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// Copyright (c) The Libra Core Contributors // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 //! Binary format for transactions and modules. //! //! This module provides a simple Rust abstraction over the binary format. That is the format of //! modules stored on chain or the format of the code section of a transaction. //! //! `file_format_common.rs` provides the constant values for entities in the binary format. //! (*The binary format is evolving so please come back here in time to check evolutions.*) //! //! Overall the binary format is structured in a number of sections: //! - **Header**: this must start at offset 0 in the binary. It contains a blob that starts every //! Libra binary, followed by the version of the VM used to compile the code, and last is the //! number of tables present in this binary. //! - **Table Specification**: it's a number of tuple of the form //! `(table type, starting_offset, byte_count)`. The number of entries is specified in the //! header (last entry in header). There can only be a single entry per table type. The //! `starting offset` is from the beginning of the binary. Tables must cover the entire size of //! the binary blob and cannot overlap. //! - **Table Content**: the serialized form of the specific entries in the table. Those roughly //! map to the structs defined in this module. Entries in each table must be unique. //! //! We have two formats: one for modules here represented by `CompiledModule`, another //! for transaction scripts which is `CompiledScript`. Building those tables and passing them //! to the serializer (`serializer.rs`) generates a binary of the form described. Vectors in //! those structs translate to tables and table specifications. use crate::{ access::ModuleAccess, check_bounds::BoundsChecker, errors::VerificationError, internals::ModuleIndex, IndexKind, SignatureTokenKind, }; use proptest::{collection::vec, prelude::*, strategy::BoxedStrategy}; use proptest_derive::Arbitrary; use types::{account_address::AccountAddress, byte_array::ByteArray, language_storage::ModuleId}; /// Generic index into one of the tables in the binary format. pub type TableIndex = u16; macro_rules! define_index { { name: $name: ident, kind: $kind: ident, doc: $comment: literal, } => { #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Copy, Default, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)] #[proptest(no_params)] #[doc=$comment] pub struct $name(pub TableIndex); /// Returns an instance of the given `Index`. impl $name { pub fn new(idx: TableIndex) -> Self { Self(idx) } } impl ::std::fmt::Display for $name { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.0) } } impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $name { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($name), self.0) } } impl ModuleIndex for $name { const KIND: IndexKind = IndexKind::$kind; #[inline] fn into_index(self) -> usize { self.0 as usize } } }; } define_index! { name: ModuleHandleIndex, kind: ModuleHandle, doc: "Index into the `ModuleHandle` table.", } define_index! { name: StructHandleIndex, kind: StructHandle, doc: "Index into the `StructHandle` table.", } define_index! { name: FunctionHandleIndex, kind: FunctionHandle, doc: "Index into the `FunctionHandle` table.", } define_index! { name: StringPoolIndex, kind: StringPool, doc: "Index into the `StringPool` table.", } define_index! { name: ByteArrayPoolIndex, kind: ByteArrayPool, doc: "Index into the `ByteArrayPool` table.", } define_index! { name: AddressPoolIndex, kind: AddressPool, doc: "Index into the `AddressPool` table.", } define_index! { name: TypeSignatureIndex, kind: TypeSignature, doc: "Index into the `TypeSignature` table.", } define_index! { name: FunctionSignatureIndex, kind: FunctionSignature, doc: "Index into the `FunctionSignature` table.", } define_index! { name: LocalsSignatureIndex, kind: LocalsSignature, doc: "Index into the `LocalsSignature` table.", } define_index! { name: StructDefinitionIndex, kind: StructDefinition, doc: "Index into the `StructDefinition` table.", } define_index! { name: FieldDefinitionIndex, kind: FieldDefinition, doc: "Index into the `FieldDefinition` table.", } define_index! { name: FunctionDefinitionIndex, kind: FunctionDefinition, doc: "Index into the `FunctionDefinition` table.", } /// Index of a local variable in a function. /// /// Bytecodes that operate on locals carry indexes to the locals of a function. pub type LocalIndex = u8; /// Max number of fields in a `StructDefinition`. pub type MemberCount = u16; /// Index into the code stream for a jump. The offset is relative to the beginning of /// the instruction stream. pub type CodeOffset = u16; /// The pool of identifiers and string literals. pub type StringPool = Vec<String>; /// The pool of `ByteArray` literals. pub type ByteArrayPool = Vec<ByteArray>; /// The pool of `AccountAddress` literals. /// /// Code references have a literal addresses in `ModuleHandle`s. Literal references to data in /// the blockchain are also published here. pub type AddressPool = Vec<AccountAddress>; /// The pool of `TypeSignature` instances. Those are system and user types used and /// their composition (e.g. &U64). pub type TypeSignaturePool = Vec<TypeSignature>; /// The pool of `FunctionSignature` instances. pub type FunctionSignaturePool = Vec<FunctionSignature>; /// The pool of `LocalsSignature` instances. Every function definition must define the set of /// locals used and their types. pub type LocalsSignaturePool = Vec<LocalsSignature>; /// Name of the placeholder module. Every compiled script has an entry that /// refers to itself in its module handle list. This is the name of that script. pub const SELF_MODULE_NAME: &str = "<SELF>"; /// Index 0 into the LocalsSignaturePool, which is guaranteed to be an empty list. /// Used to represent function/struct instantiation with no type actuals -- effectively /// non-generic functions and structs. pub const NO_TYPE_ACTUALS: LocalsSignatureIndex = LocalsSignatureIndex(0); // HANDLES: // Handles are structs that accompany opcodes that need references: a type reference, // or a function reference (a field reference being available only within the module that // defrines the field can be a definition). // Handles refer to both internal and external "entities" and are embedded as indexes // in the instruction stream. // Handles define resolution. Resolution is assumed to be by (name, signature) /// A `ModuleHandle` is a reference to a MOVE module. It is composed by an `address` and a `name`. /// /// A `ModuleHandle` uniquely identifies a code resource in the blockchain. /// The `address` is a reference to the account that holds the code and the `name` is used as a /// key in order to load the module. /// /// Modules live in the *code* namespace of an LibraAccount. /// /// Modules introduce a scope made of all types defined in the module and all functions. /// Type definitions (fields) are private to the module. Outside the module a /// Type is an opaque handle. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub struct ModuleHandle { /// Index into the `AddressPool`. Identifies the account that holds the module. pub address: AddressPoolIndex, /// The name of the module published in the code section for the account in `address`. pub name: StringPoolIndex, } /// A `StructHandle` is a reference to a user defined type. It is composed by a `ModuleHandle` /// and the name of the type within that module. /// /// A type in a module is uniquely identified by its name and as such the name is enough /// to perform resolution. /// /// The `StructHandle` is polymorphic: it can have type parameters in its fields and carries the /// kind constraints for these type parameters (empty list for non-generic structs). It also /// carries the kind (resource/copyable) of the struct itself so that the verifier can check /// resource semantic without having to load the referenced type. /// /// At link time kind checking is performed and an error is reported if there is a /// mismatch with the definition. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub struct StructHandle { /// The module that defines the type. pub module: ModuleHandleIndex, /// The name of the type. pub name: StringPoolIndex, /// The kind of the struct itself. pub kind: Kind, /// The kind constraints of the type parameters. pub kind_constraints: Vec<Kind>, } /// A `FunctionHandle` is a reference to a function. It is composed by a /// `ModuleHandle` and the name and signature of that function within the module. /// /// A function within a module is uniquely identified by its name. No overloading is allowed /// and the verifier enforces that property. The signature of the function is used at link time to /// ensure the function reference is valid and it is also used by the verifier to type check /// function calls. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub struct FunctionHandle { /// The module that defines the function. pub module: ModuleHandleIndex, /// The name of the function. pub name: StringPoolIndex, /// The signature of the function. pub signature: FunctionSignatureIndex, } // DEFINITIONS: // Definitions are the module code. So the set of types and functions in the module. /// A `StructDefinition` is a user type definition. It defines all the fields declared on the type. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub struct StructDefinition { /// The `StructHandle` for this `StructDefinition`. This has the name and the resource flag /// for the type. pub struct_handle: StructHandleIndex, /// The number of fields in this type. pub field_count: MemberCount, /// The starting index for the fields of this type. `FieldDefinition`s for each type must /// be consecutively stored in the `FieldDefinition` table. pub fields: FieldDefinitionIndex, } /// A `FieldDefinition` is the definition of a field: the type the field is defined on, /// its name and the field type. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub struct FieldDefinition { /// The type (resource or unrestricted) the field is defined on. pub struct_: StructHandleIndex, /// The name of the field. pub name: StringPoolIndex, /// The type of the field. pub signature: TypeSignatureIndex, } /// A `FunctionDefinition` is the implementation of a function. It defines /// the *prototype* of the function and the function body. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)] #[proptest(params = "usize")] pub struct FunctionDefinition { /// The prototype of the function (module, name, signature). pub function: FunctionHandleIndex, /// Flags for this function (private, public, native, etc.) pub flags: u8, /// Code for this function. #[proptest(strategy = "any_with::<CodeUnit>(params)")] pub code: CodeUnit, } impl FunctionDefinition { /// Returns whether the FunctionDefinition is public. pub fn is_public(&self) -> bool { self.flags & CodeUnit::PUBLIC != 0 } /// Returns whether the FunctionDefinition is native. pub fn is_native(&self) -> bool { self.flags & CodeUnit::NATIVE != 0 } } // Signature definitions. // A signature can be for a type (field, local) or for a function - return type: (arguments). // They both go into the signature table so there is a marker that tags the signature. // Signature usually don't carry a size and you have to read them to get to the end. /// A type definition. `SignatureToken` allows the definition of the set of known types and their /// composition. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub struct TypeSignature(pub SignatureToken); /// A `FunctionSignature` describes the types of a function. /// /// The `FunctionSignature` is polymorphic: it can have type parameters in the argument and return /// types and carries kind constraints for those type parameters (empty list for non-generic /// functions). #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)] #[proptest(params = "usize")] pub struct FunctionSignature { /// The list of return types. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<SignatureToken>(), 0..=params)")] pub return_types: Vec<SignatureToken>, /// The list of arguments to the function. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<SignatureToken>(), 0..=params)")] pub arg_types: Vec<SignatureToken>, /// The kind constraints of the type parameters. pub kind_constraints: Vec<Kind>, } /// A `LocalsSignature` is the list of locals used by a function. /// /// Locals include the arguments to the function from position `0` to argument `count - 1`. /// The remaining elements are the type of each local. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)] #[proptest(params = "usize")] pub struct LocalsSignature( #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<SignatureToken>(), 0..=params)")] pub Vec<SignatureToken>, ); impl LocalsSignature { /// Length of the `LocalsSignature`. #[inline] pub fn len(&self) -> usize { self.0.len() } /// Whether the function has no locals (both arguments or locals). #[inline] pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.0.is_empty() } } /// Type parameters are encoded as indices. This index can also be used to lookup the kind of a /// type parameter in the `FunctionSignature/Handle` and `StructHandle`. pub type TypeParameterIndex = u16; /// A `Kind` is the type of a type. It classifies types into categories with rules each category /// must follow. /// /// Currently there are two kinds in Move: `resource` and `copyable`. #[derive(Arbitrary, Debug, Clone, Eq, Copy, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)] pub enum Kind { /// `resource` types must follow move semantics and various resource safety rules. Resource, /// `copyable` types do not need to follow the said rules. Most notably they can be freely /// copied & destroyed. A `copyable` can still be used as a `resource` and therefore it is /// considered a sub-kind of the latter. Copyable, } impl Kind { /// Checks if the kind is resource. pub fn is_resource(self) -> bool { match self { Kind::Resource => true, Kind::Copyable => false, } } } /// A `SignatureToken` is a type declaration for a location. /// /// Any location in the system has a TypeSignature. /// A TypeSignature is also used in composed signatures. /// /// A SignatureToken can express more types than the VM can handle safely, and correctness is /// enforced by the verifier. #[derive(Clone, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)] pub enum SignatureToken { /// Boolean, `true` or `false`. Bool, /// Unsigned integers, 64 bits length. U64, /// Strings, immutable, utf8 representation. String, /// ByteArray, variable size, immutable byte array. ByteArray, /// Address, a 32 bytes immutable type. Address, /// MOVE user type, resource or unrestricted Struct(StructHandleIndex, Vec<SignatureToken>), /// Reference to a type. Reference(Box<SignatureToken>), /// Immutable reference to a type. MutableReference(Box<SignatureToken>), /// Type parameter. TypeParameter(TypeParameterIndex), } /// `Arbitrary` for `SignatureToken` cannot be derived automatically as it's a recursive type. impl Arbitrary for SignatureToken { type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>; type Parameters = (); fn arbitrary_with(_params: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy { use SignatureToken::*; let leaf = prop_oneof![ Just(Bool), Just(U64), Just(String), Just(ByteArray), Just(Address), // TODO: generate type actuals when generics is implemented any::<(StructHandleIndex)>().prop_map(|sh_idx| Struct(sh_idx, vec![])), any::<TypeParameterIndex>().prop_map(TypeParameter), ]; leaf.prop_recursive( 8, // levels deep 16, // max size 1, // items per collection |inner| { prop_oneof![ inner.clone().prop_map(|token| Reference(Box::new(token))), inner .clone() .prop_map(|token| MutableReference(Box::new(token))), ] }, ) .boxed() } } impl ::std::fmt::Debug for SignatureToken { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { SignatureToken::Bool => write!(f, "Bool"), SignatureToken::U64 => write!(f, "U64"), SignatureToken::String => write!(f, "String"), SignatureToken::ByteArray => write!(f, "ByteArray"), SignatureToken::Address => write!(f, "Address"), SignatureToken::Struct(idx, types) => write!(f, "Struct({:?}, {:?})", idx, types), SignatureToken::Reference(boxed) => write!(f, "Reference({:?})", boxed), SignatureToken::MutableReference(boxed) => write!(f, "MutableReference({:?})", boxed), SignatureToken::TypeParameter(idx) => write!(f, "TypeParameter({:?})", idx), } } } impl SignatureToken { /// If a `SignatureToken` is a reference it returns the underlying type of the reference (e.g. /// U64 for &U64). #[inline] pub fn get_struct_handle_from_reference( reference_signature: &SignatureToken, ) -> Option<StructHandleIndex> { match reference_signature { SignatureToken::Reference(signature) => match **signature { SignatureToken::Struct(idx, _) => Some(idx), _ => None, }, SignatureToken::MutableReference(signature) => match **signature { SignatureToken::Struct(idx, _) => Some(idx), _ => None, }, _ => None, } } /// Returns the "kind" for the `SignatureToken` #[inline] pub fn kind(&self) -> SignatureTokenKind { // TODO: SignatureTokenKind is out-dated. fix/update/remove SignatureTokenKind and see if // this function needs to be cleaned up use SignatureToken::*; match self { Reference(_) => SignatureTokenKind::Reference, MutableReference(_) => SignatureTokenKind::MutableReference, Bool | U64 | ByteArray | String | Address | Struct(_, _) => SignatureTokenKind::Value, TypeParameter(_) => unimplemented!(), } } /// Returns the `StructHandleIndex` for a `SignatureToken` that contains a reference to a user /// defined type (a resource or unrestricted type). #[inline] pub fn struct_index(&self) -> Option<StructHandleIndex> { use SignatureToken::*; match self { Struct(sh_idx, _) => Some(*sh_idx), Reference(token) | MutableReference(token) => token.struct_index(), Bool | U64 | ByteArray | String | Address | TypeParameter(_) => None, } } /// Returns `true` if the `SignatureToken` is a primitive type. pub fn is_primitive(&self) -> bool { use SignatureToken::*; match self { Bool | U64 | String | ByteArray | Address => true, Struct(_, _) | Reference(_) | MutableReference(_) | TypeParameter(_) => false, } } /// Checks if the signature token is usable for Eq and Neq. /// /// Currently equality operations are only allowed on: /// - Bool /// - U64 /// - String /// - ByteArray /// - Address /// - Reference or Mutable reference to these types pub fn allows_equality(&self) -> bool { use SignatureToken::*; match self { Struct(_, _) => false, Reference(token) | MutableReference(token) => token.is_primitive(), token => token.is_primitive(), } } /// Returns true if the `SignatureToken` is any kind of reference (mutable and immutable). pub fn is_reference(&self) -> bool { use SignatureToken::*; match self { Reference(_) | MutableReference(_) => true, _ => false, } } /// Returns true if the `SignatureToken` is a mutable reference. pub fn is_mutable_reference(&self) -> bool { use SignatureToken::*; match self { MutableReference(_) => true, _ => false, } } /// Set the index to this one. Useful for random testing. /// /// Panics if this token doesn't contain a struct handle. pub fn debug_set_sh_idx(&mut self, sh_idx: StructHandleIndex) { match self { SignatureToken::Struct(ref mut wrapped, _) => *wrapped = sh_idx, SignatureToken::Reference(ref mut token) | SignatureToken::MutableReference(ref mut token) => token.debug_set_sh_idx(sh_idx), other => panic!( "debug_set_sh_idx (to {}) called for non-struct token {:?}", sh_idx, other ), } } } /// A `CodeUnit` is the body of a function. It has the function header and the instruction stream. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)] #[proptest(params = "usize")] pub struct CodeUnit { /// Max stack size for the function - currently unused. pub max_stack_size: u16, /// List of locals type. All locals are typed. pub locals: LocalsSignatureIndex, /// Code stream, function body. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<Bytecode>(), 0..=params)")] pub code: Vec<Bytecode>, } /// Flags for `FunctionDeclaration`. impl CodeUnit { /// Function can be invoked outside of its declaring module. pub const PUBLIC: u8 = 0x1; /// A native function implemented in Rust. pub const NATIVE: u8 = 0x2; } /// `Bytecode` is a VM instruction of variable size. The type of the bytecode (opcode) defines /// the size of the bytecode. /// /// Bytecodes operate on a stack machine and each bytecode has side effect on the stack and the /// instruction stream. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)] #[proptest(no_params)] pub enum Bytecode { /// Pop and discard the value at the top of the stack. /// The value on the stack must be an unrestricted type. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., value -> ...``` Pop, /// Return from function, possibly with values according to the return types in the /// function signature. The returned values are pushed on the stack. /// The function signature of the function being executed defines the semantic of /// the Ret opcode. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., arg_val(1), ..., arg_val(n) -> ..., return_val(1), ..., return_val(n)``` Ret, /// Branch to the instruction at position `CodeOffset` if the value at the top of the stack /// is true. Code offsets are relative to the start of the instruction stream. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., bool_value -> ...``` BrTrue(CodeOffset), /// Branch to the instruction at position `CodeOffset` if the value at the top of the stack /// is false. Code offsets are relative to the start of the instruction stream. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., bool_value -> ...``` BrFalse(CodeOffset), /// Branch unconditionally to the instruction at position `CodeOffset`. Code offsets are /// relative to the start of the instruction stream. /// /// Stack transition: none Branch(CodeOffset), /// Push integer constant onto the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., u64_value``` LdConst(u64), /// Push a `string` literal onto the stack. The string is loaded from the `StringPool` via /// `StringPoolIndex`. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., string_value``` LdStr(StringPoolIndex), /// Push a `ByteArray` literal onto the stack. The `ByteArray` is loaded from the /// `ByteArrayPool` via `ByteArrayPoolIndex`. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., bytearray_value``` LdByteArray(ByteArrayPoolIndex), /// Push an 'Address' literal onto the stack. The address is loaded from the /// `AddressPool` via `AddressPoolIndex`. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., address_value``` LdAddr(AddressPoolIndex), /// Push `true` onto the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., true``` LdTrue, /// Push `false` onto the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., false``` LdFalse, /// Push the local identified by `LocalIndex` onto the stack. The value is copied and the /// local is still safe to use. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., value``` CopyLoc(LocalIndex), /// Push the local identified by `LocalIndex` onto the stack. The local is moved and it is /// invalid to use from that point on, unless a store operation writes to the local before /// any read to that local. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., value``` MoveLoc(LocalIndex), /// Pop value from the top of the stack and store it into the function locals at /// position `LocalIndex`. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., value -> ...``` StLoc(LocalIndex), /// Call a function. The stack has the arguments pushed first to last. /// The arguments are consumed and pushed to the locals of the function. /// Return values are pushed on the stack and available to the caller. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., arg(1), arg(2), ..., arg(n) -> ..., return_value(1), return_value(2), ..., /// return_value(k)``` Call(FunctionHandleIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Create an instance of the type specified via `StructHandleIndex` and push it on the stack. /// The values of the fields of the struct, in the order they appear in the struct declaration, /// must be pushed on the stack. All fields must be provided. /// /// A Pack instruction must fully initialize an instance. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., field(1)_value, field(2)_value, ..., field(n)_value -> ..., instance_value``` Pack(StructDefinitionIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Destroy an instance of a type and push the values bound to each field on the /// stack. /// /// The values of the fields of the instance appear on the stack in the order defined /// in the struct definition. /// /// This order makes Unpack<T> the inverse of Pack<T>. So `Unpack<T>; Pack<T>` is the identity /// for struct T. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., instance_value -> ..., field(1)_value, field(2)_value, ..., field(n)_value``` Unpack(StructDefinitionIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Read a reference. The reference is on the stack, it is consumed and the value read is /// pushed on the stack. /// /// Reading a reference performs a copy of the value referenced. As such /// ReadRef cannot be used on a reference to a Resource. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., reference_value -> ..., value``` ReadRef, /// Write to a reference. The reference and the value are on the stack and are consumed. /// /// /// The reference must be to an unrestricted type because Resources cannot be overwritten. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., value, reference_value -> ...``` WriteRef, /// Release a reference. The reference will become invalid and cannot be used after. /// /// All references must be consumed and ReleaseRef is a way to release references not /// consumed by other opcodes. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., reference_value -> ...``` ReleaseRef, /// Convert a mutable reference to an immutable reference. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., reference_value -> ..., reference_value``` FreezeRef, /// Load a reference to a local identified by LocalIndex. /// /// The local must not be a reference. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., reference``` BorrowLoc(LocalIndex), /// Load a reference to a field identified by `FieldDefinitionIndex`. /// The top of the stack must be a reference to a type that contains the field definition. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., reference -> ..., field_reference``` BorrowField(FieldDefinitionIndex), /// Return reference to an instance of type `StructDefinitionIndex` published at the address /// passed as argument. Abort execution if such an object does not exist or if a reference /// has already been handed out. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., address_value -> ..., reference_value``` BorrowGlobal(StructDefinitionIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Add the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// The operation aborts the transaction in case of overflow. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` Add, /// Subtract the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// The operation aborts the transaction in case of underflow. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` Sub, /// Multiply the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// The operation aborts the transaction in case of overflow. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` Mul, /// Perform a modulo operation on the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the /// result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` Mod, /// Divide the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// The operation aborts the transaction in case of "divide by 0". /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` Div, /// Bitwise OR the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` BitOr, /// Bitwise AND the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` BitAnd, /// Bitwise XOR the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., u64_value``` Xor, /// Logical OR the 2 bool at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., bool_value(1), bool_value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Or, /// Logical AND the 2 bool at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., bool_value(1), bool_value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` And, /// Logical NOT the bool at the top of the stack and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., bool_value -> ..., bool_value``` Not, /// Compare for equality the 2 value at the top of the stack and pushes the /// result on the stack. /// The values on the stack cannot be resources or they will be consumed and so destroyed. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., value(1), value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Eq, /// Compare for inequality the 2 value at the top of the stack and pushes the /// result on the stack. /// The values on the stack cannot be resources or they will be consumed and so destroyed. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., value(1), value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Neq, /// Perform a "less than" operation of the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the /// result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Lt, /// Perform a "greater than" operation of the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes the /// result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Gt, /// Perform a "less than or equal" operation of the 2 u64 at the top of the stack and pushes /// the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Le, /// Perform a "greater than or equal" than operation of the 2 u64 at the top of the stack /// and pushes the result on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., u64_value(1), u64_value(2) -> ..., bool_value``` Ge, /// Abort execution with errorcode /// /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., errorcode -> ...``` Abort, /// Get gas unit price from the transaction and pushes it on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., u64_value``` GetTxnGasUnitPrice, /// Get max gas units set in the transaction and pushes it on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., u64_value``` GetTxnMaxGasUnits, /// Get remaining gas for the given transaction at the point of execution of this bytecode. /// The result is pushed on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., u64_value``` GetGasRemaining, /// Get the sender address from the transaction and pushes it on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., address_value``` GetTxnSenderAddress, /// Returns whether or not a given address has an object of type StructDefinitionIndex /// published already /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., address_value -> ..., bool_value``` Exists(StructDefinitionIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Move the instance of type StructDefinitionIndex, at the address at the top of the stack. /// Abort execution if such an object does not exist. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., address_value -> ..., value``` MoveFrom(StructDefinitionIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Move the instance at the top of the stack to the address of the sender. /// Abort execution if an object of type StructDefinitionIndex already exists in address. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., address_value -> ...``` MoveToSender(StructDefinitionIndex, LocalsSignatureIndex), /// Create an account at the address specified. Does not return anything. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., address_value -> ...``` CreateAccount, /// Emit a log message. /// This bytecode is not fully specified yet. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., reference, key, value -> ...``` EmitEvent, /// Get the sequence number submitted with the transaction and pushes it on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```... -> ..., u64_value``` GetTxnSequenceNumber, /// Get the public key of the sender from the transaction and pushes it on the stack. /// /// Stack transition: /// /// ```..., -> ..., bytearray_value``` GetTxnPublicKey, } impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Bytecode { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Bytecode::Pop => write!(f, "Pop"), Bytecode::Ret => write!(f, "Ret"), Bytecode::BrTrue(a) => write!(f, "BrTrue({})", a), Bytecode::BrFalse(a) => write!(f, "BrFalse({})", a), Bytecode::Branch(a) => write!(f, "Branch({})", a), Bytecode::LdConst(a) => write!(f, "LdConst({})", a), Bytecode::LdStr(a) => write!(f, "LdStr({})", a), Bytecode::LdByteArray(a) => write!(f, "LdByteArray({})", a), Bytecode::LdAddr(a) => write!(f, "LdAddr({})", a), Bytecode::LdTrue => write!(f, "LdTrue"), Bytecode::LdFalse => write!(f, "LdFalse"), Bytecode::CopyLoc(a) => write!(f, "CopyLoc({})", a), Bytecode::MoveLoc(a) => write!(f, "MoveLoc({})", a), Bytecode::StLoc(a) => write!(f, "StLoc({})", a), Bytecode::Call(a, b) => write!(f, "Call({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::Pack(a, b) => write!(f, "Pack({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::Unpack(a, b) => write!(f, "Unpack({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::ReadRef => write!(f, "ReadRef"), Bytecode::WriteRef => write!(f, "WriteRef"), Bytecode::ReleaseRef => write!(f, "ReleaseRef"), Bytecode::FreezeRef => write!(f, "FreezeRef"), Bytecode::BorrowLoc(a) => write!(f, "BorrowLoc({})", a), Bytecode::BorrowField(a) => write!(f, "BorrowField({})", a), Bytecode::BorrowGlobal(a, b) => write!(f, "BorrowGlobal({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::Add => write!(f, "Add"), Bytecode::Sub => write!(f, "Sub"), Bytecode::Mul => write!(f, "Mul"), Bytecode::Mod => write!(f, "Mod"), Bytecode::Div => write!(f, "Div"), Bytecode::BitOr => write!(f, "BitOr"), Bytecode::BitAnd => write!(f, "BitAnd"), Bytecode::Xor => write!(f, "Xor"), Bytecode::Or => write!(f, "Or"), Bytecode::And => write!(f, "And"), Bytecode::Not => write!(f, "Not"), Bytecode::Eq => write!(f, "Eq"), Bytecode::Neq => write!(f, "Neq"), Bytecode::Lt => write!(f, "Lt"), Bytecode::Gt => write!(f, "Gt"), Bytecode::Le => write!(f, "Le"), Bytecode::Ge => write!(f, "Ge"), Bytecode::Abort => write!(f, "Abort"), Bytecode::GetTxnGasUnitPrice => write!(f, "GetTxnGasUnitPrice"), Bytecode::GetTxnMaxGasUnits => write!(f, "GetTxnMaxGasUnits"), Bytecode::GetGasRemaining => write!(f, "GetGasRemaining"), Bytecode::GetTxnSenderAddress => write!(f, "GetTxnSenderAddress"), Bytecode::Exists(a, b) => write!(f, "Exists({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::MoveFrom(a, b) => write!(f, "MoveFrom({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::MoveToSender(a, b) => write!(f, "MoveToSender({}, {:?})", a, b), Bytecode::CreateAccount => write!(f, "CreateAccount"), Bytecode::EmitEvent => write!(f, "EmitEvent"), Bytecode::GetTxnSequenceNumber => write!(f, "GetTxnSequenceNumber"), Bytecode::GetTxnPublicKey => write!(f, "GetTxnPublicKey"), } } } impl Bytecode { /// Return true if this bytecode instruction always branches pub fn is_unconditional_branch(&self) -> bool { match self { Bytecode::Ret | Bytecode::Abort | Bytecode::Branch(_) => true, _ => false, } } /// Return true if the branching behavior of this bytecode instruction depends on a runtime /// value pub fn is_conditional_branch(&self) -> bool { match self { Bytecode::BrFalse(_) | Bytecode::BrTrue(_) => true, _ => false, } } /// Returns true if this bytecode instruction is either a conditional or an unconditional branch pub fn is_branch(&self) -> bool { self.is_conditional_branch() || self.is_unconditional_branch() } /// Returns the offset that this bytecode instruction branches to, if any. /// Note that return and abort are branch instructions, but have no offset. pub fn offset(&self) -> Option<&CodeOffset> { match self { Bytecode::BrFalse(offset) | Bytecode::BrTrue(offset) | Bytecode::Branch(offset) => { Some(offset) } _ => None, } } /// Return the successor offsets of this bytecode instruction. pub fn get_successors(pc: CodeOffset, code: &[Bytecode]) -> Vec<CodeOffset> { let bytecode = &code[pc as usize]; let mut v = vec![]; if let Some(offset) = bytecode.offset() { v.push(*offset); } let next_pc = pc + 1; if next_pc >= code.len() as CodeOffset { return v; } if !bytecode.is_unconditional_branch() && !v.contains(&next_pc) { // avoid duplicates v.push(pc + 1); } // always give successors in ascending order if v.len() > 1 && v[0] > v[1] { v.swap(0, 1); } v } } /// A `CompiledProgram` defines the structure of a transaction to execute. /// It has two parts: modules to be published and a transaction script. #[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)] pub struct CompiledProgram { /// The modules to be published pub modules: Vec<CompiledModule>, /// The transaction script to execute pub script: CompiledScript, } impl CompiledProgram { /// Creates a new compiled program from compiled modules and script pub fn new(modules: Vec<CompiledModule>, script: CompiledScript) -> Self { CompiledProgram { modules, script } } } // Note that this doesn't derive either `Arbitrary` or `Default` while `CompiledScriptMut` does. // That's because a CompiledScript is guaranteed to be valid while a CompiledScriptMut isn't. /// Contains the main function to execute and its dependencies. /// /// A CompiledScript does not have definition tables because it can only have a `main(args)`. /// A CompiledScript defines the constant pools (string, address, signatures, etc.), the handle /// tables (external code references) and it has a `main` definition. #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)] pub struct CompiledScript(CompiledScriptMut); /// A mutable version of `CompiledScript`. Converting to a `CompiledScript` requires this to pass /// the bounds checker. #[derive(Arbitrary, Clone, Default, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)] #[proptest(params = "usize")] pub struct CompiledScriptMut { /// Handles to all modules referenced. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<ModuleHandle>(), 0..=params)")] pub module_handles: Vec<ModuleHandle>, /// Handles to external/imported types. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<StructHandle>(), 0..=params)")] pub struct_handles: Vec<StructHandle>, /// Handles to external/imported functions. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<FunctionHandle>(), 0..=params)")] pub function_handles: Vec<FunctionHandle>, /// Type pool. All external types referenced by the transaction. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<TypeSignature>(), 0..=params)")] pub type_signatures: TypeSignaturePool, /// Function signature pool. The signatures of the function referenced by the transaction. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any_with::<FunctionSignature>(params), 0..=params)")] pub function_signatures: FunctionSignaturePool, /// Locals signature pool. The signature of the locals in `main`. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any_with::<LocalsSignature>(params), 0..=params)")] pub locals_signatures: LocalsSignaturePool, /// String pool. All literals and identifiers used in this transaction. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(\".*\", 0..=params)")] pub string_pool: StringPool, /// ByteArray pool. The byte array literals used in the transaction. #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<ByteArray>(), 0..=params)")] pub byte_array_pool: ByteArrayPool, /// Address pool. The address literals used in the module. Those include literals for /// code references (`ModuleHandle`). #[proptest(strategy = "vec(any::<AccountAddress>(), 0..=params)")] pub address_pool: AddressPool, /// The main (script) to execute. #[proptest(strategy = "any_with::<FunctionDefinition>(params)")] pub main: FunctionDefinition, } impl CompiledScript { /// Returns the index of `main` in case a script is converted to a module. pub const MAIN_INDEX: FunctionDefinitionIndex = FunctionDefinitionIndex(0); /// Returns a reference to the inner `CompiledScriptMut`. pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &CompiledScriptMut { &self.0 } /// Converts this instance into the inner `CompiledScriptMut`. Converting back to a /// `CompiledScript` would require it to be verified again. pub fn into_inner(self) -> CompiledScriptMut { self.0 } /// Converts a `CompiledScript` into a `CompiledModule` for code that wants a uniform view of /// both. /// /// If a `CompiledScript` has been bounds checked, the corresponding `CompiledModule` can be /// assumed to pass the bounds checker as well. pub fn into_module(self) -> CompiledModule { CompiledModule(self.0.into_module()) } } impl CompiledScriptMut { /// Converts this instance into `CompiledScript` after verifying it for basic internal /// consistency. This includes bounds checks but no others. pub fn freeze(self) -> Result<CompiledScript, Vec<VerificationError>> { let fake_module = self.into_module(); Ok(fake_module.freeze()?.into_script()) } /// Converts a `CompiledScriptMut` to a `CompiledModule` for code that wants a uniform view /// of both. pub fn into_module(self) -> CompiledModuleMut { CompiledModuleMut { module_handles: self.module_handles, struct_handles: self.struct_handles, function_handles: self.function_handles, type_signatures: self.type_signatures, function_signatures: self.function_signatures, locals_signatures: self.locals_signatures, string_pool: self.string_pool, byte_array_pool: self.byte_array_pool, address_pool: self.address_pool, struct_defs: vec![], field_defs: vec![], function_defs: vec![self.main], } } } /// A `CompiledModule` defines the structure of a module which is the unit of published code. /// /// A `CompiledModule` contains a definition of types (with their fields) and functions. /// It is a unit of code that can be used by transactions or other modules. /// /// A module is published as a single entry and it is retrieved as a single blob. #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)] pub struct CompiledModule(CompiledModuleMut); /// A mutable version of `CompiledModule`. Converting to a `CompiledModule` requires this to pass /// the bounds checker. #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)] pub struct CompiledModuleMut { /// Handles to external modules and self at position 0. pub module_handles: Vec<ModuleHandle>, /// Handles to external and internal types. pub struct_handles: Vec<StructHandle>, /// Handles to external and internal functions. pub function_handles: Vec<FunctionHandle>, /// Type pool. A definition for all types used in the module. pub type_signatures: TypeSignaturePool, /// Function signature pool. Represents all function signatures defined or used in /// the module. pub function_signatures: FunctionSignaturePool, /// Locals signature pool. The signature for all locals of the functions defined in /// the module. pub locals_signatures: LocalsSignaturePool, /// String pool. All literals and identifiers used in the module. pub string_pool: StringPool, /// ByteArray pool. The byte array literals used in the module. pub byte_array_pool: ByteArrayPool, /// Address pool. The address literals used in the module. Those include literals for /// code references (`ModuleHandle`). pub address_pool: AddressPool, /// Types defined in this module. pub struct_defs: Vec<StructDefinition>, /// Fields defined on types in this module. pub field_defs: Vec<FieldDefinition>, /// Function defined in this module. pub function_defs: Vec<FunctionDefinition>, } // Need a custom implementation of Arbitrary because as of proptest-derive 0.1.1, the derivation // doesn't work for structs with more than 10 fields. impl Arbitrary for CompiledModuleMut { type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>; /// The size of the compiled module. type Parameters = usize; fn arbitrary_with(size: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy { ( ( vec(any::<ModuleHandle>(), 0..=size), vec(any::<StructHandle>(), 0..=size), vec(any::<FunctionHandle>(), 0..=size), ), ( vec(any::<TypeSignature>(), 0..=size), vec(any_with::<FunctionSignature>(size), 0..=size), vec(any_with::<LocalsSignature>(size), 0..=size), ), ( vec(any::<String>(), 0..=size), vec(any::<ByteArray>(), 0..=size), vec(any::<AccountAddress>(), 0..=size), ), ( vec(any::<StructDefinition>(), 0..=size), vec(any::<FieldDefinition>(), 0..=size), vec(any_with::<FunctionDefinition>(size), 0..=size), ), ) .prop_map( |( (module_handles, struct_handles, function_handles), (type_signatures, function_signatures, locals_signatures), (string_pool, byte_array_pool, address_pool), (struct_defs, field_defs, function_defs), )| { CompiledModuleMut { module_handles, struct_handles, function_handles, type_signatures, function_signatures, locals_signatures, string_pool, byte_array_pool, address_pool, struct_defs, field_defs, function_defs, } }, ) .boxed() } } impl CompiledModuleMut { /// Returns the count of a specific `IndexKind` pub fn kind_count(&self, kind: IndexKind) -> usize { match kind { IndexKind::ModuleHandle => self.module_handles.len(), IndexKind::StructHandle => self.struct_handles.len(), IndexKind::FunctionHandle => self.function_handles.len(), IndexKind::StructDefinition => self.struct_defs.len(), IndexKind::FieldDefinition => self.field_defs.len(), IndexKind::FunctionDefinition => self.function_defs.len(), IndexKind::TypeSignature => self.type_signatures.len(), IndexKind::FunctionSignature => self.function_signatures.len(), IndexKind::LocalsSignature => self.locals_signatures.len(), IndexKind::StringPool => self.string_pool.len(), IndexKind::ByteArrayPool => self.byte_array_pool.len(), IndexKind::AddressPool => self.address_pool.len(), // XXX these two don't seem to belong here other @ IndexKind::LocalPool | other @ IndexKind::CodeDefinition => { panic!("invalid kind for count: {:?}", other) } } } /// Converts this instance into `CompiledModule` after verifying it for basic internal /// consistency. This includes bounds checks but no others. pub fn freeze(self) -> Result<CompiledModule, Vec<VerificationError>> { let errors = BoundsChecker::new(&self).verify(); if errors.is_empty() { Ok(CompiledModule(self)) } else { Err(errors) } } } impl CompiledModule { /// By convention, the index of the module being implemented is 0. pub const IMPLEMENTED_MODULE_INDEX: u16 = 0; /// Returns a reference to the inner `CompiledModuleMut`. pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &CompiledModuleMut { &self.0 } /// Converts this instance into the inner `CompiledModuleMut`. Converting back to a /// `CompiledModule` would require it to be verified again. pub fn into_inner(self) -> CompiledModuleMut { self.0 } /// Returns the number of items of a specific `IndexKind`. pub fn kind_count(&self, kind: IndexKind) -> usize { self.as_inner().kind_count(kind) } /// Returns the code key of `module_handle` pub fn module_id_for_handle(&self, module_handle: &ModuleHandle) -> ModuleId { ModuleId::new( *self.address_at(module_handle.address), self.string_at(module_handle.name).to_string(), ) } /// Returns the code key of `self` pub fn self_id(&self) -> ModuleId { self.module_id_for_handle(self.self_handle()) } /// This function should only be called on an instance of CompiledModule obtained by invoking /// into_module on some instance of CompiledScript. This function is the inverse of /// into_module, i.e., script.into_module().into_script() == script. pub fn into_script(self) -> CompiledScript { let mut inner = self.into_inner(); let main = inner.function_defs.remove(0); CompiledScript(CompiledScriptMut { module_handles: inner.module_handles, struct_handles: inner.struct_handles, function_handles: inner.function_handles, type_signatures: inner.type_signatures, function_signatures: inner.function_signatures, locals_signatures: inner.locals_signatures, string_pool: inner.string_pool, byte_array_pool: inner.byte_array_pool, address_pool: inner.address_pool, main, }) } } /// Return the simplest module that will pass the bounds checker pub fn empty_module() -> CompiledModuleMut { CompiledModuleMut { module_handles: vec![ModuleHandle { address: AddressPoolIndex::new(0), name: StringPoolIndex::new(0), }], address_pool: vec![AccountAddress::default()], string_pool: vec![SELF_MODULE_NAME.to_string()], function_defs: vec![], struct_defs: vec![], field_defs: vec![], struct_handles: vec![], function_handles: vec![], type_signatures: vec![], function_signatures: vec![], locals_signatures: vec![LocalsSignature(vec![])], byte_array_pool: vec![], } } /// Create a dummy module to wrap the bytecode program in local@code pub fn dummy_procedure_module(code: Vec<Bytecode>) -> CompiledModule { let mut module = empty_module(); let mut code_unit = CodeUnit::default(); code_unit.code = code; let mut fun_def = FunctionDefinition::default(); fun_def.code = code_unit; module.function_signatures.push(FunctionSignature { arg_types: vec![], return_types: vec![], kind_constraints: vec![], }); let fun_handle = FunctionHandle { module: ModuleHandleIndex(0), name: StringPoolIndex(0), signature: FunctionSignatureIndex(0), }; module.function_handles.push(fun_handle); module.function_defs.push(fun_def); module.freeze().unwrap() }