a3s_code_core/tools/

task.rs

//! Task tools for delegated child runs.
//!
//! The Task tool allows the main agent to delegate one or more specialized
//! tasks to focused child runs. Each child run gets bounded context and the
//! permissions declared by its agent definition.
//!
//! ## Usage
//!
//! ```json
//! {"tasks": [{
//!   "agent": "explore",
//!   "description": "Find authentication code",
//!   "prompt": "Search for files related to user authentication..."
//! }]}
//! ```

use crate::agent::{AgentConfig, AgentEvent, AgentLoop};
use crate::llm::structured::{
    generate_blocking, parse_validated_output, StructuredMode, StructuredRequest,
};
use crate::llm::{LlmClient, ToolDefinition};
use crate::mcp::{McpBinding, McpManager};
use crate::orchestration::{AgentExecutor, AgentStepSpec, StepOutcome, ToolSourceAnchor};
use crate::subagent::{AgentDefinition, AgentRegistry};
use crate::tools::types::{Tool, ToolContext, ToolOutput};
use anyhow::{Context, Result};
use async_trait::async_trait;
use futures::FutureExt;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::any::Any;
use std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::sync::Arc;
use tokio::sync::broadcast;
use tokio::task::JoinSet;
use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;

const TASK_OUTPUT_CONTEXT_LIMIT: usize = 4_000;
const TASK_OUTPUT_CONTEXT_HEAD: usize = 3_000;
const TASK_OUTPUT_CONTEXT_TAIL: usize = 800;
const MAX_TASK_SOURCE_ANCHORS: usize = 64;
const MAX_TASK_SOURCE_CANDIDATES: usize = MAX_TASK_SOURCE_ANCHORS * 4;
const MAX_TASK_SOURCE_TOOL_BYTES: usize = 64;
const MAX_TASK_SOURCE_VALUE_BYTES: usize = 4 * 1024;
const MAX_PARALLEL_TASK_SOURCE_ANCHORS: usize = MAX_TASK_SOURCE_ANCHORS;
const TASK_TOOL_DESCRIPTION: &str = "Delegate one or more bounded tasks to specialized child runs. Pass one item for a focused child run or multiple INDEPENDENT items for concurrent fan-out. A single item may run in the background; multi-item calls are collected by the parent. By default any failed child makes a multi-item call fail; evidence-gathering callers may set allow_partial_failure=true. Choose canonical worker names from the live agent catalog. Custom agents from agent_dirs and .a3s/agents are supported; .claude/agents is read for compatibility.";
const PARALLEL_TASK_TOOL_DESCRIPTION: &str = "Fan out 2 or more INDEPENDENT subtasks as delegated child runs that execute concurrently; results are returned when all complete. By default any failed child makes the tool fail; evidence-gathering callers may set allow_partial_failure=true to continue when at least one child succeeds. Child output never authorizes branch replay; provider and child runtimes own any typed retry policy below this boundary. Use this only when the work genuinely splits into branches that can be investigated or implemented separately. Do not use it for trivial, conversational, single-step, or dependent work. Choose canonical worker names from the live agent catalog.";

/// Task tool parameters
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
pub struct TaskParams {
    /// Agent type to use (explore, general, plan, verification, review, etc.)
    pub agent: String,
    /// Short description of the task (for display)
    pub description: String,
    /// Detailed prompt for the agent
    pub prompt: String,
    /// Optional: run in background (default: false)
    #[serde(default)]
    pub background: bool,
    /// Optional: maximum steps for this task
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub max_steps: Option<usize>,
    /// Optional: JSON schema the child result must satisfy.
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub output_schema: Option<serde_json::Value>,
}

/// Task tool result
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct TaskResult {
    /// Task output from the delegated child run.
    pub output: String,
    /// Child session ID
    pub session_id: String,
    /// Agent type used
    pub agent: String,
    /// Whether the task succeeded
    pub success: bool,
    /// Task ID for tracking
    pub task_id: String,
    /// Structured child output validated against an optional output schema.
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub structured: Option<serde_json::Value>,
    /// Source locations observed by successful built-in child tool calls.
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
    pub source_anchors: Vec<ToolSourceAnchor>,
}

struct ScopedTaskExecution<'a> {
    event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
    parent_session_id: Option<&'a str>,
    emit_start: bool,
    parent_cancellation: Option<&'a CancellationToken>,
    admitted_capability_subtask: Option<crate::capability::AgentCapabilitySubtask>,
}

mod result_projection;
use result_projection::*;

mod parallel_execution;

const MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS_PER_CALL: usize = 32;

/// Task executor for delegated child runs.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct TaskExecutor {
    /// Agent registry for looking up agent definitions
    registry: Arc<AgentRegistry>,
    /// LLM client used to power child agent loops
    llm_client: Arc<dyn LlmClient>,
    /// Workspace path shared with child agents
    workspace: String,
    /// Ordered MCP managers for registering inherited tools in child sessions.
    mcp_managers: Vec<Arc<McpManager>>,
    /// Exact projected MCP bindings inherited from the admitted parent Run.
    mcp_bindings: Vec<Arc<McpBinding>>,
    /// Exact host tools owned by this executor. They are installed only in
    /// child executors and remain bounded by the composed parent/child
    /// governance context.
    scoped_tools: Vec<Arc<dyn Tool>>,
    /// Parent capabilities to inherit into child runs.
    parent_context: Option<crate::child_run::ChildRunContext>,
    /// Search configuration captured from the invoking parent context.
    search_config: Option<Arc<crate::config::SearchConfig>>,
    /// Agent-scoped search admission shared with delegated child runs.
    search_bulkhead: Option<a3s_search::Bulkhead>,
    /// Agent-scoped headless retry allowance shared with delegated child runs.
    search_retry_budget: Option<a3s_search::RetryBudget>,
    /// Parent-session request flights shared with delegated child runs.
    search_request_coalescer: Option<a3s_search::SearchCoalescer>,
    /// Weak capability parents captured from the invoking Tool Turn.
    capability_context: Option<crate::capability::AgentToolCapabilityContext>,
    /// Optional lifetime boundary inherited from the session that created this
    /// executor. Keeping it on the executor prevents cached workflow/executor
    /// handles from starting new child runs after their session is closed.
    parent_cancellation: Option<CancellationToken>,
    max_parallel_tasks: usize,
    /// Shared across every fan-out started by this executor. Per-call wave
    /// limits alone are insufficient when a dynamic workflow launches several
    /// `parallel_task` host steps concurrently.
    parallel_permits: Arc<tokio::sync::Semaphore>,
    /// Optional shared tracker — when present each task registers a
    /// `CancellationToken` so callers can cancel by `task_id`.
    subagent_tracker: Option<Arc<crate::subagent_task_tracker::InMemorySubagentTaskTracker>>,
    /// Agent-wide scheduler for independent delegated work.
    task_scheduler: Option<Arc<crate::task_scheduler::TaskScheduler>>,
    /// Host-started workflow executors have no parent lease, so their
    /// foreground steps must be admitted independently. Model-invoked task
    /// tools inherit the enclosing run's lease and leave this false.
    schedule_foreground: bool,
}

impl TaskExecutor {
    /// Create a new task executor
    pub fn new(
        registry: Arc<AgentRegistry>,
        llm_client: Arc<dyn LlmClient>,
        workspace: String,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            registry,
            llm_client,
            workspace,
            mcp_managers: Vec::new(),
            mcp_bindings: Vec::new(),
            scoped_tools: Vec::new(),
            parent_context: None,
            search_config: None,
            search_bulkhead: None,
            search_retry_budget: None,
            search_request_coalescer: None,
            capability_context: None,
            parent_cancellation: None,
            max_parallel_tasks: crate::agent::DEFAULT_MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS,
            parallel_permits: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Semaphore::new(
                crate::agent::DEFAULT_MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS,
            )),
            subagent_tracker: None,
            task_scheduler: None,
            schedule_foreground: false,
        }
    }

    /// Create a new task executor with MCP manager for tool inheritance
    pub fn with_mcp(
        registry: Arc<AgentRegistry>,
        llm_client: Arc<dyn LlmClient>,
        workspace: String,
        mcp_manager: Arc<McpManager>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self::with_mcp_managers(registry, llm_client, workspace, vec![mcp_manager])
    }

    /// Create a task executor with ordered MCP capability sources.
    pub fn with_mcp_managers(
        registry: Arc<AgentRegistry>,
        llm_client: Arc<dyn LlmClient>,
        workspace: String,
        mcp_managers: Vec<Arc<McpManager>>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            registry,
            llm_client,
            workspace,
            mcp_managers,
            mcp_bindings: Vec::new(),
            scoped_tools: Vec::new(),
            parent_context: None,
            search_config: None,
            search_bulkhead: None,
            search_retry_budget: None,
            search_request_coalescer: None,
            capability_context: None,
            parent_cancellation: None,
            max_parallel_tasks: crate::agent::DEFAULT_MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS,
            parallel_permits: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Semaphore::new(
                crate::agent::DEFAULT_MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS,
            )),
            subagent_tracker: None,
            task_scheduler: None,
            schedule_foreground: false,
        }
    }

    /// Add immutable MCP bindings already admitted by the parent capability
    /// Run. These bindings are never rediscovered through a manager.
    pub(crate) fn with_projected_mcp_bindings(mut self, bindings: Vec<Arc<McpBinding>>) -> Self {
        self.mcp_bindings = bindings;
        self
    }

    /// Install exact host-provided tools only in child runs created by this
    /// executor. Registration does not grant invocation authority: every call
    /// still crosses composed parent and child governance. A name collision
    /// with another child capability fails before model execution.
    pub fn with_scoped_tools(mut self, tools: Vec<Arc<dyn Tool>>) -> Self {
        self.scoped_tools = tools;
        self
    }

    /// Set parent session capabilities to inherit into child runs.
    pub fn with_parent_context(mut self, ctx: crate::child_run::ChildRunContext) -> Self {
        if let Some(max_parallel_tasks) = ctx.max_parallel_tasks {
            let max_parallel_tasks = max_parallel_tasks.max(1);
            self.max_parallel_tasks = max_parallel_tasks;
            self.parallel_permits = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Semaphore::new(max_parallel_tasks));
        }
        self.parent_context = Some(ctx);
        self
    }

    fn scoped_for_invocation(self: &Arc<Self>, ctx: &ToolContext) -> Arc<Self> {
        let mut scoped = self.as_ref().clone();
        scoped.search_config = ctx.search_config.clone();
        scoped.search_bulkhead = Some(ctx.search_bulkhead());
        scoped.search_retry_budget = Some(ctx.search_retry_budget());
        scoped.search_request_coalescer = Some(ctx.search_request_coalescer());
        scoped.capability_context = ctx.capability_context();
        if ctx.has_run_governance() {
            scoped.parent_context = scoped.parent_context.take().map(|parent| {
                parent.with_run_governance(
                    ctx.run_permission_checker(),
                    ctx.run_confirmation_manager(),
                )
            });
        }
        Arc::new(scoped)
    }

    fn child_tool_context(
        &self,
        session_id: String,
        cancellation: CancellationToken,
    ) -> ToolContext {
        let mut context = ToolContext::new(PathBuf::from(&self.workspace))
            .with_session_id(session_id)
            .with_cancellation(cancellation);
        if let (Some(bulkhead), Some(retry_budget)) =
            (&self.search_bulkhead, &self.search_retry_budget)
        {
            context = context.with_search_runtime(bulkhead.clone(), retry_budget.clone());
        }
        if let Some(search_config) = &self.search_config {
            context = context.with_search_config(search_config.as_ref().clone());
        }
        if let Some(coalescer) = &self.search_request_coalescer {
            context = context.with_search_request_coalescer(coalescer.clone());
        }
        context
    }

    /// Bind every run started by this executor to a parent lifetime.
    ///
    /// A token that is already cancelled makes execution fail before emitting
    /// `SubagentStart` or performing MCP/LLM work. In-flight children derive
    /// their own token so cancellation still cascades without granting them the
    /// ability to cancel the parent.
    pub fn with_parent_cancellation(mut self, cancellation: CancellationToken) -> Self {
        self.parent_cancellation = Some(cancellation);
        self
    }

    pub fn with_max_parallel_tasks(mut self, max_parallel_tasks: usize) -> Self {
        let max_parallel_tasks = max_parallel_tasks.max(1);
        self.max_parallel_tasks = max_parallel_tasks;
        self.parallel_permits = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Semaphore::new(max_parallel_tasks));
        self
    }

    /// Share a tracker with this executor. When set, each task registers
    /// a `CancellationToken` against the tracker so the parent session
    /// can cancel by `task_id`.
    pub fn with_subagent_tracker(
        mut self,
        tracker: Arc<crate::subagent_task_tracker::InMemorySubagentTaskTracker>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.subagent_tracker = Some(tracker);
        self
    }

    /// Admit independent delegated work through the owning agent's scheduler.
    pub fn with_task_scheduler(
        mut self,
        scheduler: Arc<crate::task_scheduler::TaskScheduler>,
        schedule_foreground: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        self.task_scheduler = Some(scheduler);
        self.schedule_foreground = schedule_foreground;
        self
    }

    fn visible_agents(&self) -> Vec<AgentDefinition> {
        self.registry.list_visible()
    }

    /// Execute a task by spawning an isolated child AgentLoop.
    ///
    /// `parent_session_id` flows into the emitted `SubagentStart`/`SubagentEnd`
    /// events so dashboards can associate child runs with the parent session.
    pub async fn execute(
        &self,
        params: TaskParams,
        event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
        parent_session_id: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<TaskResult> {
        self.execute_with_parent_cancellation(
            params,
            event_tx,
            parent_session_id,
            self.parent_cancellation.as_ref(),
        )
        .await
    }

    async fn execute_with_parent_cancellation(
        &self,
        params: TaskParams,
        event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
        parent_session_id: Option<&str>,
        parent_cancellation: Option<&CancellationToken>,
    ) -> Result<TaskResult> {
        let task_id = format!("task-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
        self.execute_with_task_id_scoped(
            task_id,
            params,
            ScopedTaskExecution {
                event_tx,
                parent_session_id,
                emit_start: true,
                parent_cancellation,
                admitted_capability_subtask: None,
            },
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Execute a task using a caller-supplied task id. Used by `execute_background`
    /// so the synchronously-returned task id matches the one in lifecycle events.
    /// When `emit_start` is `false` the caller is responsible for emitting
    /// `SubagentStart` themselves (e.g. to avoid a race against a tracker query).
    pub async fn execute_with_task_id(
        &self,
        task_id: String,
        params: TaskParams,
        event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
        parent_session_id: Option<&str>,
        emit_start: bool,
    ) -> Result<TaskResult> {
        self.execute_with_task_id_scoped(
            task_id,
            params,
            ScopedTaskExecution {
                event_tx,
                parent_session_id,
                emit_start,
                parent_cancellation: self.parent_cancellation.as_ref(),
                admitted_capability_subtask: None,
            },
        )
        .await
    }

    async fn execute_with_task_id_scoped(
        &self,
        task_id: String,
        params: TaskParams,
        execution: ScopedTaskExecution<'_>,
    ) -> Result<TaskResult> {
        let ScopedTaskExecution {
            event_tx,
            parent_session_id,
            emit_start,
            parent_cancellation,
            admitted_capability_subtask,
        } = execution;
        let was_promoted = admitted_capability_subtask.is_some();
        if !was_promoted && parent_cancellation.is_some_and(CancellationToken::is_cancelled) {
            anyhow::bail!("Operation cancelled by parent session");
        }

        let capability_subtask = match admitted_capability_subtask {
            Some(subtask) => Some(subtask),
            None => self
                .capability_context
                .as_ref()
                .map(|context| context.admit_subtask(task_id.clone(), params.background))
                .transpose()?,
        };
        let cancel_token = capability_subtask.as_ref().map_or_else(
            || {
                parent_cancellation
                    .map(CancellationToken::child_token)
                    .unwrap_or_default()
            },
            crate::capability::AgentCapabilitySubtask::cancellation,
        );
        let capability_runtime = capability_subtask
            .as_ref()
            .map(crate::capability::AgentCapabilitySubtask::runtime);
        let execution = self
            .execute_with_task_id_in_scope(
                task_id,
                params,
                event_tx,
                parent_session_id,
                emit_start,
                cancel_token,
                capability_runtime,
            )
            .await;
        let close = close_capability_subtask(capability_subtask.as_ref()).await;
        match (execution, close) {
            (Ok(result), Ok(())) => Ok(result),
            (Ok(_), Err(close_error)) => Err(close_error),
            (Err(error), Ok(())) => Err(error),
            (Err(error), Err(close_error)) => {
                tracing::warn!(
                    error = %close_error,
                    "Capability Subtask close also failed after delegated execution failure"
                );
                Err(error)
            }
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    async fn execute_with_task_id_in_scope(
        &self,
        task_id: String,
        params: TaskParams,
        event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
        parent_session_id: Option<&str>,
        emit_start: bool,
        cancel_token: CancellationToken,
        capability_runtime: Option<crate::capability::AgentCapabilityRuntime>,
    ) -> Result<TaskResult> {
        // Background callers receive the task id before this future starts.
        // Register immediately so targeted cancellation also interrupts time
        // spent waiting in the global scheduler.
        if params.background {
            if let Some(ref tracker) = self.subagent_tracker {
                tracker
                    .register_canceller(&task_id, cancel_token.clone())
                    .await;
            }
        }
        let _task_lease = if params.background || self.schedule_foreground {
            match &self.task_scheduler {
                Some(scheduler) => Some(
                    scheduler
                        .acquire(
                            if params.background {
                                crate::task_scheduler::TaskPriority::Background
                            } else {
                                crate::task_scheduler::TaskPriority::Foreground
                            },
                            format!(
                                "{}:subagent:{}",
                                parent_session_id.unwrap_or("host"),
                                task_id
                            ),
                            &cancel_token,
                        )
                        .await
                        .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!(error))?,
                ),
                None => None,
            }
        } else {
            None
        };

        let session_id = format!("task-run-{}", task_id);
        let started_ms = epoch_ms();
        let output_schema = params.output_schema.clone();

        let agent = self
            .registry
            .get_arc(&params.agent)
            .context(format!("Unknown agent type: '{}'", params.agent))?;
        let tool_free = agent.tool_free;
        let tool_free_system = agent.prompt.clone();
        let inherited_security_provider = self
            .parent_context
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|context| context.security_provider.clone());

        if emit_start {
            let event = AgentEvent::SubagentStart {
                task_id: task_id.clone(),
                session_id: session_id.clone(),
                parent_session_id: parent_session_id.unwrap_or_default().to_string(),
                agent: params.agent.clone(),
                description: params.description.clone(),
                started_ms,
            };
            let event = inherited_security_provider
                .as_deref()
                .map(|provider| crate::security::sanitize_agent_event(provider, &event))
                .unwrap_or(event);
            if let Some(ref tracker) = self.subagent_tracker {
                tracker.record_event(&event).await;
            }
            if let Some(ref tx) = event_tx {
                let _ = tx.send(event);
            }
        }

        // Build a child ToolExecutor. Task tools are intentionally omitted
        // here to prevent unlimited delegation nesting.
        let child_executor = if let Some(ref parent_ctx) = self.parent_context {
            if let Some(ref services) = parent_ctx.workspace_services {
                crate::tools::ToolExecutor::new_with_workspace_services_artifact_limits_and_immutable_content_adapter(
                        self.workspace.clone(),
                        Arc::clone(services),
                        crate::tools::ArtifactStoreLimits::default(),
                        parent_ctx.immutable_content_adapter.clone(),
                    )
            } else if let Some(adapter) = parent_ctx.immutable_content_adapter.clone() {
                crate::tools::ToolExecutor::new_with_immutable_content_adapter(
                    self.workspace.clone(),
                    adapter,
                )
            } else {
                crate::tools::ToolExecutor::new(self.workspace.clone())
            }
        } else {
            crate::tools::ToolExecutor::new(self.workspace.clone())
        };

        // Register MCP tools so child agents can access MCP servers.
        for mcp in &self.mcp_managers {
            let all_tools = tokio::select! {
                biased;
                _ = cancel_token.cancelled() => {
                    anyhow::bail!("Operation cancelled before child execution");
                }
                tools = mcp.get_all_tools() => tools,
            };
            let mut by_server: std::collections::HashMap<
                String,
                Vec<crate::mcp::protocol::McpTool>,
            > = std::collections::HashMap::new();
            for (server, tool) in all_tools {
                by_server.entry(server).or_default().push(tool);
            }
            for (server_name, tools) in by_server {
                let wrappers =
                    crate::mcp::tools::create_mcp_tools(&server_name, tools, Arc::clone(mcp));
                for wrapper in wrappers {
                    child_executor.register_dynamic_tool(wrapper);
                }
            }
        }
        // Projected bindings are registered after compatibility sources. Run
        // admission already proved their names conflict-free against its
        // frozen parent executor. Registering the exact binding last prevents
        // a later mutable manager refresh from replacing that generation in a
        // delegated child.
        for binding in &self.mcp_bindings {
            if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
                anyhow::bail!("Operation cancelled before child execution");
            }
            for wrapper in binding.projected_tools() {
                child_executor.register_dynamic_tool(wrapper);
            }
        }

        // These exact Arc values belong only to this TaskExecutor. Install them
        // after all inherited sources so no scoped tool can shadow a built-in,
        // compatibility MCP tool, or Run-frozen projected binding.
        for tool in &self.scoped_tools {
            if !child_executor.register_dynamic_tool_if_absent(Arc::clone(tool)) {
                anyhow::bail!(
                    "Workflow-scoped tool '{}' conflicts with another child capability",
                    tool.name()
                );
            }
        }

        let child_executor = Arc::new(child_executor);

        let mut child_config = AgentConfig {
            tools: child_executor.definitions(),
            ..AgentConfig::default()
        };
        agent.apply_to(&mut child_config);
        if let Some(ref parent_ctx) = self.parent_context {
            parent_ctx.apply_to(&mut child_config);
        }
        // A delegated task is already the output of a parent planning
        // decision. Running the generic pre-analysis/planning classifier again
        // adds an unrelated LLM round to every child and can consume the whole
        // fan-out deadline before any task tool runs.
        child_config.planning_mode = crate::prompts::PlanningMode::Disabled;
        if let Some(max_steps) = params.max_steps {
            child_config.max_tool_rounds = max_steps;
        }
        let child_security_provider = child_config.security_provider.clone();
        let source_security_provider = child_security_provider.clone();

        let mut tool_context = self.child_tool_context(session_id.clone(), cancel_token.clone());
        if let Some(ref parent_ctx) = self.parent_context {
            if let Some(ref services) = parent_ctx.workspace_services {
                tool_context = tool_context.with_workspace_services(Arc::clone(services));
            }
            if let Some(ref sandbox) = parent_ctx.sandbox_handle {
                child_executor.registry().set_sandbox(Arc::clone(sandbox));
                tool_context = tool_context.with_sandbox(Arc::clone(sandbox));
            }
        }

        let source_context = tool_context.clone();
        let mut agent_loop = AgentLoop::new(
            Arc::clone(&self.llm_client),
            child_executor,
            tool_context,
            child_config,
        );
        if let Some(runtime) = capability_runtime {
            agent_loop = agent_loop.with_capability_runtime(runtime);
        }

        // Always observe the child event stream so successful source tool calls
        // survive in TaskResult metadata even when nobody subscribed to live
        // progress. Forward the same events when a parent broadcast exists.
        let (mpsc_tx, mut mpsc_rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(100);
        let broadcast_tx = event_tx.clone();
        let progress_task_id = task_id.clone();
        let progress_session_id = session_id.clone();
        let child_event_forwarder = tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut source_anchors = Vec::new();
            let mut seen_source_anchors = std::collections::HashSet::new();
            let mut scanned_source_candidates = 0usize;
            while let Some(event) = mpsc_rx.recv().await {
                let event = source_security_provider
                    .as_deref()
                    .map(|provider| crate::security::sanitize_agent_event(provider, &event))
                    .unwrap_or(event);
                collect_tool_source_anchors(
                    &event,
                    &source_context,
                    &mut source_anchors,
                    &mut seen_source_anchors,
                    &mut scanned_source_candidates,
                );
                if let Some(ref broadcast_tx) = broadcast_tx {
                    if let Some(progress) = synthesize_subagent_progress(
                        &event,
                        &progress_task_id,
                        &progress_session_id,
                    ) {
                        let _ = broadcast_tx.send(progress);
                    }
                    let _ = broadcast_tx.send(event);
                }
            }
            source_anchors
        });
        let child_event_tx = Some(mpsc_tx);
        let child_llm_event_tx = child_event_tx.clone();

        // Register a CancellationToken with the tracker (if shared) so the
        // parent session's `cancel_subagent_task` can interrupt this run.
        if !params.background {
            if let Some(ref tracker) = self.subagent_tracker {
                tracker
                    .register_canceller(&task_id, cancel_token.clone())
                    .await;
            }
        }

        let structured_prompt = output_schema
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|_| !tool_free)
            .map(|schema| structured_task_prompt(&params.prompt, schema));
        let execution_prompt = structured_prompt.as_deref().unwrap_or(&params.prompt);

        let mut structured = None;
        let (mut output, mut success, raw_output) = if tool_free && output_schema.is_some() {
            let operation = agent_loop.begin_capability_operation(
                0,
                &cancel_token,
                "structured task generation",
            )?;
            let llm_client = agent_loop.scoped_llm_client_for_parts(
                Some(&session_id),
                &child_llm_event_tx,
                operation.cancellation(),
            );
            let generation = Self::generate_structured_task(
                &*llm_client,
                &params.prompt,
                tool_free_system.as_deref(),
                output_schema.clone().expect("schema checked above"),
                operation.cancellation(),
            )
            .await;
            let generation = settle_task_capability_operation(
                generation,
                operation.close().await,
                "structured task generation",
            );
            match generation {
                Ok(object) => {
                    let output = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&object)
                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| object.to_string());
                    structured = Some(object);
                    (output, true, None)
                }
                Err(error) if cancel_token.is_cancelled() => {
                    (format!("Task cancelled by caller: {error}"), false, None)
                }
                Err(error) => (format!("Task failed: {error}"), false, None),
            }
        } else {
            match agent_loop
                .execute_with_session(
                    &[],
                    execution_prompt,
                    Some(&session_id),
                    child_event_tx.clone(),
                    Some(&cancel_token),
                )
                .await
            {
                Ok(_) if cancel_token.is_cancelled() => {
                    ("Task cancelled by caller".to_string(), false, None)
                }
                Ok(result) if result.text.trim().is_empty() => (
                    "Task failed: child agent returned no final output".to_string(),
                    false,
                    None,
                ),
                Ok(result) if AgentLoop::is_synthetic_failure_output(&result.text) => {
                    (format!("Task failed: {}", result.text), false, None)
                }
                Ok(result) => {
                    let raw_output = result
                        .messages
                        .last()
                        .filter(|message| message.role == "assistant")
                        .map(crate::llm::Message::text)
                        .filter(|text| !text.trim().is_empty());
                    (result.text, true, raw_output)
                }
                Err(e) if cancel_token.is_cancelled() => {
                    (format!("Task cancelled by caller: {}", e), false, None)
                }
                Err(e) => (format!("Task failed: {}", e), false, None),
            }
        };

        if success && !tool_free {
            if let Some(schema) = output_schema.as_ref() {
                if let Some(object) = raw_output
                    .as_deref()
                    .and_then(|raw| parse_validated_output(raw, schema))
                    .or_else(|| parse_validated_output(&output, schema))
                {
                    structured = Some(object);
                } else {
                    let operation = agent_loop.begin_capability_operation(
                        0,
                        &cancel_token,
                        "structured task coercion",
                    )?;
                    let llm_client = agent_loop.scoped_llm_client_for_parts(
                        Some(&session_id),
                        &child_llm_event_tx,
                        operation.cancellation(),
                    );
                    let coercion = Self::coerce_to_schema(
                        &*llm_client,
                        &output,
                        schema.clone(),
                        operation.cancellation(),
                    )
                    .await;
                    let coercion = settle_task_capability_operation(
                        coercion,
                        operation.close().await,
                        "structured task coercion",
                    );
                    match coercion {
                        Ok(object) => structured = Some(object),
                        Err(error) => {
                            success = false;
                            output = format!("{output}\n\n[structured output failed: {error}]");
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some(provider) = child_security_provider.as_deref() {
            output = provider.sanitize_output(&output);
            if let Some(value) = structured.take() {
                let sanitized = output_schema.as_ref().map_or_else(
                    || sanitize_task_json(provider, &value),
                    |schema| sanitize_task_json_with_schema(provider, &value, schema),
                );
                if output_schema
                    .as_ref()
                    .is_none_or(|schema| value_matches_schema(&sanitized, schema))
                {
                    structured = Some(sanitized);
                } else {
                    success = false;
                }
            }
        }

        // The child loop and optional structured-output pass are the only
        // producers. Close their sender and drain the bridge before emitting
        // SubagentEnd so callers never observe a terminal event followed by
        // stale child deltas or progress events.
        drop(child_event_tx);
        drop(child_llm_event_tx);
        let source_anchors = match child_event_forwarder.await {
            Ok(source_anchors) => source_anchors,
            Err(error) => {
                tracing::warn!(%error, task_id = %task_id, "subagent event bridge failed");
                Vec::new()
            }
        };

        let end_event = AgentEvent::SubagentEnd {
            task_id: task_id.clone(),
            session_id: session_id.clone(),
            agent: params.agent.clone(),
            output: output.clone(),
            success,
            finished_ms: epoch_ms(),
        };
        if let Some(ref tracker) = self.subagent_tracker {
            // The tracker is authoritative even when a background child
            // finishes after the parent run's event forwarder has closed.
            if success {
                tracker
                    .record_source_anchors(&task_id, &source_anchors)
                    .await;
            }
            tracker.record_event(&end_event).await;
            tracker.clear_canceller(&task_id).await;
        }
        if let Some(ref tx) = event_tx {
            let _ = tx.send(end_event);
        }

        Ok(TaskResult {
            output,
            session_id,
            agent: params.agent,
            success,
            task_id,
            structured,
            source_anchors,
        })
    }

    /// Execute a task in the background.
    ///
    /// Returns immediately with the task ID; the same id is used in the emitted
    /// `SubagentStart`/`SubagentEnd` events so callers can correlate. Pre-emits
    /// `SubagentStart` synchronously when an event channel is available so a
    /// caller that queries the subagent task tracker right after this call
    /// observes the task in `Running` state without a race window.
    pub fn execute_background(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        params: TaskParams,
        event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
        parent_session_id: Option<String>,
    ) -> String {
        let parent_cancellation = self.parent_cancellation.clone();
        self.execute_background_with_parent_cancellation(
            params,
            event_tx,
            parent_session_id,
            parent_cancellation,
        )
    }

    fn execute_background_with_parent_cancellation(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        params: TaskParams,
        event_tx: Option<broadcast::Sender<AgentEvent>>,
        parent_session_id: Option<String>,
        parent_cancellation: Option<CancellationToken>,
    ) -> String {
        let task_id = format!("task-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
        let session_id = format!("task-run-{}", task_id);
        let failure_session_id = session_id.clone();
        let failure_agent = params.agent.clone();
        let start_event = AgentEvent::SubagentStart {
            task_id: task_id.clone(),
            session_id,
            parent_session_id: parent_session_id.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
            agent: params.agent.clone(),
            description: params.description.clone(),
            started_ms: epoch_ms(),
        };
        let security_provider = self
            .parent_context
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|context| context.security_provider.clone());
        let start_event = security_provider
            .as_deref()
            .map(|provider| crate::security::sanitize_agent_event(provider, &start_event))
            .unwrap_or(start_event);

        if let Some(ref tx) = event_tx {
            let _ = tx.send(start_event.clone());
        }

        let capability_admission = self
            .capability_context
            .as_ref()
            .map(|context| {
                context
                    .admit_subtask(task_id.clone(), true)
                    .map(|subtask| (context.background_scope().clone(), subtask))
            })
            .transpose();
        let (capability_run, admitted_capability_subtask) = match capability_admission {
            Ok(Some((run, subtask))) => (Some(run), Some(subtask)),
            Ok(None) => (None, None),
            Err(error) => {
                let message = format!("Background task capability admission failed: {error}");
                let end_event = AgentEvent::SubagentEnd {
                    task_id: task_id.clone(),
                    session_id: failure_session_id,
                    agent: failure_agent,
                    output: message.clone(),
                    success: false,
                    finished_ms: epoch_ms(),
                };
                let end_event = security_provider
                    .as_deref()
                    .map(|provider| crate::security::sanitize_agent_event(provider, &end_event))
                    .unwrap_or(end_event);
                if let Some(tx) = event_tx {
                    let _ = tx.send(end_event);
                }
                tracing::error!(task_id = %task_id, "{message}");
                return task_id;
            }
        };

        let task_id_for_spawn = task_id.clone();
        let task_id_for_log = task_id.clone();
        let admission_failure_task_id = task_id.clone();
        let admission_failure_session_id = failure_session_id.clone();
        let admission_failure_agent = failure_agent.clone();
        let admission_failure_events = event_tx.clone();
        let admission_failure_security = security_provider.clone();
        let background = async move {
            if let Some(ref tracker) = self.subagent_tracker {
                tracker.record_event(&start_event).await;
            }
            let failure_event_tx = event_tx.clone();
            if let Err(error) = self
                .execute_with_task_id_scoped(
                    task_id_for_spawn,
                    params,
                    ScopedTaskExecution {
                        event_tx,
                        parent_session_id: parent_session_id.as_deref(),
                        emit_start: false,
                        parent_cancellation: parent_cancellation.as_ref(),
                        admitted_capability_subtask,
                    },
                )
                .await
            {
                let end_event = AgentEvent::SubagentEnd {
                    task_id: task_id_for_log.clone(),
                    session_id: failure_session_id,
                    agent: failure_agent,
                    output: format!("Task failed before child execution started: {error}"),
                    success: false,
                    finished_ms: epoch_ms(),
                };
                let end_event = security_provider
                    .as_deref()
                    .map(|provider| crate::security::sanitize_agent_event(provider, &end_event))
                    .unwrap_or(end_event);
                if let Some(ref tracker) = self.subagent_tracker {
                    tracker.record_event(&end_event).await;
                    tracker.clear_canceller(&task_id_for_log).await;
                }
                if let Some(tx) = failure_event_tx {
                    let _ = tx.send(end_event);
                }
                tracing::error!("Background task {} failed: {}", task_id_for_log, error);
            }
        };
        if let Some(run) = capability_run {
            let task_name = format!("subagent.{task_id}");
            if let Err(error) = run.spawn_task(task_name, async move {
                background.await;
                Ok(())
            }) {
                // Admission races with Run close fail closed: no detached
                // child work may escape after the exact generation lease is
                // released.
                let message = format!("Background task capability admission failed: {error}");
                let end_event = AgentEvent::SubagentEnd {
                    task_id: admission_failure_task_id.clone(),
                    session_id: admission_failure_session_id,
                    agent: admission_failure_agent,
                    output: message.clone(),
                    success: false,
                    finished_ms: epoch_ms(),
                };
                let end_event = admission_failure_security
                    .as_deref()
                    .map(|provider| crate::security::sanitize_agent_event(provider, &end_event))
                    .unwrap_or(end_event);
                if let Some(tx) = admission_failure_events {
                    let _ = tx.send(end_event);
                }
                tracing::error!(task_id = %admission_failure_task_id, "{message}");
            }
        } else {
            tokio::spawn(background);
        }

        task_id
    }
}

async fn close_capability_subtask(
    subtask: Option<&crate::capability::AgentCapabilitySubtask>,
) -> Result<()> {
    let Some(subtask) = subtask else {
        return Ok(());
    };
    let report = subtask.close().await?;
    if !report.is_clean() {
        anyhow::bail!(
            "Capability Subtask close was incomplete (tasks failed: {}, tasks timed out: {}, child scopes failed: {}, child scopes timed out: {}, effects failed: {}, effects timed out: {})",
            report.tasks_failed,
            report.tasks_timed_out,
            report.child_scopes_failed,
            report.child_scopes_timed_out,
            report.effects_failed,
            report.effects_timed_out,
        );
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn settle_task_capability_operation<T>(
    execution: Result<T>,
    close: Result<()>,
    label: &str,
) -> Result<T> {
    match (execution, close) {
        (Ok(result), Ok(())) => Ok(result),
        (Ok(_), Err(close_error)) => Err(close_error),
        (Err(error), Ok(())) => Err(error),
        (Err(error), Err(close_error)) => {
            tracing::warn!(
                error = %close_error,
                operation = label,
                "Capability orchestration Turn close also failed after model failure"
            );
            Err(error)
        }
    }
}

fn structured_task_prompt(prompt: &str, schema: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
    let schema = serde_json::to_string_pretty(schema).unwrap_or_else(|_| schema.to_string());
    format!(
        "{prompt}\n\n\
         FINAL OUTPUT CONTRACT\n\
         Complete the requested investigation before answering. Your final response must contain \
         exactly one JSON value matching the JSON Schema below, with no Markdown fence or prose \
         outside the JSON. This contract applies to the final response only; use the available \
         tools as needed before finalizing.\n\n\
         {schema}"
    )
}

fn value_matches_schema(value: &serde_json::Value, schema: &serde_json::Value) -> bool {
    serde_json::to_string(value)
        .ok()
        .and_then(|encoded| parse_validated_output(&encoded, schema))
        .is_some()
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct AgentCatalogEntry {
    name: String,
    description: String,
}

fn agent_catalog_entries(agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> Vec<AgentCatalogEntry> {
    let mut entries = agents
        .iter()
        .map(|agent| AgentCatalogEntry {
            name: agent.name.clone(),
            description: agent
                .description
                .split_whitespace()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .join(" "),
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    entries.sort_by(|left, right| left.name.cmp(&right.name));
    entries
}

fn agent_catalog_text(agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> String {
    agent_catalog_entries(agents)
        .into_iter()
        .map(|entry| format!("{}: {}", entry.name, entry.description))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join("\n")
}

fn delegation_tool_description(base: &str, agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> String {
    format!(
        "{base}\n\nAvailable agents (live catalog; use canonical names):\n{}",
        agent_catalog_text(agents)
    )
}

pub(super) fn task_agent_parameter_schema(agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> serde_json::Value {
    let entries = agent_catalog_entries(agents);
    let examples = entries
        .iter()
        .map(|entry| serde_json::Value::String(entry.name.clone()))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let catalog = entries
        .into_iter()
        .map(|entry| format!("{}: {}", entry.name, entry.description))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join("\n");
    serde_json::json!({
        "type": "string",
        "description": format!(
            "Required. Canonical agent type to use. Always provide this exact field name: 'agent'. Live agent catalog:\n{catalog}"
        ),
        "examples": examples
    })
}

/// Get the compatibility JSON schema accepted by the `task` executor.
///
/// The model sees the more compact array-only schema. This public schema also
/// accepts the pre-6.8 single-task object so persisted and host-direct calls do
/// not break during the tool-surface migration.
pub fn task_params_schema() -> serde_json::Value {
    task_params_schema_for_agents(&AgentRegistry::new().list_visible())
}

fn task_params_schema_for_agents(agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> serde_json::Value {
    serde_json::json!({
        "oneOf": [
            legacy_task_params_schema_for_agents(agents),
            task_model_params_schema_for_agents(agents)
        ]
    })
}

fn legacy_task_params_schema_for_agents(agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> serde_json::Value {
    let mut schema = task_item_params_schema_for_agents(agents, true);
    schema["examples"] = serde_json::json!([
        {
            "agent": "explore",
            "description": "Find Rust files",
            "prompt": "Search the workspace for Rust files and summarize the layout."
        },
        {
            "agent": "general",
            "description": "Investigate test failure",
            "prompt": "Inspect the failing tests and explain the root cause.",
            "max_steps": 6
        }
    ]);
    schema
}

fn task_model_params_schema_for_agents(agents: &[AgentDefinition]) -> serde_json::Value {
    parallel_params::task_tool_params_schema_for_agents(agents)
}

pub(super) fn task_item_params_schema_for_agents(
    agents: &[AgentDefinition],
    include_background: bool,
) -> serde_json::Value {
    let mut properties = serde_json::Map::from_iter([
        ("agent".to_string(), task_agent_parameter_schema(agents)),
        (
            "description".to_string(),
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "string",
                "description": "Required. Short task label for display and tracking. Always provide this exact field name: 'description'."
            }),
        ),
        (
            "prompt".to_string(),
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "string",
                "description": "Required. Detailed instruction for the delegated child run. Always provide this exact field name: 'prompt'."
            }),
        ),
        (
            "max_steps".to_string(),
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "integer",
                "description": "Optional. Maximum number of steps for this task."
            }),
        ),
        (
            "output_schema".to_string(),
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "object",
                "description": "Optional. JSON Schema object the delegated result must satisfy. When provided, the child output is coerced into a validated structured object and returned in metadata."
            }),
        ),
    ]);
    if include_background {
        properties.insert(
            "background".to_string(),
            serde_json::json!({
                "type": "boolean",
                "description": "Optional. Run this task in the background. Only valid when the outer tasks array contains one item. Default: false.",
                "default": false
            }),
        );
    }

    serde_json::json!({
        "type": "object",
        "additionalProperties": false,
        "properties": properties,
        "required": ["agent", "description", "prompt"]
    })
}

/// TaskTool wraps TaskExecutor as a Tool for registration in ToolExecutor.
/// This allows the LLM to delegate tasks through the standard tool interface.
pub struct TaskTool {
    executor: Arc<TaskExecutor>,
}

impl TaskTool {
    /// Create a new TaskTool
    pub fn new(executor: Arc<TaskExecutor>) -> Self {
        Self { executor }
    }

    async fn execute_single(&self, params: TaskParams, ctx: &ToolContext) -> Result<ToolOutput> {
        let parent_cancellation = ctx.cancellation_token();
        let executor = self.executor.scoped_for_invocation(ctx);

        if params.background {
            let task_id = executor.execute_background_with_parent_cancellation(
                params,
                ctx.agent_event_tx.clone(),
                ctx.session_id.clone(),
                Some(parent_cancellation),
            );
            return Ok(ToolOutput::success(format!(
                "Task started in background. Task ID: {}",
                task_id
            )));
        }

        let result = executor
            .execute_with_parent_cancellation(
                params,
                ctx.agent_event_tx.clone(),
                ctx.session_id.as_deref(),
                Some(&parent_cancellation),
            )
            .await?;
        let (content, truncated) = format_task_result_for_context(&result);
        let metadata = serde_json::json!({
            "task_id": result.task_id,
            "session_id": result.session_id,
            "agent": result.agent,
            "success": result.success,
            "output_bytes": result.output.len(),
            "truncated_for_context": truncated,
            "artifact_id": task_artifact_id(&result),
            "artifact_uri": task_artifact_uri(&result),
            "structured": result.structured,
            "source_anchors": result.source_anchors,
        });

        if result.success {
            Ok(ToolOutput::success(content).with_metadata(metadata))
        } else {
            Ok(ToolOutput::error(content).with_metadata(metadata))
        }
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl Tool for TaskTool {
    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        "task"
    }

    fn description(&self) -> &str {
        TASK_TOOL_DESCRIPTION
    }

    fn parameters(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
        task_params_schema_for_agents(&self.executor.visible_agents())
    }

    fn definition(&self) -> ToolDefinition {
        let agents = self.executor.visible_agents();
        ToolDefinition {
            name: self.name().to_string(),
            description: delegation_tool_description(self.description(), &agents),
            parameters: task_model_params_schema_for_agents(&agents),
        }
    }

    async fn execute(&self, args: &serde_json::Value, ctx: &ToolContext) -> Result<ToolOutput> {
        if args.get("tasks").is_some() {
            let mut params: ParallelTaskParams = match serde_json::from_value(args.clone()) {
                Ok(params) => params,
                Err(error) => {
                    return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                        "Invalid task parameters: {error}"
                    )));
                }
            };
            if params.tasks.is_empty() {
                return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(
                    "task requires at least 1 task".to_string(),
                ));
            }

            let has_fanout_options = params.allow_partial_failure
                || params.timeout_ms.is_some()
                || params.min_success_count.is_some();
            if params.tasks.len() == 1 && !has_fanout_options {
                return self.execute_single(params.tasks.remove(0), ctx).await;
            }

            return ParallelTaskTool::new(Arc::clone(&self.executor))
                .execute_params(params, ctx, "task", 1)
                .await;
        }

        let params: TaskParams = match serde_json::from_value(args.clone()) {
            Ok(params) => params,
            Err(error) => {
                return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                    "Invalid task parameters: {error}"
                )));
            }
        };
        self.execute_single(params, ctx).await
    }
}

mod parallel_params;
pub use parallel_params::{parallel_task_params_schema, ParallelTaskParams};

/// ParallelTaskTool allows the LLM to fan out multiple delegated tasks concurrently.
///
/// All tasks execute in parallel and the tool returns when all complete.
pub struct ParallelTaskTool {
    executor: Arc<TaskExecutor>,
}

impl ParallelTaskTool {
    /// Create a new ParallelTaskTool
    pub fn new(executor: Arc<TaskExecutor>) -> Self {
        Self { executor }
    }

    async fn execute_params(
        &self,
        params: ParallelTaskParams,
        ctx: &ToolContext,
        tool_name: &str,
        min_tasks: usize,
    ) -> Result<ToolOutput> {
        let started_at = std::time::Instant::now();
        let parent_cancellation = ctx.cancellation_token();
        let executor = self.executor.scoped_for_invocation(ctx);

        if params.tasks.len() < min_tasks {
            return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                "{tool_name} requires at least {min_tasks} task{}",
                if min_tasks == 1 { "" } else { "s" }
            )));
        }
        if params.tasks.len() > MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS_PER_CALL {
            return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                "{tool_name} accepts at most {MAX_PARALLEL_TASKS_PER_CALL} tasks"
            )));
        }
        if let Some((index, _)) = params
            .tasks
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .find(|(_, task)| task.background)
        {
            return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                "{tool_name} task {} cannot set background=true when fan-out options are used or multiple tasks are submitted; every branch is collected by the parent call",
                index + 1
            )));
        }
        if params.timeout_ms == Some(0) {
            return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                "{tool_name} timeout_ms must be at least 1"
            )));
        }
        if let Some(min_success_count) = params.min_success_count {
            if !params.allow_partial_failure {
                return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                    "{tool_name} min_success_count requires allow_partial_failure=true"
                )));
            }
            if min_success_count == 0 || min_success_count > params.tasks.len() {
                return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                    "{tool_name} min_success_count must be between 1 and the task count ({})",
                    params.tasks.len()
                )));
            }
        }

        let task_count = params.tasks.len();
        let run = executor
            .execute_parallel_for_tool(
                params.tasks.clone(),
                ctx.agent_event_tx.clone(),
                parallel_execution::ParallelToolOptions {
                    parent_session_id: ctx.session_id.as_deref(),
                    timeout_ms: params.timeout_ms,
                    min_success_count: params.min_success_count,
                    allow_partial_failure: params.allow_partial_failure,
                    parent_cancellation: Some(&parent_cancellation),
                },
            )
            .await;
        let results = run.results;

        let mut output = format!("Executed {} tasks concurrently:\n\n", task_count);
        let mut metadata_results = Vec::new();
        let source_anchor_counts = parallel_source_anchor_counts(&results);
        for (i, result) in results.iter().enumerate() {
            let status = if result.success { "[OK]" } else { "[ERR]" };
            let (formatted, truncated) = format_task_result_for_context(result);
            let (output_excerpt, _) = compact_task_output(&result.output);
            let source_anchors = &result.source_anchors[..source_anchor_counts[i]];
            metadata_results.push(serde_json::json!({
                "task_id": result.task_id,
                "session_id": result.session_id,
                "agent": result.agent,
                "success": result.success,
                "error_message": (!result.success).then(|| {
                    crate::text::truncate_utf8(&result.output, 1024).to_string()
                }),
                "output_excerpt": output_excerpt,
                "structured": result.structured,
                "source_anchors": source_anchors,
                "output_bytes": result.output.len(),
                "truncated_for_context": truncated,
                "artifact_id": task_artifact_id(result),
                "artifact_uri": task_artifact_uri(result),
            }));
            output.push_str(&format!(
                "--- Task {} ({}) {} ---\n{}\n\n",
                i + 1,
                result.agent,
                status,
                formatted
            ));
        }

        let success_count = results.iter().filter(|result| result.success).count();
        let failed_count = results.len().saturating_sub(success_count);
        let all_success = failed_count == 0;
        let partial_failure = failed_count > 0 && success_count > 0;
        if params.allow_partial_failure && partial_failure {
            output.push_str(&format!(
                "Partial failure tolerated: {success_count} succeeded, {failed_count} failed.\n"
            ));
        }
        if run.timed_out {
            output.push_str(&format!(
                "Task fan-out timed out after {} ms; returned completed child results and marked unfinished children failed.\n",
                run.timeout_ms.unwrap_or_default()
            ));
        } else if run.returned_early {
            output.push_str(&format!(
                "Task fan-out returned after reaching min_success_count={}; unfinished children were marked failed.\n",
                run.min_success_count.unwrap_or_default()
            ));
        }

        let tool_success = all_success || (params.allow_partial_failure && success_count > 0);
        let mut output = if tool_success {
            ToolOutput::success(output)
        } else {
            ToolOutput::error(output)
        };
        if !tool_success && failed_count > 0 {
            output.error_kind = Some(crate::tools::ToolErrorKind::PartialFailure {
                failed: failed_count,
                total: results.len(),
            });
        }

        Ok(output.with_metadata(serde_json::json!({
            "task_count": task_count,
            "result_count": results.len(),
            "success_count": success_count,
            "failed_count": failed_count,
            "all_success": all_success,
            "partial_failure": partial_failure,
            "allow_partial_failure": params.allow_partial_failure,
            "timeout_ms": params.timeout_ms,
            "timed_out": run.timed_out,
            "min_success_count": params.min_success_count,
            "returned_early": run.returned_early,
            "duration_ms": started_at.elapsed().as_millis().min(u128::from(u64::MAX)) as u64,
            "results": metadata_results,
        })))
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl Tool for ParallelTaskTool {
    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        "parallel_task"
    }

    fn description(&self) -> &str {
        PARALLEL_TASK_TOOL_DESCRIPTION
    }

    fn parameters(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
        parallel_params::parallel_task_params_schema_for_agents(&self.executor.visible_agents())
    }

    fn definition(&self) -> ToolDefinition {
        let agents = self.executor.visible_agents();
        ToolDefinition {
            name: self.name().to_string(),
            description: delegation_tool_description(self.description(), &agents),
            parameters: parallel_params::parallel_task_params_schema_for_agents(&agents),
        }
    }

    fn is_model_visible(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

    async fn execute(&self, args: &serde_json::Value, ctx: &ToolContext) -> Result<ToolOutput> {
        let params: ParallelTaskParams = match serde_json::from_value(args.clone()) {
            Ok(params) => params,
            Err(error) => {
                return Ok(invalid_delegation_argument(format!(
                    "Invalid parallel_task parameters: {error}"
                )));
            }
        };
        self.execute_params(params, ctx, "parallel_task", 2).await
    }
}

fn invalid_delegation_argument(message: String) -> ToolOutput {
    ToolOutput::error(&message)
        .with_error_kind(crate::tools::ToolErrorKind::InvalidArgument { message })
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;