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//! A simple, powerful template engine with minimal dependencies and
//! configurable delimiters.
//!
//! # Overview
//!
//! ## Syntax
//!
//! - Expressions: `{{ user.name }}`
//! - Conditionals: `{% if user.enabled %} ... {% endif %}`
//! - Loops: `{% for user in users %} ... {% endfor %}`
//! - Nested templates: `{% include "nested" %}`
//! - Configurable delimiters: `<? user.name ?>`, `(( if user.enabled ))`
//! - Arbitrary user defined filters: `{{ user.name | replace: "\t", " " }}`
//!
//! ## Engine
//!
//! - Clear and well documented API
//! - Customizable value formatters: `{{ user.name | escape_html }}`
//! - Render to a [`String`] or any [`std::io::Write`] implementor
//! - Render using any [`serde`] serializable values
//! - Convenient macro for quick rendering:
//! `upon::value!{ name: "John", age: 42 }`
//! - Pretty error messages when displayed using `{:#}`
//! - Format agnostic (does _not_ escape values for HTML by default)
//! - Minimal dependencies and decent runtime performance
//!
//! ## Why another template engine?
//!
//! It's true there are already a lot of template engines for Rust!
//!
//! I created `upon` because I required a template engine that had runtime
//! compiled templates, configurable syntax delimiters and minimal dependencies.
//! I also didn't need support for arbitrary expressions in the template syntax
//! but occasionally I needed something more flexible than outputting simple
//! values (hence filters). Performance was also a concern for me, template
//! engines like [Handlebars] and [Tera] have a lot of features but can be up to
//! five to seven times slower to render than engines like [TinyTemplate].
//!
//! Basically I wanted something like [TinyTemplate] with support for
//! configurable delimiters and user defined filter functions. The syntax is
//! inspired by template engines like [Liquid] and [Jinja].
//!
//! [Jinja]: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com
//! [Handlebars]: https://crates.io/crates/handlebars
//! [Liquid]: https://liquidjs.com
//! [Tera]: https://crates.io/crates/tera
//! [TinyTemplate]: https://crates.io/crates/tinytemplate
//!
//! ## MSRV
//!
//! Currently the minimum supported version for `upon` is Rust 1.65. Disabling
//! the **`filters`** feature reduces it to Rust 1.60. The MSRV will only ever
//! be increased in a breaking release.
//!
//! # Getting started
//!
//! First, add the crate to your Cargo manifest.
//!
//! ```sh
//! cargo add upon
//! ```
//!
//! Now construct an [`Engine`]. The engine stores the syntax config, filter
//! functions, formatters, and compiled templates. Generally, you only need to
//! construct one engine during the lifetime of a program.
//!
//! ```
//! let engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! ```
//!
//! Next, [`add_template(..)`][Engine::add_template] is used to compile and store a
//! template in the engine.
//!
//! ```
//! # let mut engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! engine.add_template("hello", "Hello {{ user.name }}!")?;
//! # Ok::<(), upon::Error>(())
//! ```
//!
//! Finally, the template is rendered by fetching it using
//! [`template(..)`][Engine::template], calling
//! [`render(..)`][TemplateRef::render] and rendering to a string.
//!
//! ```
//! # let mut engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! # engine.add_template("hello", "Hello {{ user.name }}!")?;
//! let result = engine
//! .template("hello")
//! .render(upon::value!{ user: { name: "John Smith" }})
//! .to_string()?;
//! assert_eq!(result, "Hello John Smith!");
//! # Ok::<(), upon::Error>(())
//! ```
//!
//! # Further reading
//!
//! - The [`syntax`] module documentation outlines the template syntax.
//! - The [`filters`] module documentation describes filters and how they work.
//! - The [`fmt`] module documentation contains information on value formatters.
//! - In addition to the examples in the current document, the
//! [`examples/`][examples] directory in the repository constains some more
//! concrete code examples.
//!
//! [examples]: https://github.com/rossmacarthur/upon/tree/trunk/examples
//!
//! # Features
//!
//! The following crate features are available.
//!
//! - **`filters`** _(enabled by default)_ — Enables support for filters in
//! templates (see [`Engine::add_filter`]). This does _not_ affect value
//! formatters (see [`Engine::add_formatter`]). Disabling this will improve
//! compile times.
//!
//! - **`serde`** _(enabled by default)_ — Enables all serde support and pulls
//! in the [`serde`] crate as a dependency. If disabled then you can use
//! [`render_from(..)`][TemplateRef::render_from] to render templates and
//! construct the context using [`Value`]'s `From` impls.
//!
//! - **`unicode`** _(enabled by default)_ — Enables unicode support and pulls
//! in the [`unicode-ident`][unicode_ident] and
//! [`unicode-width`][unicode_width] crates. If disabled then unicode
//! identifiers will no longer be allowed in templates and `.chars().count()`
//! will be used in error formatting.
//!
//! To disable all features or to use a subset you need to set `default-features
//! = false` in your Cargo manifest and then enable the features that you would
//! like. For example to use **`serde`** but disable **`filters`** and
//! **`unicode`** you would do the following.
//!
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies]
//! upon = { version = "...", default-features = false, features = ["serde"] }
//! ```
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! ## Nested templates
//!
//! You can include other templates by name using `{% include .. %}`.
//!
//! ```
//! let mut engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! engine.add_template("hello", "Hello {{ user.name }}!")?;
//! engine.add_template("goodbye", "Goodbye {{ user.name }}!")?;
//! engine.add_template("nested", "{% include \"hello\" %}\n{% include \"goodbye\" %}")?;
//!
//! let result = engine.template("nested")
//! .render(upon::value!{ user: { name: "John Smith" }})
//! .to_string()?;
//! assert_eq!(result, "Hello John Smith!\nGoodbye John Smith!");
//! # Ok::<(), upon::Error>(())
//! ```
//!
//! ## Render to writer
//!
//! Instead of rendering to a string it is possible to render the template to
//! any [`std::io::Write`] implementor using
//! [`to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
//!
//! ```
//! use std::io;
//!
//! let mut engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! engine.add_template("hello", "Hello {{ user.name }}!")?;
//!
//! let mut stdout = io::BufWriter::new(io::stdout());
//! engine
//! .template("hello")
//! .render(upon::value!{ user: { name: "John Smith" }})
//! .to_writer(&mut stdout)?;
//! // Prints: Hello John Smith!
//! # Ok::<(), upon::Error>(())
//! ```
//!
//! ## Borrowed templates with short lifetimes
//!
//! If the lifetime of the template source is shorter than the engine lifetime
//! or you don't need to store the compiled template then you can also use the
//! [`compile(..)`][Engine::compile] function to return the template directly.
//!
//! ```
//! # let engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! let template = engine.compile("Hello {{ user.name }}!")?;
//! let result = template
//! .render(&engine, upon::value!{ user: { name: "John Smith" }})
//! .to_string()?;
//! assert_eq!(result, "Hello John Smith!");
//! # Ok::<(), upon::Error>(())
//! ```
//!
//! ## Custom template store and function
//!
//! The [`compile(..)`][Engine::compile] function can also be used in
//! conjunction with a custom template store which can allow for more advanced
//! use cases. For example: relative template paths or controlling template
//! access.
//!
//! ```
//! # let engine = upon::Engine::new();
//! let mut store = std::collections::HashMap::<&str, upon::Template>::new();
//! store.insert("hello", engine.compile("Hello {{ user.name }}!")?);
//! store.insert("goodbye", engine.compile("Goodbye {{ user.name }}!")?);
//! store.insert("nested", engine.compile("{% include \"hello\" %}\n{% include \"goodbye\" %}")?);
//!
//! let result = store.get("nested")
//! .unwrap()
//! .render(&engine, upon::value!{ user: { name: "John Smith" }})
//! .with_template_fn(|name| {
//! store
//! .get(name)
//! .ok_or_else(|| String::from("template not found"))
//! })
//! .to_string()?;
//! assert_eq!(result, "Hello John Smith!\nGoodbye John Smith!");
//! # Ok::<(), upon::Error>(())
//! ```
#![deny(unsafe_code)]
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "filters")))]
pub mod filters;
pub mod fmt;
#[cfg(doc)]
pub mod syntax;
mod compile;
mod error;
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
mod macros;
mod render;
mod types;
mod value;
use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
pub use crate::error::Error;
pub use crate::render::Renderer;
pub use crate::types::syntax::{Syntax, SyntaxBuilder};
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serde")))]
pub use crate::value::to_value;
pub use crate::value::Value;
use crate::compile::Searcher;
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
use crate::filters::{Filter, FilterArgs, FilterFn, FilterReturn};
use crate::fmt::FormatFn;
use crate::types::program;
/// A type alias for results in this crate.
pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
/// The compilation and rendering engine.
pub struct Engine<'engine> {
searcher: Searcher,
default_formatter: &'engine FormatFn,
functions: BTreeMap<Cow<'engine, str>, EngineBoxFn>,
templates: BTreeMap<Cow<'engine, str>, program::Template<'engine>>,
max_include_depth: usize,
}
/// A type of function stored in the engine.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum EngineFn {
/// A value formatter. See [`Engine::add_formatter`].
Formatter,
/// A filter. See [`Engine::add_filter`].
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "filters")))]
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
Filter,
}
enum EngineBoxFn {
Formatter(Box<FormatFn>),
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
Filter(Box<FilterFn>),
}
type ValueFn<'a> = dyn Fn(&[ValueMember]) -> std::result::Result<Value, String> + 'a;
/// A member in a value path.
///
/// Passed to custom value function when using
/// [`render_from_fn`][Template::render_from_fn].
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct ValueMember<'a> {
/// The type of member access (direct or optional).
pub op: ValueAccessOp,
/// The index or key being accessed.
pub access: ValueAccess<'a>,
}
/// A key in a value path.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum ValueAccess<'a> {
/// An index into an array like `2` in `user.names.2`.
Index(usize),
/// A key lookup from a map or member access like `name` in `user.name`.
Key(&'a str),
}
/// The type of member access.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum ValueAccessOp {
/// A member access like `.` in `user.name`.
Direct,
/// A member access like `?.` in `user?.name`.
Optional,
}
/// A compiled template created using [`Engine::compile`].
///
/// For convenience this struct's lifetime is not tied to the lifetime of the
/// engine. However, it is considered a logic error to attempt to render this
/// template using a different engine than the one that created it. If that
/// happens the render call may panic or produce incorrect output.
pub struct Template<'source> {
template: program::Template<'source>,
}
/// A reference to a compiled template in an [`Engine`].
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
pub struct TemplateRef<'engine> {
engine: &'engine Engine<'engine>,
name: &'engine str,
template: &'engine program::Template<'engine>,
}
impl<'engine> Default for Engine<'engine> {
#[inline]
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
impl<'engine> Engine<'engine> {
/// Construct a new engine.
#[inline]
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self::with_syntax(Syntax::default())
}
/// Construct a new engine with custom syntax.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use upon::{Engine, Syntax};
///
/// let syntax = Syntax::builder().expr("<{", "}>").block("<[", "]>").build();
/// let engine = Engine::with_syntax(syntax);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn with_syntax(syntax: Syntax<'engine>) -> Self {
Self {
searcher: Searcher::new(syntax),
default_formatter: &fmt::default,
functions: BTreeMap::new(),
templates: BTreeMap::new(),
max_include_depth: 64,
}
}
/// Set the maximum length of the template render stack.
///
/// This is the maximum number of nested `{% include ... %}` statements that
/// are allowed during rendering, as counted from the root template.
///
/// Defaults to `64`.
#[inline]
pub fn set_max_include_depth(&mut self, depth: usize) {
self.max_include_depth = depth;
}
/// Set the default formatter.
///
/// The default formatter defines how values are formatted in the rendered
/// template. If not configured this defaults to [`fmt::default`] which does
/// not perform any escaping. See the [`fmt`] module documentation for more
/// information on value formatters.
#[inline]
pub fn set_default_formatter<F>(&mut self, f: &'engine F)
where
F: Fn(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, &Value) -> fmt::Result + Sync + Send + 'static,
{
self.default_formatter = f;
}
/// Add a new value formatter to the engine.
///
/// See the [`fmt`] module documentation for more information on formatters.
///
/// # Note
///
/// Formatters and filters share the same namespace. If a filter or
/// formatter with the same name already exists in the engine, it is
/// replaced and `Some(_)` with the type of function that was replaced is
/// returned, else `None` is returned.
#[inline]
pub fn add_formatter<N, F>(&mut self, name: N, f: F) -> Option<EngineFn>
where
N: Into<Cow<'engine, str>>,
F: Fn(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, &Value) -> fmt::Result + Sync + Send + 'static,
{
self.functions
.insert(name.into(), EngineBoxFn::Formatter(Box::new(f)))
.map(|f| f.discriminant())
}
/// Add a new filter to the engine.
///
/// See the [`filters`] module documentation for more information on
/// filters.
///
/// # Note
///
/// Formatters and filters share the same namespace. If a filter or
/// formatter with the same name already exists in the engine, it is
/// replaced and `Some(_)` with the type of function that was replaced is
/// returned, else `None` is returned.
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "filters")))]
#[inline]
pub fn add_filter<N, F, R, A>(&mut self, name: N, f: F) -> Option<EngineFn>
where
N: Into<Cow<'engine, str>>,
F: Filter<R, A> + Send + Sync + 'static,
R: FilterReturn,
A: FilterArgs,
{
self.functions
.insert(name.into(), EngineBoxFn::Filter(filters::new(f)))
.map(|f| f.discriminant())
}
/// Remove a formatter or filter by name.
///
/// # Note
///
/// Formatters and filters share the same namespace. If a filter or
/// formatter with name existed in the engine, it is replaced and `Some(_)`
/// with the type of function that was replaced is returned, else `None` is
/// returned.
pub fn remove_function(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<EngineFn> {
self.functions.remove(name).map(|f| f.discriminant())
}
/// Add a template to the engine.
///
/// The template will be compiled and stored under the given name.
///
/// You can either pass a borrowed template ([`&str`]) or owned template
/// ([`String`]) to this function. When passing a borrowed template, the
/// lifetime needs to be at least as long as the engine lifetime. For
/// shorter template lifetimes use [`.compile(..)`][Engine::compile].
#[inline]
pub fn add_template<N, S>(&mut self, name: N, source: S) -> Result<()>
where
N: Into<Cow<'engine, str>>,
S: Into<Cow<'engine, str>>,
{
match compile::template(self, source.into()) {
Ok(template) => {
self.templates.insert(name.into(), template);
Ok(())
}
Err(err) => Err(err.with_template_name(name.into().into())),
}
}
/// Lookup a template by name.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// If the template with the given name does not exist.
///
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
pub fn template(&self, name: &str) -> TemplateRef<'_> {
match self.get_template(name) {
Some(template) => template,
None => panic!("template with name '{}' does not exist in engine", name),
}
}
/// Lookup a template by name, returning `None` if it does not exist.
#[inline]
pub fn get_template(&self, name: &str) -> Option<TemplateRef<'_>> {
self.templates
.get_key_value(name)
.map(|(name, template)| TemplateRef {
engine: self,
name,
template,
})
}
/// Remove a template by name.
///
/// Returns `true` if a template was removed, `false` if there was no
/// template of that name.
#[inline]
pub fn remove_template(&mut self, name: &str) -> bool {
self.templates.remove(name).is_some()
}
/// Compile a template.
///
/// The template will not be stored in the engine. The advantage over using
/// [`.add_template(..)`][Engine::add_template] here is that if the template
/// source is borrowed, it does not need to outlive the engine.
#[inline]
pub fn compile<'source, S>(&self, source: S) -> Result<Template<'source>>
where
S: Into<Cow<'source, str>>,
{
let template = compile::template(self, source.into())?;
Ok(Template { template })
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for Engine<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Engine")
.field("searcher", &(..))
.field("default_formatter", &(..))
.field("functions", &self.functions)
.field("templates", &self.templates)
.field("max_include_depth", &self.max_include_depth)
.finish()
}
}
impl EngineBoxFn {
fn discriminant(&self) -> EngineFn {
match self {
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
Self::Filter(_) => EngineFn::Filter,
Self::Formatter(_) => EngineFn::Formatter,
}
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for EngineBoxFn {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
let name = match self {
#[cfg(feature = "filters")]
Self::Filter(_) => "Filter",
Self::Formatter(_) => "Formatter",
};
f.debug_tuple(name).finish()
}
}
impl<'render> Template<'render> {
/// Render the template using the provided [`serde`] value.
///
/// The returned struct must be consumed using
/// [`.to_string()`][crate::Renderer::to_string] or
/// [`.to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serde")))]
#[inline]
pub fn render<S>(&self, engine: &'render Engine<'render>, ctx: S) -> Renderer<'_>
where
S: serde::Serialize,
{
Renderer::with_serde(engine, &self.template, None, ctx)
}
/// Render the template using the provided value.
///
/// The returned struct must be consumed using
/// [`.to_string()`][crate::Renderer::to_string] or
/// [`.to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
#[inline]
pub fn render_from(
&self,
engine: &'render Engine<'render>,
ctx: &'render Value,
) -> Renderer<'_> {
Renderer::with_value(engine, &self.template, None, ctx)
}
/// Render the using the provided value function.
///
/// The returned struct must be consumed using
/// [`.to_string()`][crate::Renderer::to_string] or
/// [`.to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
#[inline]
pub fn render_from_fn<F>(&self, engine: &'render Engine<'render>, value_fn: F) -> Renderer<'_>
where
F: Fn(&[ValueMember<'_>]) -> std::result::Result<Value, String> + 'render,
{
Renderer::with_value_fn(engine, &self.template, None, Box::new(value_fn))
}
/// Returns the original template source.
#[inline]
pub fn source(&self) -> &str {
&self.template.source
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for Template<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Template")
.field("engine", &(..))
.field("template", &self.template)
.finish()
}
}
impl<'render> TemplateRef<'render> {
/// Render the template using the provided [`serde`] value.
///
/// The returned struct must be consumed using
/// [`.to_string()`][crate::Renderer::to_string] or
/// [`.to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serde")))]
#[inline]
pub fn render<S>(&self, ctx: S) -> Renderer<'_>
where
S: serde::Serialize,
{
Renderer::with_serde(self.engine, self.template, Some(self.name), ctx)
}
/// Render the template using the provided value.
///
/// The returned struct must be consumed using
/// [`.to_string()`][crate::Renderer::to_string] or
/// [`.to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
#[inline]
pub fn render_from(&self, ctx: &'render Value) -> Renderer<'render> {
Renderer::with_value(self.engine, self.template, Some(self.name), ctx)
}
/// Render the using the provided value function.
///
/// The returned struct must be consumed using
/// [`.to_string()`][crate::Renderer::to_string] or
/// [`.to_writer(..)`][crate::Renderer::to_writer].
#[inline]
pub fn render_from_fn<F>(&self, value_fn: F) -> Renderer<'render>
where
F: Fn(&[ValueMember<'_>]) -> std::result::Result<Value, String> + 'render,
{
Renderer::with_value_fn(
self.engine,
self.template,
Some(self.name),
Box::new(value_fn),
)
}
/// Returns the original template source.
#[inline]
pub fn source(&self) -> &'render str {
&self.template.source
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for TemplateRef<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("TemplateRef")
.field("engine", &(..))
.field("name", &self.name)
.field("template", &self.template)
.finish()
}
}