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// Copyright (c) 2017-present PyO3 Project and Contributors use crate::conversion::{PyTryFrom, ToBorrowedObject}; use crate::err::{PyDowncastError, PyErr, PyResult}; use crate::gil; use crate::pycell::{PyBorrowError, PyBorrowMutError, PyCell}; use crate::type_object::PyBorrowFlagLayout; use crate::types::{PyDict, PyTuple}; use crate::{ ffi, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, PyAny, PyClass, PyClassInitializer, PyRef, PyRefMut, PyTypeInfo, Python, ToPyObject, }; use std::marker::PhantomData; use std::mem; use std::ptr::NonNull; /// Types that are built into the Python interpreter. /// /// PyO3 is designed in a way that all references to those types are bound /// to the GIL, which is why you can get a token from all references of those /// types. pub unsafe trait PyNativeType: Sized { fn py(&self) -> Python { unsafe { Python::assume_gil_acquired() } } /// Cast `&PyAny` to `&Self` without no type checking. /// /// # Safety /// /// `obj` must have the same layout as `*const ffi::PyObject` and must be /// an instance of a type corresponding to `Self`. unsafe fn unchecked_downcast(obj: &PyAny) -> &Self { &*(obj.as_ptr() as *const Self) } } /// A Python object of known type T. /// /// Accessing this object is thread-safe, since any access to its API requires a `Python<'py>` GIL /// token. There are a few different ways to use the Python object contained: /// - [`Py::as_ref`](#method.as_ref) to borrow a GIL-bound reference to the contained object. /// - [`Py::borrow`](#method.borrow), [`Py::try_borrow`](#method.try_borrow), /// [`Py::borrow_mut`](#method.borrow_mut), or [`Py::try_borrow_mut`](#method.try_borrow_mut), /// to directly access a `#[pyclass]` value (which has RefCell-like behavior, see /// [the `PyCell` guide entry](https://pyo3.rs/master/class.html#pycell-and-interior-mutability) /// ). /// - Use methods directly on `Py`, such as [`Py::call`](#method.call) and /// [`Py::call_method`](#method.call_method). /// /// See [the guide](https://pyo3.rs/master/types.html) for an explanation /// of the different Python object types. #[repr(transparent)] pub struct Py<T>(NonNull<ffi::PyObject>, PhantomData<T>); unsafe impl<T> Send for Py<T> {} unsafe impl<T> Sync for Py<T> {} impl<T> Py<T> where T: PyClass, { /// Create a new instance `Py<T>` of a `#[pyclass]` on the Python heap. pub fn new(py: Python, value: impl Into<PyClassInitializer<T>>) -> PyResult<Py<T>> where T::BaseLayout: PyBorrowFlagLayout<T::BaseType>, { let initializer = value.into(); let obj = initializer.create_cell(py)?; let ob = unsafe { Py::from_owned_ptr(py, obj as _) }; Ok(ob) } } impl<T> Py<T> where T: PyTypeInfo, { /// Borrows a GIL-bound reference to the contained `T`. By binding to the GIL lifetime, this /// allows the GIL-bound reference to not require `Python` for any of its methods. /// /// For native types, this reference is `&T`. For pyclasses, this is `&PyCell<T>`. /// /// # Examples /// Get access to `&PyList` from `Py<PyList>`: /// /// ``` /// # use pyo3::prelude::*; /// # use pyo3::types::PyList; /// # Python::with_gil(|py| { /// let list: Py<PyList> = PyList::empty(py).into(); /// let list: &PyList = list.as_ref(py); /// assert_eq!(list.len(), 0); /// # }); /// ``` /// /// Get access to `&PyCell<MyClass>` from `Py<MyClass>`: /// /// ``` /// # use pyo3::prelude::*; /// #[pyclass] /// struct MyClass { } /// # Python::with_gil(|py| { /// let my_class: Py<MyClass> = Py::new(py, MyClass { }).unwrap(); /// let my_class_cell: &PyCell<MyClass> = my_class.as_ref(py); /// assert!(my_class_cell.try_borrow().is_ok()); /// # }); /// ``` pub fn as_ref<'py>(&'py self, _py: Python<'py>) -> &'py T::AsRefTarget { let any = self.as_ptr() as *const PyAny; unsafe { PyNativeType::unchecked_downcast(&*any) } } /// Similar to [`as_ref`](#method.as_ref), and also consumes this `Py` and registers the /// Python object reference in PyO3's object storage. The reference count for the Python /// object will not be decreased until the GIL lifetime ends. /// /// # Example /// /// Useful when returning GIL-bound references from functions. In the snippet below, note that /// the `'py` lifetime of the input GIL lifetime is also given to the returned reference: /// ``` /// # use pyo3::prelude::*; /// fn new_py_any<'py>(py: Python<'py>, value: impl IntoPy<PyObject>) -> &'py PyAny { /// let obj: PyObject = value.into_py(py); /// /// // .as_ref(py) would not be suitable here, because a reference to `obj` may not be /// // returned from the function. /// obj.into_ref(py) /// } /// ``` pub fn into_ref(self, py: Python) -> &T::AsRefTarget { unsafe { py.from_owned_ptr(self.into_ptr()) } } } impl<T> Py<T> where T: PyClass, { /// Immutably borrows the value `T`. This borrow lasts untill the returned `PyRef` exists. /// /// Equivalent to `self.as_ref(py).borrow()` - /// see [`PyCell::borrow`](../pycell/struct.PyCell.html#method.borrow) /// /// # Panics /// Panics if the value is currently mutably borrowed. For a non-panicking variant, use /// [`try_borrow`](#method.try_borrow). pub fn borrow<'py>(&'py self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyRef<'py, T> { self.as_ref(py).borrow() } /// Mutably borrows the value `T`. This borrow lasts untill the returned `PyRefMut` exists. /// /// Equivalent to `self.as_ref(py).borrow_mut()` - /// see [`PyCell::borrow_mut`](../pycell/struct.PyCell.html#method.borrow_mut) /// /// # Panics /// Panics if the value is currently mutably borrowed. For a non-panicking variant, use /// [`try_borrow_mut`](#method.try_borrow_mut). pub fn borrow_mut<'py>(&'py self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyRefMut<'py, T> { self.as_ref(py).borrow_mut() } /// Immutably borrows the value `T`, returning an error if the value is currently /// mutably borrowed. This borrow lasts untill the returned `PyRef` exists. /// /// This is the non-panicking variant of [`borrow`](#method.borrow). /// /// Equivalent to `self.as_ref(py).try_borrow()` - /// see [`PyCell::try_borrow`](../pycell/struct.PyCell.html#method.try_borrow) pub fn try_borrow<'py>(&'py self, py: Python<'py>) -> Result<PyRef<'py, T>, PyBorrowError> { self.as_ref(py).try_borrow() } /// Mutably borrows the value `T`, returning an error if the value is currently borrowed. /// This borrow lasts untill the returned `PyRefMut` exists. /// /// This is the non-panicking variant of [`borrow_mut`](#method.borrow_mut). /// /// Equivalent to `self.as_ref(py).try_borrow_mut() - /// see [`PyCell::try_borrow_mut`](../pycell/struct.PyCell.html#method.try_borrow_mut) pub fn try_borrow_mut<'py>( &'py self, py: Python<'py>, ) -> Result<PyRefMut<'py, T>, PyBorrowMutError> { self.as_ref(py).try_borrow_mut() } } impl<T> Py<T> { /// Gets the reference count of the `ffi::PyObject` pointer. #[inline] pub fn get_refcnt(&self, _py: Python) -> isize { unsafe { ffi::Py_REFCNT(self.0.as_ptr()) } } /// Clones self by calling `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr. #[inline] pub fn clone_ref(&self, py: Python) -> Py<T> { unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(py, self.0.as_ptr()) } } /// Returns whether the object is considered to be None. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self is None`. pub fn is_none(&self, _py: Python) -> bool { unsafe { ffi::Py_None() == self.as_ptr() } } /// Returns whether the object is considered to be true. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `bool(self)`. pub fn is_true(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<bool> { let v = unsafe { ffi::PyObject_IsTrue(self.as_ptr()) }; if v == -1 { Err(PyErr::fetch(py)) } else { Ok(v != 0) } } /// Extracts some type from the Python object. /// /// This is a wrapper function around `FromPyObject::extract()`. pub fn extract<'p, D>(&'p self, py: Python<'p>) -> PyResult<D> where D: FromPyObject<'p>, { FromPyObject::extract(unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr(self.as_ptr()) }) } /// Retrieves an attribute value. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.attr_name`. pub fn getattr<N>(&self, py: Python, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<PyObject> where N: ToPyObject, { attr_name.with_borrowed_ptr(py, |attr_name| unsafe { PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_GetAttr(self.as_ptr(), attr_name)) }) } /// Calls the object. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self(*args, **kwargs)`. pub fn call( &self, py: Python, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>, kwargs: Option<&PyDict>, ) -> PyResult<PyObject> { let args = args.into_py(py).into_ptr(); let kwargs = kwargs.into_ptr(); let result = unsafe { PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_Call(self.as_ptr(), args, kwargs)) }; unsafe { ffi::Py_XDECREF(args); ffi::Py_XDECREF(kwargs); } result } /// Calls the object with only positional arguments. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self(*args)`. pub fn call1(&self, py: Python, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>) -> PyResult<PyObject> { self.call(py, args, None) } /// Calls the object without arguments. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self()`. pub fn call0(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> { cfg_if::cfg_if! { // TODO: Use PyObject_CallNoArgs instead after https://bugs.python.org/issue42415. // Once the issue is resolved, we can enable this optimization for limited API. if #[cfg(all(Py_3_9, not(Py_LIMITED_API)))] { // Optimized path on python 3.9+ unsafe { PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::_PyObject_CallNoArg(self.as_ptr())) } } else { self.call(py, (), None) } } } /// Calls a method on the object. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name(*args, **kwargs)`. pub fn call_method( &self, py: Python, name: &str, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>, kwargs: Option<&PyDict>, ) -> PyResult<PyObject> { name.with_borrowed_ptr(py, |name| unsafe { let args = args.into_py(py).into_ptr(); let kwargs = kwargs.into_ptr(); let ptr = ffi::PyObject_GetAttr(self.as_ptr(), name); if ptr.is_null() { return Err(PyErr::fetch(py)); } let result = PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_Call(ptr, args, kwargs)); ffi::Py_DECREF(ptr); ffi::Py_XDECREF(args); ffi::Py_XDECREF(kwargs); result }) } /// Calls a method on the object with only positional arguments. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name(*args)`. pub fn call_method1( &self, py: Python, name: &str, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>, ) -> PyResult<PyObject> { self.call_method(py, name, args, None) } /// Calls a method on the object with no arguments. /// /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name()`. pub fn call_method0(&self, py: Python, name: &str) -> PyResult<PyObject> { cfg_if::cfg_if! { if #[cfg(all(Py_3_9, not(Py_LIMITED_API)))] { // Optimized path on python 3.9+ unsafe { let name = name.into_py(py); PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(self.as_ptr(), name.as_ptr())) } } else { self.call_method(py, name, (), None) } } } /// Create a `Py<T>` instance by taking ownership of the given FFI pointer. /// /// # Safety /// `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. /// /// Callers must own the object referred to by `ptr`, as this function /// implicitly takes ownership of that object. /// /// # Panics /// Panics if `ptr` is null. #[inline] pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> { match NonNull::new(ptr) { Some(nonnull_ptr) => Py(nonnull_ptr, PhantomData), None => crate::err::panic_after_error(py), } } /// Deprecated alias for [`from_owned_ptr`](#method.from_owned_ptr). /// /// # Safety /// `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. /// /// Callers must own the object referred to by `ptr`, as this function /// implicitly takes ownership of that object. #[inline] #[deprecated = "this is a deprecated alias for Py::from_owned_ptr"] pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> { Py::from_owned_ptr(py, ptr) } /// Create a `Py<T>` instance by taking ownership of the given FFI pointer. /// /// If `ptr` is null then the current Python exception is fetched as a `PyErr`. /// /// # Safety /// If non-null, `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. #[inline] pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_err(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyResult<Py<T>> { match NonNull::new(ptr) { Some(nonnull_ptr) => Ok(Py(nonnull_ptr, PhantomData)), None => Err(PyErr::fetch(py)), } } /// Create a `Py<T>` instance by taking ownership of the given FFI pointer. /// /// If `ptr` is null then `None` is returned. /// /// # Safety /// If non-null, `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. #[inline] pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_opt(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Option<Self> { match NonNull::new(ptr) { Some(nonnull_ptr) => Some(Py(nonnull_ptr, PhantomData)), None => None, } } /// Create a `Py<T>` instance by creating a new reference from the given FFI pointer. /// /// # Safety /// `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. /// /// # Panics /// Panics if `ptr` is null. #[inline] pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> { match Self::from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(py, ptr) { Some(slf) => slf, None => crate::err::panic_after_error(py), } } /// Create a `Py<T>` instance by creating a new reference from the given FFI pointer. /// /// If `ptr` is null then the current Python exception is fetched as a `PyErr`. /// /// # Safety /// `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. #[inline] pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_err(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyResult<Self> { Self::from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(py, ptr).ok_or_else(|| PyErr::fetch(py)) } /// Create a `Py<T>` instance by creating a new reference from the given FFI pointer. /// /// If `ptr` is null then `None` is returned. /// /// # Safety /// `ptr` must be a pointer to a Python object of type T. #[inline] pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Option<Self> { NonNull::new(ptr).map(|nonnull_ptr| { ffi::Py_INCREF(ptr); Py(nonnull_ptr, PhantomData) }) } /// For internal conversions. /// /// # Safety /// `ptr` must point to a Python object of type T. #[inline] unsafe fn from_non_null(ptr: NonNull<ffi::PyObject>) -> Self { Self(ptr, PhantomData) } /// Returns the inner pointer without decreasing the refcount. #[inline] fn into_non_null(self) -> NonNull<ffi::PyObject> { let pointer = self.0; mem::forget(self); pointer } } impl<T> ToPyObject for Py<T> { /// Converts `Py` instance -> PyObject. fn to_object(&self, py: Python) -> PyObject { unsafe { PyObject::from_borrowed_ptr(py, self.as_ptr()) } } } impl<T> IntoPy<PyObject> for Py<T> { /// Converts a `Py` instance to `PyObject`. /// Consumes `self` without calling `Py_DECREF()`. #[inline] fn into_py(self, _py: Python) -> PyObject { unsafe { PyObject::from_non_null(self.into_non_null()) } } } impl<T> AsPyPointer for Py<T> { /// Gets the underlying FFI pointer, returns a borrowed pointer. #[inline] fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut ffi::PyObject { self.0.as_ptr() } } impl<T> IntoPyPointer for Py<T> { /// Gets the underlying FFI pointer, returns a owned pointer. #[inline] #[must_use] fn into_ptr(self) -> *mut ffi::PyObject { self.into_non_null().as_ptr() } } impl<T> std::convert::From<&'_ T> for PyObject where T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType, { fn from(obj: &T) -> Self { unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(obj.py(), obj.as_ptr()) } } } impl<T> std::convert::From<Py<T>> for PyObject where T: AsRef<PyAny>, { #[inline] fn from(other: Py<T>) -> Self { unsafe { Self::from_non_null(other.into_non_null()) } } } // `&PyCell<T>` can be converted to `Py<T>` impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&PyCell<T>> for Py<T> where T: PyClass, { fn from(cell: &PyCell<T>) -> Self { unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(cell.py(), cell.as_ptr()) } } } impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<PyRef<'a, T>> for Py<T> where T: PyClass, { fn from(pyref: PyRef<'a, T>) -> Self { unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(pyref.py(), pyref.as_ptr()) } } } impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<PyRefMut<'a, T>> for Py<T> where T: PyClass, { fn from(pyref: PyRefMut<'a, T>) -> Self { unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(pyref.py(), pyref.as_ptr()) } } } impl<T> PartialEq for Py<T> { #[inline] fn eq(&self, o: &Py<T>) -> bool { self.0 == o.0 } } impl<T> Clone for Py<T> { fn clone(&self) -> Self { unsafe { gil::register_incref(self.0); } Self(self.0, PhantomData) } } /// Dropping a `Py` instance decrements the reference count on the object by 1. impl<T> Drop for Py<T> { fn drop(&mut self) { unsafe { gil::register_decref(self.0); } } } impl<'a, T> FromPyObject<'a> for Py<T> where T: PyTypeInfo, &'a T::AsRefTarget: FromPyObject<'a>, T::AsRefTarget: 'a + AsPyPointer, { /// Extracts `Self` from the source `PyObject`. fn extract(ob: &'a PyAny) -> PyResult<Self> { unsafe { ob.extract::<&T::AsRefTarget>() .map(|val| Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), val.as_ptr())) } } } /// Py<T> can be used as an error when T is an Error. /// /// However for GIL lifetime reasons, cause() cannot be implemented for Py<T>. /// Use .as_ref() to get the GIL-scoped error if you need to inspect the cause. impl<T> std::error::Error for Py<T> where T: std::error::Error + PyTypeInfo, T::AsRefTarget: std::fmt::Display, { } impl<T> std::fmt::Display for Py<T> where T: PyTypeInfo, T::AsRefTarget: std::fmt::Display, { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { let gil = Python::acquire_gil(); let py = gil.python(); std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_ref(py), f) } } impl<T> std::fmt::Debug for Py<T> { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { f.debug_tuple("Py").field(&self.0.as_ptr()).finish() } } /// A commonly-used alias for `Py<PyAny>`. /// /// This is an owned reference a Python object without any type information. This value can also be /// safely sent between threads. /// /// See the documentation for [`Py`](struct.Py.html). pub type PyObject = Py<PyAny>; impl PyObject { /// Casts the PyObject to a concrete Python object type. /// /// This can cast only to native Python types, not types implemented in Rust. For a more /// flexible alternative, see [`Py::extract`](struct.Py.html#method.extract). pub fn cast_as<'p, D>(&'p self, py: Python<'p>) -> Result<&'p D, PyDowncastError> where D: PyTryFrom<'p>, { D::try_from(unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr::<PyAny>(self.as_ptr()) }) } } #[cfg(test)] mod test { use super::{Py, PyObject}; use crate::types::PyDict; use crate::{ffi, AsPyPointer, Python}; #[test] fn test_call_for_non_existing_method() { let gil = Python::acquire_gil(); let py = gil.python(); let obj: PyObject = PyDict::new(py).into(); assert!(obj.call_method0(py, "asdf").is_err()); assert!(obj .call_method(py, "nonexistent_method", (1,), None) .is_err()); assert!(obj.call_method0(py, "nonexistent_method").is_err()); assert!(obj.call_method1(py, "nonexistent_method", (1,)).is_err()); } #[test] fn py_from_dict() { let dict: Py<PyDict> = { let gil = Python::acquire_gil(); let py = gil.python(); let native = PyDict::new(py); Py::from(native) }; assert_eq!(unsafe { ffi::Py_REFCNT(dict.as_ptr()) }, 1); } #[test] fn pyobject_from_py() { Python::with_gil(|py| { let dict: Py<PyDict> = PyDict::new(py).into(); let cnt = dict.get_refcnt(py); let p: PyObject = dict.into(); assert_eq!(p.get_refcnt(py), cnt); }); } }