use std::any::Any;
use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_void};
use std::panic::{catch_unwind, RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
use std::ptr;
use std::slice;
use std::sync::Arc;
use crate::ffi;
use crate::ffi::sqlite3_context;
use crate::ffi::sqlite3_value;
use crate::context::set_result;
use crate::types::{FromSql, FromSqlError, ToSql, ValueRef};
use crate::{str_to_cstring, Connection, Error, InnerConnection, Result};
unsafe fn report_error(ctx: *mut sqlite3_context, err: &Error) {
#[cfg(feature = "modern_sqlite")]
fn constraint_error_code() -> i32 {
ffi::SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION
}
#[cfg(not(feature = "modern_sqlite"))]
fn constraint_error_code() -> i32 {
ffi::SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
}
match *err {
Error::SqliteFailure(ref err, ref s) => {
ffi::sqlite3_result_error_code(ctx, err.extended_code);
if let Some(Ok(cstr)) = s.as_ref().map(|s| str_to_cstring(s)) {
ffi::sqlite3_result_error(ctx, cstr.as_ptr(), -1);
}
}
_ => {
ffi::sqlite3_result_error_code(ctx, constraint_error_code());
if let Ok(cstr) = str_to_cstring(&err.to_string()) {
ffi::sqlite3_result_error(ctx, cstr.as_ptr(), -1);
}
}
}
}
unsafe extern "C" fn free_boxed_value<T>(p: *mut c_void) {
drop(Box::from_raw(p as *mut T));
}
pub struct Context<'a> {
ctx: *mut sqlite3_context,
args: &'a [*mut sqlite3_value],
}
impl Context<'_> {
pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
self.args.len()
}
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.args.is_empty()
}
pub fn get<T: FromSql>(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<T> {
let arg = self.args[idx];
let value = unsafe { ValueRef::from_value(arg) };
FromSql::column_result(value).map_err(|err| match err {
FromSqlError::InvalidType => {
Error::InvalidFunctionParameterType(idx, value.data_type())
}
FromSqlError::OutOfRange(i) => Error::IntegralValueOutOfRange(idx, i),
FromSqlError::Other(err) => {
Error::FromSqlConversionFailure(idx, value.data_type(), err)
}
#[cfg(feature = "i128_blob")]
FromSqlError::InvalidI128Size(_) => {
Error::FromSqlConversionFailure(idx, value.data_type(), Box::new(err))
}
#[cfg(feature = "uuid")]
FromSqlError::InvalidUuidSize(_) => {
Error::FromSqlConversionFailure(idx, value.data_type(), Box::new(err))
}
})
}
pub fn get_raw(&self, idx: usize) -> ValueRef<'_> {
let arg = self.args[idx];
unsafe { ValueRef::from_value(arg) }
}
pub fn get_or_create_aux<T, E, F>(&self, arg: c_int, func: F) -> Result<Arc<T>>
where
T: Send + Sync + 'static,
E: Into<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
F: FnOnce(ValueRef<'_>) -> Result<T, E>,
{
if let Some(v) = self.get_aux(arg)? {
Ok(v)
} else {
let vr = self.get_raw(arg as usize);
self.set_aux(
arg,
func(vr).map_err(|e| Error::UserFunctionError(e.into()))?,
)
}
}
pub fn set_aux<T: Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, arg: c_int, value: T) -> Result<Arc<T>> {
let orig: Arc<T> = Arc::new(value);
let inner: AuxInner = orig.clone();
let outer = Box::new(inner);
let raw: *mut AuxInner = Box::into_raw(outer);
unsafe {
ffi::sqlite3_set_auxdata(
self.ctx,
arg,
raw as *mut _,
Some(free_boxed_value::<AuxInner>),
)
};
Ok(orig)
}
pub fn get_aux<T: Send + Sync + 'static>(&self, arg: c_int) -> Result<Option<Arc<T>>> {
let p = unsafe { ffi::sqlite3_get_auxdata(self.ctx, arg) as *const AuxInner };
if p.is_null() {
Ok(None)
} else {
let v: AuxInner = AuxInner::clone(unsafe { &*p });
v.downcast::<T>()
.map(Some)
.map_err(|_| Error::GetAuxWrongType)
}
}
}
type AuxInner = Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync + 'static>;
pub trait Aggregate<A, T>
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
T: ToSql,
{
fn init(&self) -> A;
fn step(&self, _: &mut Context<'_>, _: &mut A) -> Result<()>;
fn finalize(&self, _: Option<A>) -> Result<T>;
}
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
pub trait WindowAggregate<A, T>: Aggregate<A, T>
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
T: ToSql,
{
fn value(&self, _: Option<&A>) -> Result<T>;
fn inverse(&self, _: &mut Context<'_>, _: &mut A) -> Result<()>;
}
bitflags::bitflags! {
#[repr(C)]
pub struct FunctionFlags: ::std::os::raw::c_int {
const SQLITE_UTF8 = ffi::SQLITE_UTF8;
const SQLITE_UTF16LE = ffi::SQLITE_UTF16LE;
const SQLITE_UTF16BE = ffi::SQLITE_UTF16BE;
const SQLITE_UTF16 = ffi::SQLITE_UTF16;
const SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC = ffi::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC;
const SQLITE_DIRECTONLY = 0x0000_0008_0000;
const SQLITE_SUBTYPE = 0x0000_0010_0000;
const SQLITE_INNOCUOUS = 0x0000_0020_0000;
}
}
impl Default for FunctionFlags {
fn default() -> FunctionFlags {
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8
}
}
impl Connection {
pub fn create_scalar_function<F, T>(
&self,
fn_name: &str,
n_arg: c_int,
flags: FunctionFlags,
x_func: F,
) -> Result<()>
where
F: FnMut(&Context<'_>) -> Result<T> + Send + UnwindSafe + 'static,
T: ToSql,
{
self.db
.borrow_mut()
.create_scalar_function(fn_name, n_arg, flags, x_func)
}
pub fn create_aggregate_function<A, D, T>(
&self,
fn_name: &str,
n_arg: c_int,
flags: FunctionFlags,
aggr: D,
) -> Result<()>
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
D: Aggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
self.db
.borrow_mut()
.create_aggregate_function(fn_name, n_arg, flags, aggr)
}
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
pub fn create_window_function<A, W, T>(
&self,
fn_name: &str,
n_arg: c_int,
flags: FunctionFlags,
aggr: W,
) -> Result<()>
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
W: WindowAggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
self.db
.borrow_mut()
.create_window_function(fn_name, n_arg, flags, aggr)
}
pub fn remove_function(&self, fn_name: &str, n_arg: c_int) -> Result<()> {
self.db.borrow_mut().remove_function(fn_name, n_arg)
}
}
impl InnerConnection {
fn create_scalar_function<F, T>(
&mut self,
fn_name: &str,
n_arg: c_int,
flags: FunctionFlags,
x_func: F,
) -> Result<()>
where
F: FnMut(&Context<'_>) -> Result<T> + Send + UnwindSafe + 'static,
T: ToSql,
{
unsafe extern "C" fn call_boxed_closure<F, T>(
ctx: *mut sqlite3_context,
argc: c_int,
argv: *mut *mut sqlite3_value,
) where
F: FnMut(&Context<'_>) -> Result<T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let r = catch_unwind(|| {
let boxed_f: *mut F = ffi::sqlite3_user_data(ctx) as *mut F;
assert!(!boxed_f.is_null(), "Internal error - null function pointer");
let ctx = Context {
ctx,
args: slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize),
};
(*boxed_f)(&ctx)
});
let t = match r {
Err(_) => {
report_error(ctx, &Error::UnwindingPanic);
return;
}
Ok(r) => r,
};
let t = t.as_ref().map(|t| ToSql::to_sql(t));
match t {
Ok(Ok(ref value)) => set_result(ctx, value),
Ok(Err(err)) => report_error(ctx, &err),
Err(err) => report_error(ctx, err),
}
}
let boxed_f: *mut F = Box::into_raw(Box::new(x_func));
let c_name = str_to_cstring(fn_name)?;
let r = unsafe {
ffi::sqlite3_create_function_v2(
self.db(),
c_name.as_ptr(),
n_arg,
flags.bits(),
boxed_f as *mut c_void,
Some(call_boxed_closure::<F, T>),
None,
None,
Some(free_boxed_value::<F>),
)
};
self.decode_result(r)
}
fn create_aggregate_function<A, D, T>(
&mut self,
fn_name: &str,
n_arg: c_int,
flags: FunctionFlags,
aggr: D,
) -> Result<()>
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
D: Aggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let boxed_aggr: *mut D = Box::into_raw(Box::new(aggr));
let c_name = str_to_cstring(fn_name)?;
let r = unsafe {
ffi::sqlite3_create_function_v2(
self.db(),
c_name.as_ptr(),
n_arg,
flags.bits(),
boxed_aggr as *mut c_void,
None,
Some(call_boxed_step::<A, D, T>),
Some(call_boxed_final::<A, D, T>),
Some(free_boxed_value::<D>),
)
};
self.decode_result(r)
}
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
fn create_window_function<A, W, T>(
&mut self,
fn_name: &str,
n_arg: c_int,
flags: FunctionFlags,
aggr: W,
) -> Result<()>
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
W: WindowAggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let boxed_aggr: *mut W = Box::into_raw(Box::new(aggr));
let c_name = str_to_cstring(fn_name)?;
let r = unsafe {
ffi::sqlite3_create_window_function(
self.db(),
c_name.as_ptr(),
n_arg,
flags.bits(),
boxed_aggr as *mut c_void,
Some(call_boxed_step::<A, W, T>),
Some(call_boxed_final::<A, W, T>),
Some(call_boxed_value::<A, W, T>),
Some(call_boxed_inverse::<A, W, T>),
Some(free_boxed_value::<W>),
)
};
self.decode_result(r)
}
fn remove_function(&mut self, fn_name: &str, n_arg: c_int) -> Result<()> {
let c_name = str_to_cstring(fn_name)?;
let r = unsafe {
ffi::sqlite3_create_function_v2(
self.db(),
c_name.as_ptr(),
n_arg,
ffi::SQLITE_UTF8,
ptr::null_mut(),
None,
None,
None,
None,
)
};
self.decode_result(r)
}
}
unsafe fn aggregate_context<A>(ctx: *mut sqlite3_context, bytes: usize) -> Option<*mut *mut A> {
let pac = ffi::sqlite3_aggregate_context(ctx, bytes as c_int) as *mut *mut A;
if pac.is_null() {
return None;
}
Some(pac)
}
unsafe extern "C" fn call_boxed_step<A, D, T>(
ctx: *mut sqlite3_context,
argc: c_int,
argv: *mut *mut sqlite3_value,
) where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
D: Aggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let pac = match aggregate_context(ctx, ::std::mem::size_of::<*mut A>()) {
Some(pac) => pac,
None => {
ffi::sqlite3_result_error_nomem(ctx);
return;
}
};
let r = catch_unwind(|| {
let boxed_aggr: *mut D = ffi::sqlite3_user_data(ctx) as *mut D;
assert!(
!boxed_aggr.is_null(),
"Internal error - null aggregate pointer"
);
if (*pac as *mut A).is_null() {
*pac = Box::into_raw(Box::new((*boxed_aggr).init()));
}
let mut ctx = Context {
ctx,
args: slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize),
};
(*boxed_aggr).step(&mut ctx, &mut **pac)
});
let r = match r {
Err(_) => {
report_error(ctx, &Error::UnwindingPanic);
return;
}
Ok(r) => r,
};
match r {
Ok(_) => {}
Err(err) => report_error(ctx, &err),
};
}
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
unsafe extern "C" fn call_boxed_inverse<A, W, T>(
ctx: *mut sqlite3_context,
argc: c_int,
argv: *mut *mut sqlite3_value,
) where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
W: WindowAggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let pac = match aggregate_context(ctx, ::std::mem::size_of::<*mut A>()) {
Some(pac) => pac,
None => {
ffi::sqlite3_result_error_nomem(ctx);
return;
}
};
let r = catch_unwind(|| {
let boxed_aggr: *mut W = ffi::sqlite3_user_data(ctx) as *mut W;
assert!(
!boxed_aggr.is_null(),
"Internal error - null aggregate pointer"
);
let mut ctx = Context {
ctx,
args: slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize),
};
(*boxed_aggr).inverse(&mut ctx, &mut **pac)
});
let r = match r {
Err(_) => {
report_error(ctx, &Error::UnwindingPanic);
return;
}
Ok(r) => r,
};
match r {
Ok(_) => {}
Err(err) => report_error(ctx, &err),
};
}
unsafe extern "C" fn call_boxed_final<A, D, T>(ctx: *mut sqlite3_context)
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
D: Aggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let a: Option<A> = match aggregate_context(ctx, 0) {
Some(pac) => {
if (*pac as *mut A).is_null() {
None
} else {
let a = Box::from_raw(*pac);
Some(*a)
}
}
None => None,
};
let r = catch_unwind(|| {
let boxed_aggr: *mut D = ffi::sqlite3_user_data(ctx) as *mut D;
assert!(
!boxed_aggr.is_null(),
"Internal error - null aggregate pointer"
);
(*boxed_aggr).finalize(a)
});
let t = match r {
Err(_) => {
report_error(ctx, &Error::UnwindingPanic);
return;
}
Ok(r) => r,
};
let t = t.as_ref().map(|t| ToSql::to_sql(t));
match t {
Ok(Ok(ref value)) => set_result(ctx, value),
Ok(Err(err)) => report_error(ctx, &err),
Err(err) => report_error(ctx, err),
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
unsafe extern "C" fn call_boxed_value<A, W, T>(ctx: *mut sqlite3_context)
where
A: RefUnwindSafe + UnwindSafe,
W: WindowAggregate<A, T>,
T: ToSql,
{
let a: Option<&A> = match aggregate_context(ctx, 0) {
Some(pac) => {
if (*pac as *mut A).is_null() {
None
} else {
let a = &**pac;
Some(a)
}
}
None => None,
};
let r = catch_unwind(|| {
let boxed_aggr: *mut W = ffi::sqlite3_user_data(ctx) as *mut W;
assert!(
!boxed_aggr.is_null(),
"Internal error - null aggregate pointer"
);
(*boxed_aggr).value(a)
});
let t = match r {
Err(_) => {
report_error(ctx, &Error::UnwindingPanic);
return;
}
Ok(r) => r,
};
let t = t.as_ref().map(|t| ToSql::to_sql(t));
match t {
Ok(Ok(ref value)) => set_result(ctx, value),
Ok(Err(err)) => report_error(ctx, &err),
Err(err) => report_error(ctx, err),
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use regex::Regex;
use std::f64::EPSILON;
use std::os::raw::c_double;
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
use crate::functions::WindowAggregate;
use crate::functions::{Aggregate, Context, FunctionFlags};
use crate::{Connection, Error, Result, NO_PARAMS};
fn half(ctx: &Context<'_>) -> Result<c_double> {
assert_eq!(ctx.len(), 1, "called with unexpected number of arguments");
let value = ctx.get::<c_double>(0)?;
Ok(value / 2f64)
}
#[test]
fn test_function_half() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_scalar_function(
"half",
1,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
half,
)
.unwrap();
let result: Result<f64> = db.query_row("SELECT half(6)", NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0));
assert!((3f64 - result.unwrap()).abs() < EPSILON);
}
#[test]
fn test_remove_function() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_scalar_function(
"half",
1,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
half,
)
.unwrap();
let result: Result<f64> = db.query_row("SELECT half(6)", NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0));
assert!((3f64 - result.unwrap()).abs() < EPSILON);
db.remove_function("half", 1).unwrap();
let result: Result<f64> = db.query_row("SELECT half(6)", NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0));
assert!(result.is_err());
}
fn regexp_with_auxilliary(ctx: &Context<'_>) -> Result<bool> {
assert_eq!(ctx.len(), 2, "called with unexpected number of arguments");
type BoxError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>;
let regexp: std::sync::Arc<Regex> = ctx
.get_or_create_aux(0, |vr| -> Result<_, BoxError> {
Ok(Regex::new(vr.as_str()?)?)
})?;
let is_match = {
let text = ctx
.get_raw(1)
.as_str()
.map_err(|e| Error::UserFunctionError(e.into()))?;
regexp.is_match(text)
};
Ok(is_match)
}
#[test]
fn test_function_regexp_with_auxilliary() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.execute_batch(
"BEGIN;
CREATE TABLE foo (x string);
INSERT INTO foo VALUES ('lisa');
INSERT INTO foo VALUES ('lXsi');
INSERT INTO foo VALUES ('lisX');
END;",
)
.unwrap();
db.create_scalar_function(
"regexp",
2,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
regexp_with_auxilliary,
)
.unwrap();
let result: Result<bool> =
db.query_row("SELECT regexp('l.s[aeiouy]', 'lisa')", NO_PARAMS, |r| {
r.get(0)
});
assert_eq!(true, result.unwrap());
let result: Result<i64> = db.query_row(
"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM foo WHERE regexp('l.s[aeiouy]', x) == 1",
NO_PARAMS,
|r| r.get(0),
);
assert_eq!(2, result.unwrap());
}
#[test]
fn test_varargs_function() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_scalar_function(
"my_concat",
-1,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
|ctx| {
let mut ret = String::new();
for idx in 0..ctx.len() {
let s = ctx.get::<String>(idx)?;
ret.push_str(&s);
}
Ok(ret)
},
)
.unwrap();
for &(expected, query) in &[
("", "SELECT my_concat()"),
("onetwo", "SELECT my_concat('one', 'two')"),
("abc", "SELECT my_concat('a', 'b', 'c')"),
] {
let result: String = db.query_row(query, NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0)).unwrap();
assert_eq!(expected, result);
}
}
#[test]
fn test_get_aux_type_checking() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_scalar_function("example", 2, FunctionFlags::default(), |ctx| {
if !ctx.get::<bool>(1)? {
ctx.set_aux::<i64>(0, 100)?;
} else {
assert_eq!(ctx.get_aux::<String>(0), Err(Error::GetAuxWrongType));
assert_eq!(*ctx.get_aux::<i64>(0).unwrap().unwrap(), 100);
}
Ok(true)
})
.unwrap();
let res: bool = db
.query_row(
"SELECT example(0, i) FROM (SELECT 0 as i UNION SELECT 1)",
NO_PARAMS,
|r| r.get(0),
)
.unwrap();
assert!(res);
}
struct Sum;
struct Count;
impl Aggregate<i64, Option<i64>> for Sum {
fn init(&self) -> i64 {
0
}
fn step(&self, ctx: &mut Context<'_>, sum: &mut i64) -> Result<()> {
*sum += ctx.get::<i64>(0)?;
Ok(())
}
fn finalize(&self, sum: Option<i64>) -> Result<Option<i64>> {
Ok(sum)
}
}
impl Aggregate<i64, i64> for Count {
fn init(&self) -> i64 {
0
}
fn step(&self, _ctx: &mut Context<'_>, sum: &mut i64) -> Result<()> {
*sum += 1;
Ok(())
}
fn finalize(&self, sum: Option<i64>) -> Result<i64> {
Ok(sum.unwrap_or(0))
}
}
#[test]
fn test_sum() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_aggregate_function(
"my_sum",
1,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
Sum,
)
.unwrap();
let no_result = "SELECT my_sum(i) FROM (SELECT 2 AS i WHERE 1 <> 1)";
let result: Option<i64> = db.query_row(no_result, NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0)).unwrap();
assert!(result.is_none());
let single_sum = "SELECT my_sum(i) FROM (SELECT 2 AS i UNION ALL SELECT 2)";
let result: i64 = db.query_row(single_sum, NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0)).unwrap();
assert_eq!(4, result);
let dual_sum = "SELECT my_sum(i), my_sum(j) FROM (SELECT 2 AS i, 1 AS j UNION ALL SELECT \
2, 1)";
let result: (i64, i64) = db
.query_row(dual_sum, NO_PARAMS, |r| Ok((r.get(0)?, r.get(1)?)))
.unwrap();
assert_eq!((4, 2), result);
}
#[test]
fn test_count() {
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_aggregate_function(
"my_count",
-1,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
Count,
)
.unwrap();
let no_result = "SELECT my_count(i) FROM (SELECT 2 AS i WHERE 1 <> 1)";
let result: i64 = db.query_row(no_result, NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0)).unwrap();
assert_eq!(result, 0);
let single_sum = "SELECT my_count(i) FROM (SELECT 2 AS i UNION ALL SELECT 2)";
let result: i64 = db.query_row(single_sum, NO_PARAMS, |r| r.get(0)).unwrap();
assert_eq!(2, result);
}
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
impl WindowAggregate<i64, Option<i64>> for Sum {
fn inverse(&self, ctx: &mut Context<'_>, sum: &mut i64) -> Result<()> {
*sum -= ctx.get::<i64>(0)?;
Ok(())
}
fn value(&self, sum: Option<&i64>) -> Result<Option<i64>> {
Ok(sum.copied())
}
}
#[test]
#[cfg(feature = "window")]
fn test_window() {
use fallible_iterator::FallibleIterator;
let db = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
db.create_window_function(
"sumint",
1,
FunctionFlags::SQLITE_UTF8 | FunctionFlags::SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC,
Sum,
)
.unwrap();
db.execute_batch(
"CREATE TABLE t3(x, y);
INSERT INTO t3 VALUES('a', 4),
('b', 5),
('c', 3),
('d', 8),
('e', 1);",
)
.unwrap();
let mut stmt = db
.prepare(
"SELECT x, sumint(y) OVER (
ORDER BY x ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING
) AS sum_y
FROM t3 ORDER BY x;",
)
.unwrap();
let results: Vec<(String, i64)> = stmt
.query(NO_PARAMS)
.unwrap()
.map(|row| Ok((row.get("x")?, row.get("sum_y")?)))
.collect()
.unwrap();
let expected = vec![
("a".to_owned(), 9),
("b".to_owned(), 12),
("c".to_owned(), 16),
("d".to_owned(), 12),
("e".to_owned(), 9),
];
assert_eq!(expected, results);
}
}