Function strip_auth_from_url 

pub fn strip_auth_from_url(url: &str) -> Result<String>

Strips authentication information from a Git URL for safe display or logging.

Arguments

• url - The Git URL that may contain authentication information

Return Value

• HTTPS URLs: Removes user:token@ prefix
• SSH URLs: Returned unchanged (no embedded auth to strip)
• Other formats: Returned unchanged if no auth detected