = Some("hello").into_tool_result().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, ToolResult::text("hello"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn into_tool_result_result_ok_string_is_text() {
        let result = core::result::Result::<String, ToolFailure>::Ok(String::from("hello"))
            .into_tool_result()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, ToolResult::text("hello"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn into_tool_result_result_err_is_typed_error() {
        let result = core::result::Result::<String, ToolFailure>::Err(ToolFailure("boom"))
            .into_tool_result()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, ToolResult::error("boom"));
        assert!(result.is_error());
        assert_eq!(result.error_message(), Some("boom"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn tool_not_found() {
        let tools = Tools::new();

        let result = tools.call("nonexistent", "{}", ToolContext::new()).await;
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(
            result
                .unwrap_err()
                .to_string()
                .contains("Tool 'nonexistent' not found")
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn invalid_json() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");

        let result = tools
            .call("calculator", "invalid json", ToolContext::new())
            .await;
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn tools_unregister() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");
        tools.register(Greeter).expect("greeter registers");

        assert_eq!(tools.definitions().len(), 2);

        tools.unregister("calculator");
        assert_eq!(tools.definitions().len(), 1);

        let remaining = &tools.definitions()[0];
        assert_eq!(remaining.name, "greeter");

        tools.unregister("greeter");
        assert_eq!(tools.definitions().len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn tools_debug() {
        let mut tools = Tools::new();
        tools.register(Calculator).expect("calculator registers");
        tools.register(Greeter).expect("greeter registers");

        let debug_str = format!("{tools:?}");
        assert!(debug_str.contains("Tools"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("calculator"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("greeter"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tool_definition_debug() {
        let calculator = Calculator;
        let definition = ToolDefinition::new(&calculator);
        let debug_str = format!("{definition:?}");

        assert!(debug_str.contains("ToolDefinition"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("calculator"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("Performs basic mathematical operations"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tool_definition_clone() {
        let calculator = Calculator;
        let original = ToolDefinition::new(&calculator);
        let cloned = original.clone();

        assert_eq!(original.name, cloned.name);
        assert_eq!(original.description, cloned.description);
    }

    #[test]
    fn schema_preserves_enum() {
        #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
        #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
        enum Status {
            Pending,
            InProgress,
            Completed,
        }

        #[allow(dead_code)]
        #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
        struct Item {
            status: Status,
        }

        #[allow(dead_code)]
        #[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
        struct Args {
            items: Vec<Item>,
        }

        struct TestTool;

        impl Tool for TestTool {
            fn name(&self) -> Cow<'static, str> {
                "test".into()
            }
            type Arguments = Args;
            type Res = ToolResult;

            fn call(
                &self,
                _args: Self::Arguments,
                _cx: ToolContext,
            ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Res>> + Send {
                core::future::ready(Ok(ToolResult::text("ok")))
            }
        }

        let tool = TestTool;
        let def = ToolDefinition::new(&tool);
        let schema = def.arguments_openai_schema();

        // Check that status has enum values
        let schema_obj = schema.as_object().expect("schema should be object");
        let properties = schema_obj
            .get("properties")
            .expect("should have properties")
            .as_object()
            .unwrap();
        let items = properties
            .get("items")
            .expect("should have items")
            .as_object()
            .unwrap();
        let item_props = items
            .get("items")
            .expect("items should have items schema")
            .as_object()
            .unwrap();
        let item_properties = item_props
            .get("properties")
            .expect("item should have properties")
            .as_object()
            .unwrap();
        let status = item_properties
            .get("status")
            .expect("should have status")
            .as_object()
            .unwrap();

        // Status should have enum
        assert!(
            status.contains_key("enum"),
            "Status should have enum field. Full schema: {}",
            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&schema).unwrap()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn schema_ref_resolution() {
        // Test that $ref schemas get resolved and enum values preserved
        let raw_schema = serde_json::json!({
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
                "status": {
                    "$ref": "#/$defs/Status"
                }
            },
            "$defs": {
                "Status": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "enum": ["pending", "in_progress", "completed"]
                }
            }
        });

        let mut schema = raw_schema;
        clean_schema(&mut schema);

        let props = schema.get("properties").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();
        let status = props.get("status").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();

        assert!(
            status.contains_key("enum"),
            "Status should have enum after ref resolution. Got: {}",
            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&schema).unwrap()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn schema_nested_ref_in_array() {
        // Test nested $ref inside array items (like BatchWriteArgs)
        let raw_schema = serde_json::json!({
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
                "entries": {
                    "type": "array",
                    "items": {
                        "$ref": "#/$defs/BatchItem"
                    }
                }
            },
            "$defs": {
                "BatchItem": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {
                        "content": { "type": "string" },
                        "status": { "$ref": "#/$defs/BatchStatus" }
                    },
                    "required": ["content", "status"]
                },
                "BatchStatus": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "enum": ["pending", "in_progress", "completed"]
                }
            }
        });

        let mut schema = raw_schema;
        clean_schema(&mut schema);

        // Navigate to status
        let props = schema.get("properties").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();
        let todos = props.get("entries").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();
        let items = todos.get("items").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();
        let item_props = items.get("properties").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();
        let status = item_props.get("status").unwrap().as_object().unwrap();

        assert!(
            status.contains_key("enum"),
            "Nested status should have enum. Full schema: {}",
            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&schema).unwrap()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn parts_collapses_degenerate_inputs() {
        assert_eq!(ToolResult::parts(vec![]), ToolResult::Done);
        assert_eq!(
            ToolResult::parts(vec![ToolResultPart::text("only")]),
            ToolResult::text("only")
        );
        let multi = ToolResult::parts(vec![
            ToolResultPart::text("a"),
            ToolResultPart::image(vec![1, 2], "image/png"),
        ]);
        let ToolResult::Parts { parts } = &multi else {
            panic!("two parts must stay a Parts result");
        };
        assert_eq!(parts.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parts_render_joins_text_and_marks_binary() {
        let result = ToolResult::parts(vec![
            ToolResultPart::text("header"),
            ToolResultPart::tsv("n\n1\n"),
            ToolResultPart::image(vec![0x89], "image/png"),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
            result.render_for_model(),
            "header\nn\n1\n\n[binary tool result: image/png, 1 bytes]"
        );
        assert!(result.mime().is_none() && result.content().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parts_with_one_binary_expose_mime_and_content() {
        let result = ToolResult::Parts {
            parts: vec![ToolResultPart::image(vec![9, 9], "image/png")],
        };
        assert_eq!(result.mime().unwrap().essence_str(), "image/png");
        assert_eq!(result.content().unwrap(), &[9, 9]);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    #[test]
    fn parts_serde_roundtrip_uses_kind_tag() {
        let result = ToolResult::parts(vec![
            ToolResultPart::text("note"),
            ToolResultPart::tsv("k\ntrue\n"),
        ]);
        let value = serde_json::to_value(&result).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value["kind"], "parts");
        assert_eq!(value["parts"][0]["kind"], "text");
        let back: ToolResult = serde_json::from_value(value).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(back, result);
    }
}