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//! Provides an [`Actor`] and (de)serializable [`Token`] struct which support authenticating
//! JSON Web Tokens with a custom payload. See [jwt.io](http://jwt.io) for more information
//! on the JWT spec.
//!
//! The provided [`Actor`] uses the
//! [ECDSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm)
//! algorithm to sign tokens (using the [`ed25519_dalek`] crate).
//!
//! This library differs from other JWT implementations in that it allows for recursive [`Token`]s.
//!
//! Note that if the same `(host, actor)` pair is specified multiple times in the token chain,
//! only the latest is returned by [`Claims::get`].
//!
//! Example:
//! ```
//! # use std::collections::HashMap;
//! # use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
//! # use async_trait::async_trait;
//! # use futures::executor::block_on;
//! use rjwt::*;
//!
//! #[derive(Clone)]
//! struct Resolver {
//! hostname: String,
//! actors: HashMap<String, Actor<String>>,
//! peers: Vec<Self>,
//! }
//! // ...
//! # impl Resolver {
//! # fn new<A: IntoIterator<Item = Actor<String>>>(hostname: String, actors: A, peers: Vec<Self>) -> Self {
//! # Self { hostname, actors: actors.into_iter().map(|a| (a.id().clone(), a)).collect(), peers }
//! # }
//! # }
//!
//! #[async_trait]
//! impl Resolve for Resolver {
//! type HostId = String;
//! type ActorId = String;
//! type Claims = String;
//!
//! async fn resolve(&self, host: &Self::HostId, actor_id: &Self::ActorId) -> Result<Actor<Self::ActorId>, Error> {
//! if host == &self.hostname {
//! self.actors.get(actor_id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| Error::fetch(actor_id))
//! } else if let Some(peer) = self.peers.iter().filter(|p| &p.hostname == host).next() {
//! peer.resolve(host, actor_id).await
//! } else {
//! Err(Error::fetch(host))
//! }
//! }
//! }
//!
//! let now = SystemTime::now();
//!
//! // Say that Bob is a user on example.com.
//! let bobs_id = "bob".to_string();
//! let example_dot_com = "example.com".to_string();
//!
//! let actor_bob = Actor::new(bobs_id.clone());
//! let example = Resolver::new(example_dot_com.clone(), [actor_bob.clone()], vec![]);
//!
//! // Bob makes a request through the retailer.com app.
//! let retailer_dot_com = "retailer.com".to_string();
//! let retail_app = Actor::new("app".to_string());
//! let retailer = Resolver::new(
//! retailer_dot_com.clone(),
//! [retail_app.clone()],
//! vec![example.clone()]);
//!
//! // The retailer.com app makes a request to Bob's bank.
//! let bank_account = Actor::new("bank".to_string());
//! let bank = Resolver::new(
//! "bank.com".to_string(),
//! [bank_account.clone()],
//! vec![example, retailer.clone()]);
//!
//! // First, example.com issues a token to authenticate Bob.
//! let bobs_claim = String::from("I am Bob and retailer.com may debit my bank.com account");
//!
//! // This requires constructing the token...
//! let bobs_token = Token::new(
//! example_dot_com.clone(),
//! now,
//! Duration::from_secs(30),
//! actor_bob.id().to_string(),
//! bobs_claim.clone());
//!
//! // and signing it with Bob's private key.
//! let bobs_token = actor_bob.sign_token(bobs_token).expect("signed token");
//!
//! // Then, retailer.com validates the token...
//! let bobs_token = block_on(retailer.verify(bobs_token.into_jwt(), now)).expect("claims");
//! assert!(bobs_token.get_claim(&example_dot_com, &bobs_id).expect("claim").starts_with("I am Bob"));
//!
//! // and adds its own claim, that Bob owes it $1.
//! let retailer_claim = String::from("Bob spent $1 on retailer.com");
//! let retailer_token = retail_app.consume_and_sign(
//! bobs_token,
//! retailer_dot_com.clone(),
//! retailer_claim.clone(),
//! now).expect("signed token");
//!
//! assert_eq!(retailer_token.get_claim(&retailer_dot_com, retail_app.id()), Some(&retailer_claim));
//! assert_eq!(retailer_token.get_claim(&example_dot_com, actor_bob.id()), Some(&bobs_claim));
//!
//! // Finally, Bob's bank verifies the token...
//! let retailer_token_as_received = block_on(bank.verify(retailer_token.jwt().to_string(), now)).expect("claims");
//! assert_eq!(retailer_token, retailer_token_as_received);
//!
//! // to authenticate that the request came from Bob...
//! assert!(retailer_token_as_received
//! .get_claim(&example_dot_com, &bobs_id)
//! .expect("claim")
//! .starts_with("I am Bob and retailer.com may debit my bank.com account"));
//!
//! // via retailer.com.
//! assert!(retailer_token_as_received.get_claim(&retailer_dot_com, retail_app.id()).expect("claim").starts_with("Bob spent $1"));
//! ```
use std::fmt;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, SystemTimeError, UNIX_EPOCH};
use async_trait::async_trait;
use base64::prelude::*;
use ed25519_dalek::{SignatureError, Signer, Verifier};
use futures::Future;
use rand::rngs::OsRng;
use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
pub use ed25519_dalek::{Signature, SigningKey, VerifyingKey};
/// The category of error returned by a JWT operation
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum ErrorKind {
/// An authentication error
Auth,
Base64,
Fetch,
Format,
Json,
Time,
}
/// An error returned by a JWT operation
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Error {
kind: ErrorKind,
message: String,
}
impl Error {
/// Construct a new [`Error`].
pub fn new(kind: ErrorKind, message: String) -> Self {
Self { kind, message }
}
/// Return the [`ErrorKind`] of this [`Error`].
pub fn kind(&self) -> ErrorKind {
self.kind
}
/// Destructure this [`Error`] into its [`ErrorKind`] and an error message [`String`].
pub fn into_inner(self) -> (ErrorKind, String) {
(self.kind, self.message)
}
/// Construct a new authentication [`Error`].
pub fn auth<M: fmt::Display>(message: M) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Auth, message.to_string())
}
/// Construct a new JWT format [`Error`].
pub fn format<M: fmt::Display>(cause: M) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Format, cause.to_string())
}
/// Construct a new JWT actor retrieval [`Error`].
pub fn fetch<Info: fmt::Debug>(info: Info) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Fetch, format!("{info:?}"))
}
}
impl fmt::Display for Error {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{:?}: {}", self.kind, self.message)
}
}
impl std::error::Error for Error {}
impl From<base64::DecodeError> for Error {
fn from(cause: base64::DecodeError) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Base64, cause.to_string())
}
}
impl From<serde_json::Error> for Error {
fn from(cause: serde_json::Error) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Json, cause.to_string())
}
}
impl From<SignatureError> for Error {
fn from(cause: SignatureError) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Auth, cause.to_string())
}
}
impl From<SystemTimeError> for Error {
fn from(cause: SystemTimeError) -> Self {
Self::new(ErrorKind::Time, cause.to_string())
}
}
/// Trait which defines how to fetch an [`Actor`] given its host and ID
#[async_trait]
pub trait Resolve: Send + Sync {
type HostId: Serialize + DeserializeOwned + PartialEq + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
type ActorId: Serialize + DeserializeOwned + PartialEq + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
type Claims: Serialize + DeserializeOwned + Send + Sync;
/// Given a host and actor ID, return a corresponding [`Actor`].
async fn resolve(
&self,
host: &Self::HostId,
actor_id: &Self::ActorId,
) -> Result<Actor<Self::ActorId>, Error>;
/// Decode and verify the given `encoded` token.
async fn verify(
&self,
encoded: String,
now: SystemTime,
) -> Result<SignedToken<Self::HostId, Self::ActorId, Self::Claims>, Error> {
let claims = verify_claims(self, &encoded, now).await?;
Ok(SignedToken::new(claims, encoded))
}
}
async fn decode_and_verify_token<R: Resolve + ?Sized>(
resolver: &R,
encoded: &str,
now: SystemTime,
) -> Result<Token<R::HostId, R::ActorId, R::Claims>, Error> {
let (message, signature) = token_signature(encoded)?;
let token: Token<R::HostId, R::ActorId, R::Claims> = decode_token(message)?;
if token.is_expired(now) {
return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::Time, "token is expired".into()));
}
let actor = resolver.resolve(&token.iss, &token.actor_id).await?;
if actor.id != token.actor_id {
return Err(Error::auth(
"attempted to use a bearer token for a different actor",
));
}
if let Err(cause) = actor.public_key().verify(message.as_bytes(), &signature) {
Err(Error::auth(format!("invalid bearer token: {cause}")))
} else {
Ok(token)
}
}
fn verify_claims<'a, R: Resolve + ?Sized>(
resolver: &'a R,
encoded: &'a str,
now: SystemTime,
) -> Pin<
Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Claims<R::HostId, R::ActorId, R::Claims>, Error>> + Send + 'a>,
> {
Box::pin(async move {
let token = decode_and_verify_token(resolver, encoded, now).await?;
if let Some(parent) = token.inherit {
let parent_claims = verify_claims(resolver, &parent, now).await?;
if token.exp <= parent_claims.exp {
parent_claims.consume(token.iss, token.actor_id, token.custom)
} else {
Err(Error::new(
ErrorKind::Time,
"cannot extend the expiration time of a recursive token".into(),
))
}
} else {
Ok(Claims::new(
token.exp,
token.iss,
token.actor_id,
token.custom,
))
}
})
}
/// An actor with an identifier of type `T` and an ECDSA keypair used to sign tokens.
///
/// *IMPORTANT NOTE*: for security reasons, although `Actor` implements `Clone`, its secret key will
/// NOT be cloned. For example:
/// ```
/// # use rjwt::Actor;
/// let actor = Actor::<String>::new("id".to_string()); // this has a new secret key
/// let cloned = actor.clone(); // this does NOT have a secret key, only a public key
/// ```
pub struct Actor<A> {
id: A,
public_key: VerifyingKey,
private_key: Option<SigningKey>,
}
impl<A> Actor<A> {
/// Return an `Actor` with a newly-generated keypair.
pub fn new(id: A) -> Self {
let private_key = SigningKey::generate(&mut OsRng);
let public_key = private_key.verifying_key();
Self {
id,
public_key,
private_key: Some(private_key),
}
}
/// Return an `Actor` with the given keypair, or an error if the keypair is invalid.
pub fn with_keypair(id: A, public_key: &[u8], secret: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Error> {
let public_key = VerifyingKey::try_from(public_key)?;
let private_key = SigningKey::try_from(secret)?;
Ok(Self {
id,
public_key,
private_key: Some(private_key),
})
}
/// Return an `Actor` with the given public key, or an error if the key is invalid.
pub fn with_public_key(id: A, public_key: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Error> {
let public_key = VerifyingKey::try_from(public_key)?;
Ok(Self {
id,
public_key,
private_key: None,
})
}
/// Borrow the identifier of this actor.
pub fn id(&self) -> &A {
&self.id
}
/// Borrow the public key of this actor, which a client can use to verify a signature.
pub fn public_key(&self) -> &VerifyingKey {
&self.public_key
}
pub fn sign_token_inner<H, C>(&self, token: &Token<H, A, C>) -> Result<String, Error>
where
H: Serialize,
A: Serialize,
C: Serialize,
{
let private_key = self
.private_key
.as_ref()
.ok_or_else(|| Error::auth("cannot sign a token without a private key"))?;
let header = BASE64_STANDARD.encode(serde_json::to_string(&TokenHeader::default())?);
let claims = BASE64_STANDARD.encode(serde_json::to_string(&token)?);
let signature = private_key.try_sign(format!("{header}.{claims}").as_bytes())?;
let signature = BASE64_STANDARD.encode(signature.to_bytes());
Ok(format!("{header}.{claims}.{signature}"))
}
/// Encode and sign the given `token` data.
pub fn sign_token<H, C>(&self, token: Token<H, A, C>) -> Result<SignedToken<H, A, C>, Error>
where
H: Serialize,
A: Serialize,
C: Serialize,
{
let jwt = self.sign_token_inner(&token)?;
let claims = Claims {
exp: token.exp,
host: token.iss,
actor_id: token.actor_id,
claims: token.custom,
inherit: None,
};
Ok(SignedToken::new(claims, jwt))
}
/// Encode and sign a new token which inherits the claims of the given `token` and includes the new `claims`.
pub fn consume_and_sign<H, C>(
&self,
token: SignedToken<H, A, C>,
host_id: H,
claims: C,
now: SystemTime,
) -> Result<SignedToken<H, A, C>, Error>
where
H: Serialize + Clone,
A: Serialize + Clone,
C: Serialize + Clone,
{
let (token, claims) = Token::consume(token, now, host_id.clone(), self.id.clone(), claims)?;
let token = self.sign_token_inner(&token)?;
Ok(SignedToken::new(claims, token))
}
}
impl<A: Clone> Clone for Actor<A> {
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
Actor {
id: self.id.clone(),
public_key: self.public_key.clone(),
private_key: None,
}
}
}
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
struct TokenHeader {
alg: String,
typ: String,
}
impl Default for TokenHeader {
fn default() -> TokenHeader {
TokenHeader {
alg: "ES256".into(),
typ: "JWT".into(),
}
}
}
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct Claims<H, A, C> {
exp: u64,
host: H,
actor_id: A,
claims: C,
inherit: Option<Box<Claims<H, A, C>>>,
}
impl<H, A, C> Claims<H, A, C> {
fn new(exp: u64, host: H, actor_id: A, claims: C) -> Self {
Self {
exp,
host,
actor_id,
claims,
inherit: None,
}
}
fn consume(self, host: H, actor_id: A, claims: C) -> Result<Self, Error> {
let exp = self.expires().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?;
Ok(Self {
exp: exp.as_secs(),
host,
actor_id,
claims,
inherit: Some(Box::new(self)),
})
}
fn expires(&self) -> SystemTime {
UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(self.exp)
}
}
impl<H: PartialEq, A: PartialEq, C> Claims<H, A, C> {
fn first<Cond>(&self, cond: Cond) -> Option<(&H, &A, &C)>
where
Cond: Fn((&H, &A, &C)) -> bool,
{
let mut first = None;
let mut this = Some(self);
while let Some(claims) = this {
let hac = (&claims.host, &claims.actor_id, &claims.claims);
if (cond)(hac) {
first = Some(hac);
}
this = claims.inherit.as_ref().map(|c| &**c);
}
first
}
fn last<Cond>(&self, cond: Cond) -> Option<(&H, &A, &C)>
where
Cond: Fn((&H, &A, &C)) -> bool,
{
let claim = (&self.host, &self.actor_id, &self.claims);
if (cond)(claim) {
Some(claim)
} else if let Some(parent) = self.inherit.as_ref() {
parent.last(cond)
} else {
None
}
}
fn get(&self, host: &H, actor_id: &A) -> Option<&C> {
if host == &self.host && actor_id == &self.actor_id {
Some(&self.claims)
} else if let Some(claims) = &self.inherit {
claims.get(host, actor_id)
} else {
None
}
}
}
/// The JSON Web Token wire format
#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
pub struct Token<H, A, C> {
iss: H,
iat: u64,
exp: u64,
actor_id: A,
custom: C,
inherit: Option<String>,
}
impl<H, A, C> Token<H, A, C> {
/// Create a new (unsigned) token.
pub fn new(iss: H, iat: SystemTime, ttl: Duration, actor_id: A, claims: C) -> Self {
let iat = iat.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).expect("duration");
let exp = iat + ttl;
Self {
iss,
iat: iat.as_secs(),
exp: exp.as_secs(),
actor_id,
custom: claims,
inherit: None,
}
}
fn consume(
parent: SignedToken<H, A, C>,
iat: SystemTime,
host_id: H,
actor_id: A,
claims: C,
) -> Result<(Self, Claims<H, A, C>), Error>
where
H: Clone,
A: Clone,
C: Clone,
{
let iat = iat.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?;
let exp = parent.expires().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?;
let token = Self {
iss: host_id.clone(),
iat: iat.as_secs(),
exp: exp.as_secs(),
actor_id: actor_id.clone(),
custom: claims.clone(),
inherit: Some(parent.jwt),
};
let claims = parent.claims.consume(host_id, actor_id, claims)?;
Ok((token, claims))
}
/// Borrow the claimed issuer of this token.
pub fn issuer(&self) -> &H {
&self.iss
}
/// Borrow the actor to whom this token claims to belong.
pub fn actor_id(&self) -> &A {
&self.actor_id
}
/// Return `true` if this token is expired (or not yet issued) at the given moment.
pub fn is_expired(&self, now: SystemTime) -> bool {
let iat = UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(self.iat);
let exp = UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(self.exp);
now < iat || now >= exp
}
}
impl<H: fmt::Display, A: fmt::Display, C> fmt::Debug for Token<H, A, C> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(
f,
"JWT token claiming to authenticate actor {} at host {}",
self.actor_id, self.iss
)
}
}
/// The data of a JWT including its (inherited) claims and encoded, signed representation.
#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct SignedToken<H, A, C> {
claims: Claims<H, A, C>,
jwt: String,
}
impl<H, A, C> SignedToken<H, A, C> {
fn new(data: Claims<H, A, C>, jwt: String) -> Self {
Self { claims: data, jwt }
}
/// Check the expiration time of this [`SignedToken`].
pub fn expires(&self) -> SystemTime {
self.claims.expires()
}
/// Borrow the latest (most recent) claim by the given `actor` on the given `host`.
pub fn get_claim(&self, host: &H, actor: &A) -> Option<&C>
where
H: PartialEq,
A: PartialEq,
{
self.claims.get(host, actor)
}
/// Borrow the earliest claim which matches the given `cond`ition.
pub fn first_claim<Cond>(&self, cond: Cond) -> Option<(&H, &A, &C)>
where
H: PartialEq,
A: PartialEq,
Cond: Fn((&H, &A, &C)) -> bool,
{
self.claims.first(cond)
}
/// Borrow the latest claim which matches the given `cond`ition.
pub fn last_claim<Cond>(&self, cond: Cond) -> Option<(&H, &A, &C)>
where
H: PartialEq,
A: PartialEq,
Cond: Fn((&H, &A, &C)) -> bool,
{
self.claims.last(cond)
}
/// Borrow the signed, encoded representation of this token.
pub fn jwt(&self) -> &str {
&self.jwt
}
/// Destructure this [`SignedToken`] into its encoded representation.
pub fn into_jwt(self) -> String {
self.jwt
}
}
impl<H: fmt::Debug, A: fmt::Debug, C: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for SignedToken<H, A, C> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "JWT {} which claims {:?}", self.jwt, self.claims)
}
}
fn token_signature(encoded: &str) -> Result<(&str, Signature), Error> {
if encoded.ends_with('.') {
return Err(Error::format("encoded token cannot end with ."));
}
let i = encoded
.rfind('.')
.ok_or_else(|| Error::format(format!("invalid token: {}", encoded)))?;
let message = &encoded[..i];
let signature = BASE64_STANDARD
.decode(&encoded[(i + 1)..])
.map_err(|e| Error::new(ErrorKind::Base64, e.to_string()))?;
let signature = Signature::try_from(&signature[..])?;
Ok((message, signature))
}
fn decode_token<H, A, C>(encoded: &str) -> Result<Token<H, A, C>, Error>
where
H: DeserializeOwned,
A: DeserializeOwned,
C: DeserializeOwned,
{
let i = encoded
.find('.')
.ok_or_else(|| Error::format(format!("invalid token: {}", encoded)))?;
let header = BASE64_STANDARD.decode(&encoded[..i])?;
let header: TokenHeader = serde_json::from_slice(&header)?;
if header != TokenHeader::default() {
return Err(Error::format(format!(
"unsupported bearer token type: {header:?}"
)));
}
let token = BASE64_STANDARD.decode(&encoded[(i + 1)..])?;
let token = serde_json::from_slice(&token)?;
Ok(token)
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
const SIZE_LIMIT: usize = 8000; // max HTTP header size
#[test]
fn test_format() {
let actor = Actor::new("actor".to_string());
let token = Token::new(
"example.com".to_string(),
SystemTime::now(),
Duration::from_secs(30),
actor.id().to_string(),
(),
);
let signed = actor.sign_token(token).unwrap();
let (message, _) = token_signature(signed.jwt()).unwrap();
assert!(signed.jwt().starts_with(message));
assert!(signed.jwt().len() < SIZE_LIMIT);
}
}