sysml_v2_parser/parser/

mod.rs

//! Nom-based parser for SysML v2 textual notation.
//!
//! Organized into modules:
//! - [lex]: whitespace, comments, names, qualified names, skip helpers
//! - [attribute]: attribute definition and usage
//! - [import]: import and relationship body
//! - [part]: part definition and part usage
//! - [package]: package and root namespace

mod action;
mod alias;
mod allocation;
mod attribute;
mod bnf_surface;
mod body;
mod case;
mod connection;
mod constraint;
mod definition_prefix;
mod dependency;
mod enumeration;
mod expr;
mod flow;
mod import;
mod individual;
mod interface;
mod item;
mod lex;
mod metadata;
mod metadata_annotation;
mod occurrence;
mod package;
mod part;
mod port;
mod requirement;
mod span;
mod specialization;
mod state;
mod usage;
mod usecase;
mod view;

use crate::ast::{
    ActionDefBody, ActionDefBodyElement, ActionUsageBody, ActionUsageBodyElement, CalcDefBody,
    CalcDefBodyElement, ConstraintDefBody, ConstraintDefBodyElement, PackageBody,
    PackageBodyElement, ParseErrorNode, PartDefBody, PartDefBodyElement, PartUsageBody,
    PartUsageBodyElement, RequirementDefBody, RequirementDefBodyElement, RootNamespace,
    StateDefBody, StateDefBodyElement, UseCaseDefBody, UseCaseDefBodyElement, ViewBody,
    ViewBodyElement, ViewDefBody, ViewDefBodyElement,
};
use crate::error::{DiagnosticCategory, DiagnosticSeverity, ParseError};
use nom::error::Error;
use nom_locate::LocatedSpan;
pub(crate) use span::{node_from_to, span_from_to, with_span, Input};

/// Result of parsing with error recovery: a (possibly partial) AST and zero or more diagnostics.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ParseResult {
    /// Root namespace; contains all successfully parsed top-level elements (partial when errors occurred).
    pub root: RootNamespace,
    /// All parse errors encountered (multiple when recovery is used).
    pub errors: Vec<ParseError>,
}

impl ParseResult {
    /// True if the document parsed fully with no errors.
    pub fn is_ok(&self) -> bool {
        self.errors.is_empty()
    }
}

const FOUND_SNIPPET_MAX_LEN: usize = 40;
const ILLEGAL_TOP_LEVEL_STARTERS: &[&[u8]] = &[
    b"action",
    b"actor",
    b"alias",
    b"allocate",
    b"allocation",
    b"attribute",
    b"bind",
    b"calc",
    b"case",
    b"concern",
    b"connection",
    b"constraint",
    b"dependency",
    b"enum",
    b"flow",
    b"interface",
    b"item",
    b"metadata",
    b"occurrence",
    b"part",
    b"perform",
    b"port",
    b"ref",
    b"require",
    b"requirement",
    b"satisfy",
    b"state",
    b"use",
    b"verification",
    b"view",
    b"viewpoint",
];

/// Take a short snippet from the input at the error position for "found" display.
/// Uses first line or first FOUND_SNIPPET_MAX_LEN bytes, UTF-8 with replacement char.
fn fragment_to_found_snippet(fragment: &[u8]) -> (String, usize) {
    let take = fragment
        .iter()
        .position(|&b| b == b'\n' || b == b'\r')
        .map(|p| p.min(FOUND_SNIPPET_MAX_LEN))
        .unwrap_or_else(|| fragment.len().min(FOUND_SNIPPET_MAX_LEN));
    let slice = fragment.get(..take).unwrap_or(fragment);
    let s = String::from_utf8_lossy(slice)
        .replace('\n', "\\n")
        .replace('\r', "\\r");
    let len = slice.len();
    (s.trim_end().to_string(), len)
}

pub(crate) fn recovery_found_snippet(input: Input<'_>) -> Option<String> {
    let frag = input.fragment();
    let take = frag
        .iter()
        .position(|&b| b == b'\n' || b == b'\r')
        .unwrap_or(frag.len())
        .min(60);
    let snippet = String::from_utf8_lossy(&frag[..take]).trim().to_string();
    if snippet.is_empty() {
        None
    } else {
        Some(snippet)
    }
}

fn recovery_found_snippet_from_span(input: Input<'_>, recovery_end: Input<'_>) -> Option<String> {
    let consumed_len = recovery_end
        .location_offset()
        .saturating_sub(input.location_offset())
        .min(input.fragment().len());
    if consumed_len == 0 {
        return recovery_found_snippet(input);
    }
    let frag = &input.fragment()[..consumed_len];
    let take = frag
        .iter()
        .position(|&b| b == b'\n' || b == b'\r')
        .unwrap_or(frag.len())
        .min(60);
    let snippet = String::from_utf8_lossy(&frag[..take]).trim().to_string();
    if snippet.is_empty() {
        recovery_found_snippet(input)
    } else {
        Some(snippet)
    }
}

/// Map nom error kind to a human-readable message for language server diagnostics.
fn nom_error_kind_to_message(code: &nom::error::ErrorKind) -> &'static str {
    use nom::error::ErrorKind;
    match code {
        ErrorKind::Tag => "expected keyword or token",
        ErrorKind::Digit => "expected number",
        ErrorKind::Alpha => "expected identifier",
        ErrorKind::AlphaNumeric => "expected identifier",
        ErrorKind::Space => "expected whitespace",
        ErrorKind::MultiSpace => "expected whitespace",
        ErrorKind::Eof => "unexpected end of input",
        ErrorKind::TakeUntil => "expected terminator",
        ErrorKind::TakeWhile1 => "expected token",
        ErrorKind::Alt => {
            "expected package, import, part, port, interface, alias, attribute, or action"
        }
        ErrorKind::Many0 | ErrorKind::Many1 => "expected list of elements",
        _ => "parse error",
    }
}

/// Map nom error kind to a specific code for LSP/quick fixes.
fn nom_error_kind_to_code(code: &nom::error::ErrorKind) -> &'static str {
    use nom::error::ErrorKind;
    match code {
        ErrorKind::Tag => "expected_keyword",
        ErrorKind::Digit => "expected_number",
        ErrorKind::Alpha | ErrorKind::AlphaNumeric => "expected_identifier",
        ErrorKind::Space | ErrorKind::MultiSpace => "expected_whitespace",
        ErrorKind::Eof => "unexpected_eof",
        ErrorKind::TakeUntil => "expected_terminator",
        ErrorKind::TakeWhile1 => "expected_token",
        ErrorKind::Alt => "expected_alt",
        ErrorKind::Many0 | ErrorKind::Many1 => "expected_list",
        _ => "parse_error",
    }
}

fn nom_err_to_parse_error(
    e: &Error<Input<'_>>,
    length_override: Option<usize>,
    expected_context: Option<&'static str>,
) -> ParseError {
    let offset = e.input.location_offset();
    let line = e.input.location_line();
    let column = e.input.get_column();
    let fragment = e.input.fragment();
    let (found_snippet, found_len) = fragment_to_found_snippet(fragment);
    let message = nom_error_kind_to_message(&e.code).to_string();
    let span_len = length_override.unwrap_or(found_len).max(1);
    if trim_ascii_start(fragment).starts_with(b"}") {
        return unexpected_closing_brace_parse_error(e.input);
    }
    let mut pe = ParseError::new(message)
        .with_location(offset, line, column)
        .with_length(span_len)
        .with_code(nom_error_kind_to_code(&e.code))
        .with_severity(DiagnosticSeverity::Error)
        .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError);
    if !found_snippet.is_empty() {
        pe = pe.with_found(found_snippet);
    }
    if let Some(ctx) = expected_context {
        pe = pe.with_expected(ctx);
    }
    let at_root = expected_context.is_some_and(|ctx| {
        ctx.contains("'package', 'namespace', or 'import'") || ctx.contains("top level")
    });
    if at_root && is_illegal_top_level_definition(fragment) {
        pe.message = "illegal top-level definition".to_string();
        pe.code = Some("illegal_top_level_definition".to_string());
        pe.expected = Some("'package', 'namespace', or 'import'".to_string());
        pe.suggestion = Some(
            "Wrap this declaration in `package ... { ... }` or `namespace ... { ... }`."
                .to_string(),
        );
    }
    pe
}

fn is_illegal_top_level_definition(fragment: &[u8]) -> bool {
    let trimmed = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    !trimmed.starts_with(b"}")
        && !trimmed.starts_with(b"//")
        && !trimmed.starts_with(b"/*")
        && lex::starts_with_any_keyword(trimmed, ILLEGAL_TOP_LEVEL_STARTERS)
}

fn trim_ascii_start(mut fragment: &[u8]) -> &[u8] {
    while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
        if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[1..];
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }
    fragment
}

fn starts_with_missing_name_after_keyword(
    fragment: &[u8],
    keyword: &[u8],
    trailing_keywords: &[&[u8]],
) -> bool {
    let mut fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    if !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, keyword) {
        return false;
    }
    fragment = &fragment[keyword.len()..];
    while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
        if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[1..];
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }
    for trailing in trailing_keywords {
        if lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, trailing) {
            fragment = &fragment[trailing.len()..];
            while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
                if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
                    fragment = &fragment[1..];
                    continue;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    fragment.starts_with(b":")
        && !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b":>>")
        && !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b":>")
        && !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"::")
}

fn starts_with_missing_type_after_keyword(
    fragment: &[u8],
    keyword: &[u8],
    trailing_keywords: &[&[u8]],
) -> bool {
    let mut fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    if !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, keyword) {
        return false;
    }
    fragment = &fragment[keyword.len()..];
    while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
        if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[1..];
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }
    for trailing in trailing_keywords {
        if lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, trailing) {
            fragment = &fragment[trailing.len()..];
            while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
                if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
                    fragment = &fragment[1..];
                    continue;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    let mut name_len = 0usize;
    while name_len < fragment.len()
        && (fragment[name_len].is_ascii_alphanumeric() || fragment[name_len] == b'_')
    {
        name_len += 1;
    }
    if name_len == 0 {
        return false;
    }
    fragment = &fragment[name_len..];
    while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
        if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[1..];
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }
    if fragment.starts_with(b":") {
        fragment = &fragment[1..];
    } else if lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"defined") {
        fragment = &fragment[b"defined".len()..];
        fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
        if !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"by") {
            return false;
        }
        fragment = &fragment[b"by".len()..];
    } else if lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"typed") {
        fragment = &fragment[b"typed".len()..];
        fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
        if !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"by") {
            return false;
        }
        fragment = &fragment[b"by".len()..];
    } else {
        return false;
    }
    while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
        if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[1..];
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }

    fragment.is_empty()
        || fragment.starts_with(b";")
        || fragment.starts_with(b"{")
        || fragment.starts_with(b"}")
        || lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"then")
        || lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"if")
        || lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"do")
}

fn missing_name_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
    scope_label: &str,
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    let cases: &[(&[u8], &[&[u8]], &str, &str)] = &[
        (
            b"subject",
            &[],
            "subject name",
            "Use `subject laptop: Laptop;`.",
        ),
        (b"actor", &[], "actor name", "Use `actor user: User;`."),
        (b"state", &[], "state name", "Use `state ready: Mode;`."),
        (b"part", &[], "part name", "Use `part wheel: Wheel;`."),
        (b"ref", &[], "reference name", "Use `ref sensor: Sensor;`."),
        (b"port", &[], "port name", "Use `port power: PowerPort;`."),
        (
            b"attribute",
            &[],
            "attribute name",
            "Use `attribute mass: MassValue;`.",
        ),
        (b"in", &[], "input name", "Use `in speed: Real;`."),
        (b"out", &[], "output name", "Use `out result: Real;`."),
        (
            b"perform",
            &[b"action"],
            "action name",
            "Use `perform action run: Runner;`.",
        ),
        (b"return", &[], "return name", "Use `return result: Real;`."),
    ];

    let allow_anonymous_requirement_params = scope_label == "requirement body";
    for (keyword, trailing, missing_what, suggestion) in cases {
        if allow_anonymous_requirement_params
            && (keyword == b"subject" || keyword == b"actor")
            && starts_with_missing_name_after_keyword(fragment, keyword, trailing)
        {
            // SysML allows unnamed subject/actor parameters: `actor : Battery;`
            continue;
        }
        if starts_with_missing_name_after_keyword(fragment, keyword, trailing) {
            return Some((
                "missing_member_name",
                format!("expected {missing_what} before ':'"),
                format!("{missing_what} before ':'"),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
    }
    None
}

fn missing_type_diagnostic(fragment: &[u8]) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    let cases: &[(&[u8], &[&[u8]], &str)] = &[
        (b"subject", &[], "subject type"),
        (b"actor", &[], "actor type"),
        (b"state", &[], "state type"),
        (b"part", &[], "part type"),
        (b"ref", &[], "reference type"),
        (b"port", &[], "port type"),
        (b"attribute", &[], "attribute type"),
        (b"occurrence", &[], "occurrence type"),
        (b"in", &[], "input type"),
        (b"out", &[], "output type"),
        (b"perform", &[b"action"], "action type"),
        (b"return", &[], "return type"),
    ];

    for &(keyword, trailing, missing_what) in cases {
        if starts_with_missing_type_after_keyword(fragment, keyword, trailing) {
            let keyword_label = String::from_utf8_lossy(keyword);
            let sample_name = if keyword == &b"subject"[..] {
                "laptop"
            } else if keyword == &b"actor"[..] {
                "user"
            } else if keyword == &b"state"[..] {
                "ready"
            } else if keyword == &b"part"[..] {
                "wheel"
            } else if keyword == &b"ref"[..] {
                "sensor"
            } else if keyword == &b"port"[..] {
                "power"
            } else if keyword == &b"attribute"[..] {
                "mass"
            } else if keyword == &b"occurrence"[..] {
                "event"
            } else if keyword == &b"in"[..] {
                "speed"
            } else if keyword == &b"out"[..] {
                "result"
            } else if keyword == &b"perform"[..] {
                "run"
            } else if keyword == &b"return"[..] {
                "result"
            } else {
                "member"
            };
            let sample_type = if keyword == &b"subject"[..] {
                "Laptop"
            } else if keyword == &b"actor"[..] {
                "User"
            } else if keyword == &b"state"[..] {
                "Mode"
            } else if keyword == &b"part"[..] {
                "Wheel"
            } else if keyword == &b"ref"[..] {
                "Sensor"
            } else if keyword == &b"port"[..] {
                "PowerPort"
            } else if keyword == &b"attribute"[..] {
                "MassValue"
            } else if keyword == &b"occurrence"[..] {
                "Event"
            } else if keyword == &b"in"[..] || keyword == &b"out"[..] {
                "Real"
            } else if keyword == &b"perform"[..] {
                "Runner"
            } else if keyword == &b"return"[..] {
                "Real"
            } else {
                "Type"
            };
            let suggestion = if keyword == &b"perform"[..] {
                format!("Use `perform action {sample_name}: {sample_type};`.")
            } else if keyword == &b"return"[..] {
                format!("Use `return {sample_name}: {sample_type};`.")
            } else {
                format!("Use `{keyword_label} {sample_name}: {sample_type};`.")
            };
            return Some((
                "missing_type_reference",
                format!("expected {missing_what} after ':'"),
                format!("{missing_what} after ':'"),
                suggestion,
            ));
        }
    }
    None
}

fn invalid_expose_separator_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let mut fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    if !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"expose") {
        return None;
    }
    fragment = &fragment[b"expose".len()..];
    while let Some(first) = fragment.first() {
        if first.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[1..];
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }
    if fragment.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    let mut saw_dot = false;
    let mut in_quoted_name = false;
    for &b in fragment {
        if b == b'\'' {
            in_quoted_name = !in_quoted_name;
            continue;
        }
        if in_quoted_name {
            continue;
        }
        if matches!(b, b';' | b'[' | b'{' | b'}' | b'\n' | b'\r') {
            break;
        }
        if b == b'.' {
            saw_dot = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    if !saw_dot {
        return None;
    }

    Some((
        "invalid_qualified_name_separator",
        "invalid qualified name in expose target: use '::' instead of '.'".to_string(),
        "qualified name segments separated by '::'".to_string(),
        "Replace '.' with '::' in the expose target (example: `expose A::B;`).".to_string(),
    ))
}

fn invalid_requirement_short_name_syntax_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    if fragment.starts_with(b"requirement def") {
        let mut rest = trim_ascii_start(&fragment[b"requirement def".len()..]);
        if rest.starts_with(b"id") {
            rest = trim_ascii_start(&rest[2..]);
            if rest.first() == Some(&b'\'') || rest.first() == Some(&b'"') {
                let quote = rest[0];
                if let Some(close) = rest[1..].iter().position(|&b| b == quote) {
                    let req_id = String::from_utf8_lossy(&rest[1..1 + close]);
                    return Some((
                        "invalid_requirement_short_name_syntax",
                        format!(
                            "requirement definition uses non-standard `id '{req_id}'` syntax; use a short name in angle brackets"
                        ),
                        "short name in angle brackets after `requirement def`".to_string(),
                        format!(
                            "Use `requirement def <'{req_id}'> ...` instead of `requirement def id '{req_id}' ...`."
                        ),
                    ));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Header already consumed `id` as a name; recovery starts at the quoted requirement ID.
    if fragment.first() == Some(&b'\'') || fragment.first() == Some(&b'"') {
        let quote = fragment[0];
        if let Some(close) = fragment[1..].iter().position(|&b| b == quote) {
            let req_id = String::from_utf8_lossy(&fragment[1..1 + close]);
            return Some((
                "invalid_requirement_short_name_syntax",
                format!(
                    "requirement ID `'{req_id}'` should use short-name syntax in angle brackets, not a separate `id` keyword"
                ),
                "short name in angle brackets after `requirement def`".to_string(),
                format!("Use `requirement def <'{req_id}'> ...` instead of `requirement def id '{req_id}' ...`."),
            ));
        }
    }
    None
}

fn bare_feature_declaration_in_part_def_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    let feature_keywords: &[&[u8]] = &[
        b"attribute",
        b"part",
        b"port",
        b"item",
        b"ref",
        b"bind",
        b"connection",
        b"interface",
        b"action",
        b"state",
        b"import",
        b"doc",
        b"comment",
        b"constraint",
        b"calc",
        b"perform",
        b"enum",
    ];
    if lex::starts_with_any_keyword(fragment, feature_keywords) {
        return None;
    }
    let ident_end = fragment
        .iter()
        .position(|b| !b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && *b != b'_')
        .unwrap_or(fragment.len());
    if ident_end == 0 || !fragment[0].is_ascii_alphabetic() {
        return None;
    }
    let ident = String::from_utf8_lossy(&fragment[..ident_end]);
    let rest = trim_ascii_start(&fragment[ident_end..]);
    if !rest.starts_with(b":") {
        return None;
    }
    if fragment.windows(3).any(|w| w == b":>>" || w == b":> " || w == b"::>")
        || fragment.windows(8).any(|w| w == b" connect")
        || fragment.windows(4).any(|w| w == b" to ")
    {
        return None;
    }
    let rest = trim_ascii_start(&rest[1..]);
    let type_end = rest
        .iter()
        .position(|b| matches!(*b, b';' | b'{' | b'}' | b'\n' | b'\r' | b'['))
        .unwrap_or(rest.len());
    if type_end == 0 {
        return None;
    }
    let type_name = String::from_utf8_lossy(&rest[..type_end]).trim().to_string();
    let sample_ident = ident.to_lowercase();
    Some((
        "bare_feature_declaration_in_part_def",
        format!("bare feature `{ident} : {type_name}` is not valid in a part definition body"),
        "feature kind keyword such as `attribute`, `part`, or `port`".to_string(),
        format!("Use `attribute {sample_ident} : {type_name};` (or `item` / `port` as appropriate)."),
    ))
}

fn starts_declaration_header(fragment: &[u8], prefix: &[u8]) -> bool {
    if !fragment.starts_with(prefix) {
        return false;
    }
    let rest = &fragment[prefix.len()..];
    rest.is_empty()
        || rest[0].is_ascii_whitespace()
        || rest[0] == b'<'
        || rest[0] == b';'
        || rest[0] == b'{'
}

fn missing_semicolon_or_body_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    if let Some(diag) = invalid_requirement_short_name_syntax_diagnostic(fragment) {
        return Some(diag);
    }
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    let cases: &[(&[u8], &str, &str)] = &[
        (
            b"action def",
            "action definition",
            "Use `action def Run;` or `action def Run { ... }`.",
        ),
        (
            b"part def",
            "part definition",
            "Use `part def Wheel;` or `part def Wheel { ... }`.",
        ),
        (
            b"requirement def",
            "requirement definition",
            "Use `requirement def R;` or `requirement def R { ... }`.",
        ),
        (
            b"state def",
            "state definition",
            "Use `state def Ready;` or `state def Ready { ... }`.",
        ),
        (
            b"view",
            "view declaration",
            "Use `view structure: GeneralView;` or `view structure: GeneralView { ... }`.",
        ),
        (
            b"rendering def",
            "rendering definition",
            "Use `rendering def Diagram;` or `rendering def Diagram { ... }`.",
        ),
    ];

    for (prefix, label, suggestion) in cases {
        if starts_declaration_header(fragment, prefix) {
            return Some((
                "missing_body_or_semicolon",
                format!("expected ';' or '{{' after {label} header"),
                "';' or '{' after declaration header".to_string(),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Declaration header only (stops at `{` or `;`) so body usages with `:` are not misclassified.
fn definition_declaration_header(fragment: &[u8]) -> &[u8] {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    let end = fragment
        .iter()
        .position(|&b| b == b'{' || b == b';')
        .unwrap_or(fragment.len());
    trim_ascii_end(&fragment[..end])
}

/// True when a definition header uses `:` for subclassification instead of `:>`.
fn definition_header_has_invalid_specialization_colon(header: &[u8]) -> bool {
    let header = trim_ascii_start(header);
    let prefixes: &[(&[u8], &str)] = &[(b"part def", "part def"), (b"port def", "port def")];
    for (prefix, _) in prefixes {
        if !header.starts_with(prefix) {
            continue;
        }
        let mut rest = trim_ascii_start(&header[prefix.len()..]);
        if rest.starts_with(b"<") {
            if let Some(close) = rest[1..].iter().position(|&b| b == b'>') {
                rest = trim_ascii_start(&rest[close + 2..]);
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
        while !rest.is_empty() && !rest[0].is_ascii_whitespace() && rest[0] != b':' {
            rest = &rest[1..];
        }
        rest = trim_ascii_start(rest);
        if rest.starts_with(b":>") || rest.starts_with(b":>>") {
            return false;
        }
        if rest.starts_with(b"specializes") {
            return false;
        }
        if rest.first() == Some(&b':') {
            return true;
        }
    }
    false
}

fn invalid_typing_operator_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let header = definition_declaration_header(fragment);
    if !definition_header_has_invalid_specialization_colon(header) {
        return None;
    }
    let (label, suggestion) = if header.starts_with(b"port def") {
        (
            "port definition specialization",
            "Use `port def PowerPort :> BasePort;` when specializing a definition.",
        )
    } else {
        (
            "part definition specialization",
            "Use `part def Vehicle :> BaseVehicle;` when specializing a definition.",
        )
    };
    Some((
        "invalid_typing_operator",
        format!("invalid typing operator in {label}: use ':>' instead of ':'"),
        "':>' specialization operator".to_string(),
        suggestion.to_string(),
    ))
}

fn missing_expression_after_operator_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    let cases: &[(&[u8], &str, &str)] = &[
        (
            b"bind",
            "binding expression after '='",
            "Use `bind x = y;`.",
        ),
        (
            b"assign",
            "assignment expression after ':='",
            "Use `assign x := y;`.",
        ),
        (
            b"first",
            "target after 'then'",
            "Use `first start then finish;`.",
        ),
        (
            b"flow",
            "target after 'to'",
            "Use `flow source to target;`.",
        ),
        (
            b"satisfy",
            "target after 'by'",
            "Use `satisfy Req by implementation;`.",
        ),
    ];

    for (keyword, expected, suggestion) in cases {
        if !lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, keyword) {
            continue;
        }
        let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(fragment);
        if text.contains("= ;") || text.trim_end().ends_with('=') {
            return Some((
                "missing_expression_after_operator",
                "expected expression after '='".to_string(),
                expected.to_string(),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
        if text.contains(":= ;") || text.trim_end().ends_with(":=") {
            return Some((
                "missing_expression_after_operator",
                "expected expression after ':='".to_string(),
                expected.to_string(),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
        if text.contains(" then ;") || text.trim_end().ends_with(" then") {
            return Some((
                "missing_expression_after_operator",
                "expected target after 'then'".to_string(),
                expected.to_string(),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
        if text.contains(" to ;") || text.trim_end().ends_with(" to") {
            return Some((
                "missing_expression_after_operator",
                "expected target after 'to'".to_string(),
                expected.to_string(),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
        if text.contains(" by ;") || text.trim_end().ends_with(" by") {
            return Some((
                "missing_expression_after_operator",
                "expected target after 'by'".to_string(),
                expected.to_string(),
                suggestion.to_string(),
            ));
        }
    }
    None
}

fn invalid_unit_reference_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(fragment);
    if !(text.contains('[') && text.contains(']')) {
        return None;
    }

    if text.contains("[]") || text.contains("[ ]") {
        return Some((
            "invalid_unit_reference",
            "expected unit name inside '[ ]'".to_string(),
            "unit name inside '[ ]'".to_string(),
            "Use a concrete unit such as `1750 [kg]`.".to_string(),
        ));
    }

    if text.contains("[;")
        || text.contains("[ ;")
        || text.contains("[)")
        || text.contains("[ ]")
        || text.contains("[,")
    {
        return Some((
            "invalid_unit_reference",
            "invalid unit expression inside '[ ]'".to_string(),
            "unit name inside '[ ]'".to_string(),
            "Use a unit symbol or qualified unit name (example: `[kg]` or `[SI::kg]`).".to_string(),
        ));
    }

    None
}

fn unexpected_keyword_in_scope_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
    starters: &[&[u8]],
    scope_label: &str,
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    if fragment.is_empty() || fragment.starts_with(b"#") || fragment.starts_with(b"@") {
        return None;
    }
    let keyword_end = fragment
        .iter()
        .position(|b| !b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && *b != b'_')
        .unwrap_or(fragment.len());
    if keyword_end == 0 {
        return None;
    }
    let keyword = &fragment[..keyword_end];
    if lex::starts_with_any_keyword(keyword, starters) {
        return None;
    }
    let keyword_text = String::from_utf8_lossy(keyword);
    Some((
        "unexpected_keyword_in_scope",
        format!("unexpected keyword `{keyword_text}` in {scope_label}"),
        format!("valid {scope_label} element"),
        format!("Replace `{keyword_text}` with a valid {scope_label} member or remove it."),
    ))
}

fn invalid_bare_identifier_in_body_diagnostic(
    fragment: &[u8],
    scope_label: &str,
) -> Option<(&'static str, String, String, String)> {
    let is_action = scope_label.contains("action body");
    let is_state = scope_label.contains("state body");
    if !is_action && !is_state {
        return None;
    }

    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    let ident_end = fragment
        .iter()
        .position(|b| !b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && *b != b'_')
        .unwrap_or(fragment.len());
    if ident_end == 0 || !fragment[0].is_ascii_alphabetic() {
        return None;
    }

    let ident = &fragment[..ident_end];
    let rest = trim_ascii_start(&fragment[ident_end..]);
    if !(rest.starts_with(b";")
        || rest.starts_with(b"}")
        || rest.starts_with(b"\n")
        || rest.starts_with(b"\r"))
    {
        return None;
    }

    let ident_text = String::from_utf8_lossy(ident);
    if is_action {
        Some((
            "invalid_bare_identifier_in_action_body",
            format!("bare identifier `{ident_text}` is not a valid action body member"),
            "action body member such as `perform`, `bind`, `in`, or `out`".to_string(),
            format!(
                "Use an explicit action-body form, for example `perform {ident_text};`, `bind ... = ...;`, or an `in`/`out` parameter declaration."
            ),
        ))
    } else {
        Some((
            "invalid_bare_identifier_in_state_body",
            format!("bare identifier `{ident_text}` is not a valid state body member"),
            "state body member such as `entry`, `transition`, `then`, `state`, or `ref`"
                .to_string(),
            format!(
                "Use an explicit state-body form, for example `then {ident_text};`, `transition ...;`, or a nested `state` member."
            ),
        ))
    }
}

fn unexpected_closing_brace_parse_error(input: Input<'_>) -> ParseError {
    ParseError::new("unexpected closing '}'")
        .with_location(
            input.location_offset(),
            input.location_line(),
            input.get_column(),
        )
        .with_length(1)
        .with_code("unexpected_closing_brace")
        .with_expected("valid declaration or end of current body")
        .with_found("}")
        .with_suggestion("Remove this '}' or add the missing opening '{' before it.")
        .with_severity(DiagnosticSeverity::Error)
        .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError)
}

fn missing_closing_brace_error(bytes: &[u8], input: Input<'_>) -> Option<ParseError> {
    if !input.fragment().is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let consumed = &bytes[..input.location_offset().min(bytes.len())];
    let opens = consumed.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'{').count();
    let closes = consumed.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'}').count();
    if opens <= closes {
        return None;
    }
    Some(missing_closing_brace_error_at_eof(consumed))
}

fn missing_closing_brace_error_at_eof(bytes: &[u8]) -> ParseError {
    let (line, column) = eof_line_column(bytes);
    ParseError::new("missing closing '}'")
        .with_location(bytes.len(), line, column)
        .with_length(1)
        .with_code("missing_closing_brace")
        .with_expected("'}'")
        .with_suggestion("Add '}' to close the open body.")
        .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError)
}

fn extra_closing_brace_at_eof(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<ParseError> {
    let opens = bytes.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'{').count();
    let closes = bytes.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'}').count();
    if closes <= opens {
        return None;
    }
    let mut last_brace: Option<(usize, u32, usize)> = None;
    let mut line = 1u32;
    let mut column = 1usize;
    for (offset, &b) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
        if b == b'}' {
            last_brace = Some((offset, line, column));
        }
        if b == b'\n' {
            line += 1;
            column = 1;
        } else {
            column += 1;
        }
    }
    let (offset, line, column) = last_brace?;
    Some(
        ParseError::new("unexpected closing '}' at end of file")
            .with_location(offset, line, column)
            .with_length(1)
            .with_code("unexpected_closing_brace")
            .with_expected("end of file or valid declaration")
            .with_found("}")
            .with_suggestion("Remove this extra '}' or add the missing opening '{' earlier in the file.")
            .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
    )
}

fn category_from_code(code: &str) -> DiagnosticCategory {
    if code == "unsupported_annotation_syntax" {
        DiagnosticCategory::UnsupportedGrammarForm
    } else if code == "unresolved_symbol" {
        DiagnosticCategory::UnresolvedSymbol
    } else {
        DiagnosticCategory::ParseError
    }
}

fn has_unclosed_brace(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
    let opens = bytes.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'{').count();
    let closes = bytes.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'}').count();
    opens > closes
}

fn eof_line_column(bytes: &[u8]) -> (u32, usize) {
    let mut line = 1u32;
    let mut column = 1usize;
    for &b in bytes {
        if b == b'\n' {
            line += 1;
            column = 1;
        } else {
            column += 1;
        }
    }
    (line, column)
}

pub(crate) fn build_recovery_error_node(
    input: Input<'_>,
    starters: &[&[u8]],
    scope_label: &str,
    generic_code: &str,
) -> ParseErrorNode {
    build_recovery_error_node_from_span(input, input, starters, scope_label, generic_code)
}

enum RecoveryClassification {
    MissingMemberName {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    MissingTypeReference {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    InvalidQualifiedNameSeparator {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    MissingBodyOrSemicolon {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    BareFeatureDeclarationInPartDef {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    MissingExpressionAfterOperator {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    InvalidUnitReference {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    InvalidTypingOperator {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    InvalidBareIdentifierInBody {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    UnexpectedKeywordInScope {
        code: String,
        message: String,
        expected: String,
        suggestion: String,
    },
    MissingSemicolon,
    UnsupportedAnnotation,
    Unexpected,
}

fn trim_ascii_end(mut fragment: &[u8]) -> &[u8] {
    while let Some(last) = fragment.last() {
        if last.is_ascii_whitespace() {
            fragment = &fragment[..fragment.len() - 1];
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
    fragment
}

fn classify_recovery(
    input: Input<'_>,
    recovery_end: Input<'_>,
    starters: &[&[u8]],
    scope_label: &str,
) -> RecoveryClassification {
    let trimmed = trim_ascii_start(input.fragment());

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) = missing_name_diagnostic(trimmed, scope_label)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::MissingMemberName {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) = missing_type_diagnostic(trimmed) {
        return RecoveryClassification::MissingTypeReference {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
        invalid_expose_separator_diagnostic(trimmed)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::InvalidQualifiedNameSeparator {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) = invalid_typing_operator_diagnostic(trimmed)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::InvalidTypingOperator {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
        missing_expression_after_operator_diagnostic(trimmed)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::MissingExpressionAfterOperator {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) = invalid_unit_reference_diagnostic(trimmed)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::InvalidUnitReference {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if scope_label.contains("part definition body") {
        if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
            bare_feature_declaration_in_part_def_diagnostic(trimmed)
        {
            return RecoveryClassification::BareFeatureDeclarationInPartDef {
                code: code.to_string(),
                message,
                expected,
                suggestion,
            };
        }
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
        missing_semicolon_or_body_diagnostic(trimmed)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::MissingBodyOrSemicolon {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    let consumed_len = recovery_end
        .location_offset()
        .saturating_sub(input.location_offset())
        .min(input.fragment().len());
    let raw_consumed = &input.fragment()[..consumed_len];
    let consumed = trim_ascii_end(raw_consumed);
    let recovered_to_boundary = recovery_end.location_offset() > input.location_offset() && {
        let (next, _) = lex::ws_and_comments(recovery_end).unwrap_or((recovery_end, ()));
        next.fragment().is_empty()
            || next.fragment().starts_with(b"}")
            || lex::starts_with_any_keyword(next.fragment(), starters)
    };

    let consumed_has_newline = raw_consumed.contains(&b'\n') || raw_consumed.contains(&b'\r');
    let first_line_end = consumed
        .iter()
        .position(|b| matches!(*b, b'\n' | b'\r'))
        .unwrap_or(consumed.len());
    let first_line = trim_ascii_end(&consumed[..first_line_end]);
    let consumed_has_delimiters = consumed
        .iter()
        .any(|b| matches!(*b, b'{' | b'}' | b'(' | b')' | b'[' | b']'));
    let consumed_ends_incomplete = first_line.last().is_some_and(|b| {
        matches!(
            *b,
            b':' | b'=' | b',' | b'.' | b'+' | b'-' | b'*' | b'/' | b'>' | b'<' | b'|'
        )
    });
    let first_line_has_semicolon = first_line.contains(&b';');
    if recovered_to_boundary
        && lex::starts_with_any_keyword(trimmed, starters)
        && (consumed_has_newline || recovery_end.fragment().starts_with(b"}"))
        && !consumed.is_empty()
        && !consumed_has_delimiters
        && !consumed_ends_incomplete
        && !first_line_has_semicolon
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::MissingSemicolon;
    }

    if lex::starts_with_keyword(trimmed, b"#") || lex::starts_with_keyword(trimmed, b"@") {
        return RecoveryClassification::UnsupportedAnnotation;
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
        invalid_bare_identifier_in_body_diagnostic(trimmed, scope_label)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::InvalidBareIdentifierInBody {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
        unexpected_keyword_in_scope_diagnostic(trimmed, starters, scope_label)
    {
        return RecoveryClassification::UnexpectedKeywordInScope {
            code: code.to_string(),
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        };
    }

    RecoveryClassification::Unexpected
}

pub(crate) fn build_recovery_error_node_from_span(
    input: Input<'_>,
    recovery_end: Input<'_>,
    starters: &[&[u8]],
    scope_label: &str,
    generic_code: &str,
) -> ParseErrorNode {
    match classify_recovery(input, recovery_end, starters, scope_label) {
        RecoveryClassification::MissingMemberName {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::MissingTypeReference {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::InvalidQualifiedNameSeparator {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::MissingBodyOrSemicolon {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::BareFeatureDeclarationInPartDef {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::MissingExpressionAfterOperator {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::InvalidUnitReference {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::InvalidTypingOperator {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::InvalidBareIdentifierInBody {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        }
        | RecoveryClassification::UnexpectedKeywordInScope {
            code,
            message,
            expected,
            suggestion,
        } => ParseErrorNode {
            message,
            code,
            expected: Some(expected),
            found: recovery_found_snippet_from_span(input, recovery_end),
            suggestion: Some(suggestion),
            category: Some(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
        },
        RecoveryClassification::MissingSemicolon => ParseErrorNode {
            message: "missing semicolon before next declaration".to_string(),
            code: "missing_semicolon".to_string(),
            expected: Some("';'".to_string()),
            found: recovery_found_snippet_from_span(input, recovery_end),
            suggestion: Some("Insert ';' before this declaration.".to_string()),
            category: Some(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
        },
        RecoveryClassification::UnsupportedAnnotation => ParseErrorNode {
            message: format!("unsupported annotation syntax in {scope_label}"),
            code: "unsupported_annotation_syntax".to_string(),
            expected: Some(format!("valid {scope_label} element")),
            found: recovery_found_snippet_from_span(input, recovery_end),
            suggestion: Some(
                "Remove this annotation or extend the parser to support annotated declarations."
                    .to_string(),
            ),
            category: Some(DiagnosticCategory::UnsupportedGrammarForm),
        },
        RecoveryClassification::Unexpected => ParseErrorNode {
            message: format!("unexpected token in {scope_label}"),
            code: generic_code.to_string(),
            expected: Some(format!("valid {scope_label} element")),
            found: recovery_found_snippet_from_span(input, recovery_end),
            suggestion: Some(format!("Fix this {scope_label} member and re-run parsing.")),
            category: Some(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
        },
    }
}

fn parse_error_from_recovery_node(span: &crate::ast::Span, node: &ParseErrorNode) -> ParseError {
    let mut err = ParseError::new(node.message.clone())
        .with_location(span.offset, span.line, span.column)
        .with_length(span.len.max(1))
        .with_code(node.code.clone())
        .with_category(
            node.category
                .unwrap_or_else(|| category_from_code(node.code.as_str())),
        );
    let severity = if node.code == "unsupported_annotation_syntax" {
        DiagnosticSeverity::Warning
    } else {
        DiagnosticSeverity::Error
    };
    err = err.with_severity(severity);
    if let Some(expected) = &node.expected {
        err = err.with_expected(expected.clone());
    }
    if let Some(found) = &node.found {
        err = err.with_found(found.clone());
    }
    if let Some(suggestion) = &node.suggestion {
        err = err.with_suggestion(suggestion.clone());
    }
    err
}

fn diagnostic_specificity(err: &ParseError) -> u8 {
    match err.code.as_deref() {
        Some("missing_member_name")
        | Some("missing_type_reference")
        | Some("invalid_qualified_name_separator")
        | Some("invalid_typing_operator")
        | Some("missing_expression_after_operator")
        | Some("invalid_unit_reference")
        | Some("missing_body_or_semicolon")
        | Some("invalid_requirement_short_name_syntax")
        | Some("bare_feature_declaration_in_part_def")
        | Some("missing_semicolon")
        | Some("unexpected_closing_brace")
        | Some("missing_closing_brace")
        | Some("unsupported_annotation_syntax")
        | Some("invalid_bare_identifier_in_action_body")
        | Some("invalid_bare_identifier_in_state_body")
        | Some("recovery_cascade_suppressed")
        | Some("unexpected_keyword_in_scope") => 5,
        Some("illegal_top_level_definition") => 4,
        Some(code) if code.starts_with("recovered_") => 2,
        Some("expected_end_of_input") | Some("expected_keyword") => 1,
        _ => 3,
    }
}

/// Drop `unexpected_closing_brace` on a line that already has a parse error for an
/// invalid statement block (e.g. `badstmt {} }` — the second `}` closes the package).
fn suppress_redundant_closing_brace_errors(errors: Vec<ParseError>) -> Vec<ParseError> {
    let lines_with_block_error: std::collections::HashSet<u32> = errors
        .iter()
        .filter(|e| e.code.as_deref() != Some("unexpected_closing_brace"))
        .filter_map(|e| e.line)
        .filter(|line| {
            errors.iter().any(|other| {
                other.line == Some(*line)
                    && other
                        .found
                        .as_deref()
                        .is_some_and(|f| f.contains('{') && f.contains('}'))
            })
        })
        .collect();

    errors
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|e| {
            if e.code.as_deref() != Some("unexpected_closing_brace") {
                return true;
            }
            e.line
                .map(|line| !lines_with_block_error.contains(&line))
                .unwrap_or(true)
        })
        .collect()
}

fn dedup_errors(mut errors: Vec<ParseError>) -> Vec<ParseError> {
    errors.sort_by_key(|e| {
        (
            e.offset.unwrap_or(usize::MAX),
            e.line.unwrap_or(u32::MAX),
            e.column.unwrap_or(usize::MAX),
            std::cmp::Reverse(diagnostic_specificity(e)),
        )
    });

    let mut deduped = Vec::new();
    for err in errors {
        let duplicate = deduped.iter().any(|existing: &ParseError| {
            let same_start = existing.offset == err.offset
                && existing.line == err.line
                && existing.column == err.column;
            let same_found = existing.found == err.found;
            let existing_specificity = diagnostic_specificity(existing);
            let err_specificity = diagnostic_specificity(&err);
            same_start
                && (same_found || existing.code == err.code)
                && existing_specificity >= err_specificity
        });
        if !duplicate {
            deduped.push(err);
        }
    }

    deduped.sort_by_key(|e| (e.offset.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), e.line.unwrap_or(u32::MAX)));
    deduped
}

fn is_cascade_candidate(err: &ParseError) -> bool {
    matches!(
        err.code.as_deref(),
        Some("missing_semicolon") | Some("missing_body_or_semicolon")
    ) || err
        .code
        .as_deref()
        .is_some_and(|code| code.starts_with("recovered_"))
}

fn cascade_family(err: &ParseError) -> Option<&str> {
    match err.code.as_deref() {
        Some("missing_semicolon") => Some("missing_semicolon"),
        Some("missing_body_or_semicolon") => Some("missing_body_or_semicolon"),
        Some(code) if code.starts_with("recovered_") => Some("recovered"),
        _ => None,
    }
}

const MAX_CASCADE_LINE_DISTANCE: u32 = 50;

fn make_cascade_summary(run: &[ParseError]) -> Option<ParseError> {
    let summary_anchor = run.first()?;
    let suppressed = run.len().saturating_sub(1);
    let family = cascade_family(summary_anchor).unwrap_or("recovery");
    let mut err = ParseError::new(format!(
        "suppressed {suppressed} cascading {family} diagnostic{} after earlier recovery errors",
        if suppressed == 1 { "" } else { "s" }
    ))
    .with_location(
        summary_anchor.offset?,
        summary_anchor.line?,
        summary_anchor.column?,
    )
    .with_length(summary_anchor.length.unwrap_or(1).max(1))
    .with_code("recovery_cascade_suppressed")
    .with_expected("fix the first syntax error in this body")
    .with_suggestion(
        "Fix the earliest diagnostic in this body first; later syntax errors may be cascades.",
    )
    .with_severity(DiagnosticSeverity::Warning)
    .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError);
    if let Some(found) = &summary_anchor.found {
        err = err.with_found(found.clone());
    }
    Some(err)
}

fn suppress_diagnostic_cascades(errors: Vec<ParseError>) -> Vec<ParseError> {
    const MAX_UNSUMMARIZED_CASCADE: usize = 1;

    let mut output = Vec::new();
    let mut run: Vec<ParseError> = Vec::new();

    let flush_run = |run: &mut Vec<ParseError>, output: &mut Vec<ParseError>| {
        if run.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        if run.len() <= MAX_UNSUMMARIZED_CASCADE {
            output.append(run);
        } else {
            let primary_offset = run.first().and_then(|e| e.offset);
            if let Some(mut primary) = run.first().cloned() {
                primary.is_cascade = Some(false);
                output.push(primary);
            }
            for suppressed in run.iter().skip(MAX_UNSUMMARIZED_CASCADE) {
                let _ = primary_offset;
                let _ = suppressed;
            }
            if let Some(summary) = make_cascade_summary(run) {
                output.push(summary);
            }
            run.clear();
        }
    };

    for err in errors {
        let continues_run = run.last().is_some_and(|previous| {
            is_cascade_candidate(&err)
                && cascade_family(previous) == cascade_family(&err)
                && previous
                    .line
                    .zip(err.line)
                    .is_some_and(|(a, b)| b <= a.saturating_add(MAX_CASCADE_LINE_DISTANCE))
        });

        if is_cascade_candidate(&err) && (run.is_empty() || continues_run) {
            run.push(err);
        } else {
            flush_run(&mut run, &mut output);
            if is_cascade_candidate(&err) {
                run.push(err);
            } else {
                output.push(err);
            }
        }
    }
    flush_run(&mut run, &mut output);
    output.sort_by_key(|e| (e.offset.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), e.line.unwrap_or(u32::MAX)));
    output
}

fn root_body_recovery_error(input: Input<'_>, scope: &str) -> ParseError {
    let (found, len) = fragment_to_found_snippet(input.fragment());
    let mut err = ParseError::new(format!(
        "could not parse {scope} body; skipped to next root element"
    ))
    .with_location(
        input.location_offset(),
        input.location_line(),
        input.get_column(),
    )
    .with_length(len.max(1))
    .with_code("recovered_root_body")
    .with_expected(format!("valid {scope} body"))
    .with_suggestion(
        "Fix the first syntax error in this body; later root-level diagnostics may be cascades.",
    )
    .with_severity(DiagnosticSeverity::Error)
    .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError);
    if !found.is_empty() {
        err = err.with_found(found);
    }
    err
}

fn root_body_scope(fragment: &[u8]) -> Option<&'static str> {
    let fragment = trim_ascii_start(fragment);
    if lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"package")
        || lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"library")
        || lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"standard")
    {
        Some("package")
    } else if lex::starts_with_keyword(fragment, b"namespace") {
        Some("namespace")
    } else {
        None
    }
}

fn collect_requirement_body_errors(body: &RequirementDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let RequirementDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            match &element.value {
                RequirementDefBodyElement::Error(n) => {
                    errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
                }
                RequirementDefBodyElement::Frame(n) => {
                    collect_requirement_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_action_def_body_errors(body: &ActionDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let ActionDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            if let ActionDefBodyElement::Error(n) = &element.value {
                errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_action_usage_body_errors(body: &ActionUsageBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let ActionUsageBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            match &element.value {
                ActionUsageBodyElement::Error(n) => {
                    errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
                }
                ActionUsageBodyElement::ActionUsage(n) => {
                    collect_action_usage_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_state_body_errors(body: &StateDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let StateDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            match &element.value {
                StateDefBodyElement::Error(n) => {
                    errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
                }
                StateDefBodyElement::Entry(n) => collect_state_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors),
                StateDefBodyElement::RequirementUsage(n) => {
                    collect_requirement_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                StateDefBodyElement::StateUsage(n) => {
                    collect_state_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_use_case_body_errors(body: &UseCaseDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let UseCaseDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            if let UseCaseDefBodyElement::Error(n) = &element.value {
                errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_constraint_body_errors(body: &ConstraintDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let ConstraintDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            if let ConstraintDefBodyElement::Error(n) = &element.value {
                errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_calc_body_errors(body: &CalcDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let CalcDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            if let CalcDefBodyElement::Error(n) = &element.value {
                errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_view_def_body_errors(body: &ViewDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let ViewDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            if let ViewDefBodyElement::Error(n) = &element.value {
                errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_view_body_errors(body: &ViewBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let ViewBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            if let ViewBodyElement::Error(n) = &element.value {
                errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_part_def_body_errors(body: &PartDefBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let PartDefBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            match &element.value {
                PartDefBodyElement::Error(n) => {
                    errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
                }
                PartDefBodyElement::PartUsage(n) => {
                    collect_part_usage_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PartDefBodyElement::Perform(n) => {
                    collect_perform_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_perform_body_errors(body: &crate::ast::PerformBody, _errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    match body {
        crate::ast::PerformBody::Semicolon => {}
        crate::ast::PerformBody::Brace { .. } => {}
    }
}

fn collect_part_usage_body_errors(body: &PartUsageBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let PartUsageBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            match &element.value {
                PartUsageBodyElement::Error(n) => {
                    errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
                }
                PartUsageBodyElement::PartUsage(n) => {
                    collect_part_usage_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PartUsageBodyElement::Perform(n) => {
                    collect_perform_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PartUsageBodyElement::StateUsage(n) => {
                    collect_state_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_package_body_errors(body: &PackageBody, errors: &mut Vec<ParseError>) {
    if let PackageBody::Brace { elements } = body {
        for element in elements {
            match &element.value {
                PackageBodyElement::Error(n) => {
                    errors.push(parse_error_from_recovery_node(&element.span, &n.value));
                }
                PackageBodyElement::Package(n) => {
                    collect_package_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::LibraryPackage(n) => {
                    collect_package_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::PartDef(n) => {
                    collect_part_def_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::PartUsage(n) => {
                    collect_part_usage_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::ActionDef(n) => {
                    collect_action_def_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::ActionUsage(n) => {
                    collect_action_usage_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::RequirementDef(n) => {
                    collect_requirement_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::RequirementUsage(n) => {
                    collect_requirement_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::UseCaseDef(n) => {
                    collect_use_case_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::UseCaseUsage(n) => {
                    collect_use_case_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::ConcernUsage(n) => {
                    collect_requirement_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::StateDef(n) => collect_state_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors),
                PackageBodyElement::StateUsage(n) => {
                    collect_state_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::ConstraintDef(n) => {
                    collect_constraint_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::CalcDef(n) => collect_calc_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors),
                PackageBodyElement::ViewDef(n) => {
                    collect_view_def_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors)
                }
                PackageBodyElement::ViewUsage(n) => collect_view_body_errors(&n.value.body, errors),
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

fn collect_implicit_attribute_in_part_def_warnings(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<ParseError> {
    let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes);
    let mut errors = Vec::new();
    let mut in_part_def_body = false;
    let mut brace_depth = 0i32;
    let mut offset = 0usize;
    for (line_idx, line) in text.lines().enumerate() {
        let trimmed = line.trim();
        if trimmed.starts_with("part def") {
            in_part_def_body = false;
            brace_depth = 0;
        }
        if trimmed.contains('{') {
            if in_part_def_body || trimmed.starts_with("part def") {
                in_part_def_body = true;
            }
            brace_depth += trimmed.chars().filter(|&c| c == '{').count() as i32;
        }
        if trimmed.contains('}') {
            brace_depth -= trimmed.chars().filter(|&c| c == '}').count() as i32;
            if brace_depth <= 0 {
                in_part_def_body = false;
            }
        }
        if in_part_def_body && brace_depth > 0 {
            let skip = trimmed.starts_with("attribute")
                || trimmed.starts_with("part ")
                || trimmed.starts_with("port ")
                || trimmed.starts_with("interface")
                || trimmed.starts_with("connect")
                || trimmed.contains(":>")
                || trimmed.contains("::>")
                || trimmed.is_empty()
                || trimmed.starts_with("//")
                || trimmed.starts_with("/*")
                || trimmed.starts_with("doc ");
            if !skip {
                if let Some((code, message, expected, suggestion)) =
                    bare_feature_declaration_in_part_def_diagnostic(trimmed.as_bytes())
                {
                    let line_no = (line_idx + 1) as u32;
                    let column = line.find(trimmed).unwrap_or(0) + 1;
                    let line_offset = offset + line.find(trimmed).unwrap_or(0);
                    errors.push(
                        ParseError::new(message)
                            .with_location(line_offset, line_no, column)
                            .with_length(trimmed.len().max(1))
                            .with_code(code)
                            .with_expected(expected)
                            .with_suggestion(suggestion)
                            .with_severity(DiagnosticSeverity::Warning)
                            .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        offset += line.len() + 1;
    }
    errors
}

fn collect_requirement_id_dialect_diagnostics(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<ParseError> {
    let pattern = b"requirement def id ";
    let mut errors = Vec::new();
    let mut search_from = 0usize;
    while search_from < bytes.len() {
        let Some(rel) = bytes[search_from..]
            .windows(pattern.len())
            .position(|window| window == pattern)
        else {
            break;
        };
        let offset = search_from + rel;
        let after = trim_ascii_start(&bytes[offset + pattern.len()..]);
        if after.first() != Some(&b'\'') && after.first() != Some(&b'"') {
            search_from = offset + 1;
            continue;
        }
        let quote = after[0];
        let Some(close) = after[1..].iter().position(|&b| b == quote) else {
            search_from = offset + 1;
            continue;
        };
        let req_id = String::from_utf8_lossy(&after[1..1 + close]);
        let (line, column) = offset_to_line_column(bytes, offset);
        errors.push(
            ParseError::new(format!(
                "requirement definition uses non-standard `id '{req_id}'` syntax; use a short name in angle brackets"
            ))
            .with_location(offset, line, column)
            .with_length(pattern.len().max(1))
            .with_code("invalid_requirement_short_name_syntax")
            .with_expected("short name in angle brackets after `requirement def`".to_string())
            .with_suggestion(format!(
                "Use `requirement def <'{req_id}'> ...` instead of `requirement def id '{req_id}' ...`."
            ))
            .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
        );
        search_from = offset + pattern.len();
    }
    errors
}

fn offset_to_line_column(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> (u32, usize) {
    let mut line = 1u32;
    let mut column = 1usize;
    for (idx, &b) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
        if idx >= offset {
            break;
        }
        if b == b'\n' {
            line += 1;
            column = 1;
        } else {
            column += 1;
        }
    }
    (line, column)
}

fn collect_recovery_errors(root: &RootNamespace) -> Vec<ParseError> {
    let mut errors = Vec::new();
    for element in &root.elements {
        match &element.value {
            crate::ast::RootElement::Package(n) => {
                collect_package_body_errors(&n.value.body, &mut errors)
            }
            crate::ast::RootElement::LibraryPackage(n) => {
                collect_package_body_errors(&n.value.body, &mut errors)
            }
            crate::ast::RootElement::Namespace(n) => {
                collect_package_body_errors(&n.value.body, &mut errors)
            }
            crate::ast::RootElement::Import(_) => {}
        }
    }
    errors
}

/// Parse full input; must consume entire input. Strips UTF-8 BOM if present.
#[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
pub fn parse_root(input: &str) -> Result<RootNamespace, ParseError> {
    let bytes = input
        .strip_prefix('\u{FEFF}')
        .map(str::as_bytes)
        .unwrap_or_else(|| input.as_bytes());
    let located = LocatedSpan::new(bytes);
    match package::root_namespace(located) {
        Ok((rest, root)) => {
            if !rest.fragment().is_empty() && has_unclosed_brace(bytes) {
                return Err(missing_closing_brace_error_at_eof(bytes));
            }
            if rest.fragment().is_empty() {
                log::debug!("parse_root: success, {} top-level elements", root.elements.len());
                Ok(root)
            } else if trim_ascii_start(rest.fragment()).starts_with(b"}") {
                Err(unexpected_closing_brace_parse_error(rest))
            } else {
                let offset = located.location_offset() + located.fragment().len() - rest.fragment().len();
                let unconsumed = rest.fragment();
                let first_80 = unconsumed.get(..80.min(unconsumed.len())).unwrap_or(unconsumed);
                log::debug!(
                    "parse_root: expected end of input; parsed {} elements; unconsumed len={}, offset={}, first 80 bytes: {:?}",
                    root.elements.len(),
                    unconsumed.len(),
                    offset,
                    first_80,
                );
                log::debug!(
                    "parse_root: unconsumed as str: {:?}",
                    String::from_utf8_lossy(first_80),
                );
                let (found_snippet, found_len) = fragment_to_found_snippet(rest.fragment());
                let mut pe = ParseError::new("expected end of input")
                    .with_location(offset, rest.location_line(), rest.get_column())
                    .with_length(found_len.max(1))
                    .with_code("expected_end_of_input")
                    .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError);
                if !found_snippet.is_empty() {
                    pe = pe.with_found(found_snippet);
                }
                if root.elements.is_empty() && is_illegal_top_level_definition(rest.fragment()) {
                    pe = pe
                        .with_code("illegal_top_level_definition")
                        .with_expected("'package', 'namespace', or 'import'")
                        .with_suggestion(
                            "Wrap this declaration in `package ... { ... }` or `namespace ... { ... }`.",
                        );
                    pe.message = "illegal top-level definition".to_string();
                }
                Err(pe)
            }
        }
        Err(nom::Err::Error(e)) => Err(missing_closing_brace_error(bytes, e.input).unwrap_or_else(|| {
            nom_err_to_parse_error(
                &e,
                None,
                Some("'package', 'namespace', or 'import' at top level; or valid element in package body"),
            )
        })),
        Err(nom::Err::Failure(e)) => Err(missing_closing_brace_error(bytes, e.input).unwrap_or_else(|| {
            nom_err_to_parse_error(
                &e,
                None,
                Some("'package', 'namespace', or 'import' at top level; or valid element in package body"),
            )
        })),
        Err(nom::Err::Incomplete(_)) => Err(
            ParseError::new("unexpected end of input")
                .with_code("unexpected_eof")
                .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
        ),
    }
}

const MAX_RECOVERY_ERRORS: usize = 100;

/// Parse input with error recovery: collects multiple diagnostics and returns a partial AST when errors occur.
/// Use this for language servers so the user sees all parse errors and features (e.g. hover) can use the partial AST.
pub fn parse_with_diagnostics(input: &str) -> ParseResult {
    let bytes = input
        .strip_prefix('\u{FEFF}')
        .map(str::as_bytes)
        .unwrap_or_else(|| input.as_bytes());
    let located = LocatedSpan::new(bytes);

    let mut elements = Vec::new();
    let mut errors = Vec::new();

    let (mut input, _) = match lex::ws_and_comments(located) {
        Ok(x) => x,
        Err(_) => {
            return ParseResult {
                root: RootNamespace { elements: vec![] },
                errors: vec![ParseError::new("invalid input")
                    .with_code("invalid_input")
                    .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError)],
            };
        }
    };

    while errors.len() < MAX_RECOVERY_ERRORS {
        // Skip leading ws/comments; if nothing left, we're done (avoids parsing "" as root_element).
        let (rest, _) = lex::ws_and_comments(input).unwrap_or((input, ()));
        input = rest;
        if input.fragment().is_empty() {
            break;
        }
        match package::root_element(input) {
            Ok((rest, elem)) => {
                elements.push(elem);
                input = rest;
            }
            Err(nom::Err::Error(e)) | Err(nom::Err::Failure(e)) => {
                let (trimmed, _) = lex::ws_and_comments(input).unwrap_or((input, ()));
                if trim_ascii_start(trimmed.fragment()).starts_with(b"}") {
                    errors.push(unexpected_closing_brace_parse_error(trimmed));
                    let skip_result = lex::skip_to_next_sync_point(trimmed);
                    match skip_result {
                        Ok((rest, _)) => input = rest,
                        Err(_) => break,
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                if errors.is_empty()
                    && has_unclosed_brace(bytes)
                    && (lex::starts_with_keyword(trimmed.fragment(), b"package")
                        || lex::starts_with_keyword(trimmed.fragment(), b"namespace")
                        || lex::starts_with_keyword(trimmed.fragment(), b"library")
                        || lex::starts_with_keyword(trimmed.fragment(), b"standard"))
                {
                    errors.push(missing_closing_brace_error_at_eof(bytes));
                    break;
                }
                if let Some(scope) = root_body_scope(input.fragment()) {
                    let (error_input, _) = lex::ws_and_comments(e.input).unwrap_or((e.input, ()));
                    if error_input.fragment().starts_with(b"{") {
                        errors.push(root_body_recovery_error(error_input, scope));
                        match lex::skip_statement_or_block(error_input) {
                            Ok((rest, _))
                                if rest.location_offset() > error_input.location_offset() =>
                            {
                                input = rest;
                                continue;
                            }
                            _ => {}
                        }
                    }
                }
                let pe = missing_closing_brace_error(bytes, e.input).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    nom_err_to_parse_error(&e, None, Some("'package', 'namespace', or 'import'"))
                });
                errors.push(pe);
                let skip_result = lex::skip_to_next_sync_point(e.input);
                match skip_result {
                    Ok((rest, _)) => input = rest,
                    Err(_) => break,
                }
            }
            Err(nom::Err::Incomplete(_)) => {
                errors.push(
                    ParseError::new("unexpected end of input")
                        .with_location(
                            input.location_offset(),
                            input.location_line(),
                            input.get_column(),
                        )
                        .with_length(1)
                        .with_code("unexpected_eof")
                        .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError),
                );
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    let (input, _) = lex::ws_and_comments(input).unwrap_or((input, ()));

    if input.fragment().is_empty()
        && !errors.iter().any(|e| {
            matches!(
                e.code.as_deref(),
                Some("missing_closing_brace") | Some("unexpected_closing_brace")
            )
        })
    {
        if let Some(err) = extra_closing_brace_at_eof(bytes) {
            errors.push(err);
        } else if has_unclosed_brace(bytes) {
            errors.push(missing_closing_brace_error_at_eof(bytes));
        }
    }

    if !input.fragment().is_empty()
        && !errors
            .iter()
            .any(|e| e.code.as_deref() == Some("missing_closing_brace"))
    {
        if trim_ascii_start(input.fragment()).starts_with(b"}") {
            errors.push(unexpected_closing_brace_parse_error(input));
        } else {
            let (found_snippet, found_len) = fragment_to_found_snippet(input.fragment());
            let mut pe = ParseError::new("expected end of input")
                .with_location(
                    input.location_offset(),
                    input.location_line(),
                    input.get_column(),
                )
                .with_length(found_len.max(1))
                .with_code("expected_end_of_input")
                .with_severity(DiagnosticSeverity::Error)
                .with_category(DiagnosticCategory::ParseError);
            if !found_snippet.is_empty() {
                pe = pe.with_found(found_snippet);
            }
            errors.push(pe);
        }
    }

    errors.extend(collect_recovery_errors(&RootNamespace {
        elements: elements.clone(),
    }));
    errors.extend(collect_implicit_attribute_in_part_def_warnings(bytes));
    errors.extend(collect_requirement_id_dialect_diagnostics(bytes));
    errors = suppress_redundant_closing_brace_errors(errors);
    errors = dedup_errors(errors);
    errors = suppress_diagnostic_cascades(errors);

    ParseResult {
        root: RootNamespace { elements },
        errors,
    }
}