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//! # Introduction //! //! If you're trying to do scientific computing in Rust, and you can't get used //! to mathematical functions like `sin()` or `cos()` being postfix methods, //! this crate may be for you! //! //! It provides free function versions of the trait methods of the `num` traits, //! so that you can easily do things like `sin(x) + 3*ln(y)`. //! //! Each trait's methods are exposed as an module of free functions, named after //! a snake_case version of the trait's name, and it only takes a couple of use //! clauses to go from there to using the above syntax in your math expressions. //! //! //! # API coverage //! //! This crate generally opts for maximal coverage of the num traits, except in //! the following circumstances: //! //! - The trait represents an operator whose standard notation is closer to a //! postfix method than to a prefix function, as is the case for most binary //! operators. For this reason, `AsPrimitive`, //! `Checked(Add|Div|Mul|Rem|Shl|Shr|Sub)`, `MulAdd`, `MulAddAssign`, //! `Saturating(Add|Mul|Sub)?` and `Wrapping(Add|Mul|Shl|Shr|Sub)` are not //! covered. //! - The num_trait crate already provides a set of free functions that cover //! 90% of a trait's functionality, and we re-export them. Thus, `One`, //! `Signed` and `Zero` are not covered. //! - A specific trait or its methods would require very significant supporting //! infrastructure to be exposed as a free function by this crate, and the //! extent of its real-world usage does not seem to justify the effort. //! To be more specific... //! * `FloatConst::TAU()` would require adding Self trait bound support to //! the underlying macro infrastructure, while `TAU` is arguably a math //! expert joke that most normal persons would spell out as `2.0 * PI`. //! * `MulAdd` and `MulAddAssign` would require adding generic trait support //! to the underlying macro infrastructure, while it is debatable whether //! a multiply-add should be considered a prefix or postfix operator. //! * `NumCast` would require adding generic trait method support, when it //! is dubious whether `from::<T, _>(n)` is actually a readability //! improvement over the `T::from(n)` that it replaces. //! * `i128`-based casts would require extending this crate's conditional //! compilation setup quite a bit through use of the `autocfg` crate, //! which seems to be a bit much considering how obscure that type is. //! //! If you find a num trait functionality which is neither exposed by this //! crate nor covered by the above list, this is likely an oversight from my //! part, please ping me about it. //! //! I am also willing to reconsider any point of the above policy if someone //! manages to make a good argument against it. Issues are welcome! //! //! //! # Limitations //! //! ## Documentation //! //! Only a one-line summary of each method's documentation is provided. Please //! refer to the corresponding trait method's documentation in `num_traits` for //! the full details of each function's API contract. //! //! ## Namespace collisions //! //! One advantage of using a trait-based approach like `num_traits` instead of //! free functions like this crate is that trait methods gracefully handle //! namespace collisions. //! //! With this crate, you will instead be the one responsible for only `use`-ing //! one function with a given name at a time. //! //! For what it's worth, this is why programming languages with prefix numerical //! methods usually also support method overloading. But Rust could not have //! that language feature, as it would break the kind of advanced type inference //! that all Rustaceans are used to enjoy today... #![deny(missing_docs)] #![no_std] #[cfg(feature = "std")] extern crate std; // Only `no_std` builds actually use `libm`. #[cfg(all(not(feature = "std"), feature = "libm"))] extern crate libm; use core::num::FpCategory; // Re-export the underlying num_traits API. pub use num_traits; /// Mechanism to expose methods from num's traits as modules of free functions macro_rules! define_prefix_methods { ( $( $( #[$module_attrs:meta] )* $trait_path:path => $module_name:ident { $( $( #[$method_attrs:meta] )* $method_name:ident $method_args:tt -> $method_result:tt )* } )* ) => { $( $( #[$module_attrs] )* #[allow(unused_imports)] pub mod $module_name { use super::*; $( define_method! { $( #[$method_attrs] )* $trait_path : $method_name $method_args -> $method_result } )* } )* } } // // TODO: Try to nerd-snipe a macro expert like dtolnay into either // generalizing/deduplicating this, or proving that it cannot be done // while operating within macro_rules' limitations. // I don't want to go for full proc macros because the compile time hit is // too high while declarative macros do the job, although in a clunky way. // // NOTE: Some function return types must be parenthesized because no macro // matcher seems fully adequate for matching a function return type above. // `ty` and `path` do not match `Self`, while `tt` does not match paths // and generic instantiations. // // NOTE: I would like this macro not to care about method attributes, but // it seems that expanding the attributes above the `define_method!` macro // invocation does not have the intended effect, at least as far as // rustdoc documentation is concerned. // macro_rules! define_method { ( $( #[$method_attrs:meta] )* $trait_path:path : $method_name:ident ( $( $arg:ident : $arg_ty:tt ),* ) -> $return_type:tt ) => { $( #[$method_attrs] )* pub fn $method_name<Self_: $trait_path>( $( $arg : translate_type!($arg_ty) ),* ) -> translate_type!($return_type) { <Self_ as $trait_path>::$method_name( $( $arg ),* ) } }; ( $( #[$method_attrs:meta] )* $trait_path:path : $method_name:ident (self $(,)? $( $arg:ident: $arg_ty:tt ),* ) -> $return_type:tt ) => { $( #[$method_attrs] )* pub fn $method_name<Self_: $trait_path>(self_: Self_, $( $arg : translate_type!($arg_ty) ),* ) -> translate_type!($return_type) { self_.$method_name( $( $arg ),* ) } }; ( $( #[$method_attrs:meta] )* $trait_path:path : $method_name:ident(&self) -> $return_type:tt ) => { $( #[$method_attrs] )* pub fn $method_name<Self_: $trait_path>(self_: &Self_) -> translate_type!($return_type) { self_.$method_name() } }; } // macro_rules! translate_type { // The Self of a trait method becomes the associated free function's type parameter... ( Self ) => { Self_ }; // ...and we remove parens around Self-based paths along the way ( ( Self::$assoc_type:ident ) ) => { Self_::$assoc_type }; // Parens around generics are removed, then type parameters are recursively translated ( ( $generic:ident< $($param:tt),* > ) ) => { $generic< $( translate_type!($param) ),* > }; // Each type composing a tuple is individually translated ( ( $( $tuple_member:tt ),* ) ) => { ( $( translate_type!($tuple_member) ),* ) }; // Other types are passed through, possibly removing now-useless parens along the way ( ( $other:ty ) ) => { $other }; ( $other:ty ) => { $other }; } // define_prefix_methods! { /// Methods from the Bounded trait, exposed as free functions. num_traits::bounds::Bounded => bounded { /// Returns the smallest finite number this type can represent. min_value() -> Self /// Returns the largest finite number this type can represent. max_value() -> Self } /// Methodes from the FromPrimitive trait, exposed as free functions. num_traits::cast::FromPrimitive => from_primitive { /// Converts an `i64` to return an optional value of this type. from_i64(n: i64) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `u64` to return an optional value of this type. from_u64(n: u64) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `isize` to return an optional value of this type. from_isize(n: isize) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `i8` to return an optional value of this type. from_i8(n: i8) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `i16` to return an optional value of this type. from_i16(n: i16) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `i32` to return an optional value of this type. from_i32(n: i32) -> (Option<Self>) // NOTE: from_i128 is not supported, see crate docs to understand why. /// Converts an `usize` to return an optional value of this type. from_usize(n: usize) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `u8` to return an optional value of this type. from_u8(n: u8) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `u16` to return an optional value of this type. from_u16(n: u16) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `u32` to return an optional value of this type. from_u32(n: u32) -> (Option<Self>) // NOTE: from_u128 not supported, see crate docs to understand why. /// Converts an `f32` to return an optional value of this type. from_f32(n: f32) -> (Option<Self>) /// Converts an `f64` to return an optional value of this type. from_f64(n: f64) -> (Option<Self>) } /// Methodes from the ToPrimitive trait, exposed as free functions. num_traits::cast::ToPrimitive => to_primitive { /// Converts the input to an `i64`. to_i64(&self) -> (Option<i64>) /// Converts the input to an `u64`. to_u64(&self) -> (Option<u64>) /// Converts the input to an `isize`. to_isize(&self) -> (Option<isize>) /// Converts the input to an `i8`. to_i8(&self) -> (Option<i8>) /// Converts the input to an `i16`. to_i16(&self) -> (Option<i16>) /// Converts the input to an `i32`. to_i32(&self) -> (Option<i32>) // NOTE: to_i128 is not supported, see crate docs to know why. /// Converts the input to an `usize`. to_usize(&self) -> (Option<usize>) /// Converts the input to an `u8`. to_u8(&self) -> (Option<u8>) /// Converts the input to an `u16`. to_u16(&self) -> (Option<u16>) /// Converts the input to an `u32`. to_u32(&self) -> (Option<u32>) // NOTE: to_u128 not supported, see crate docs to know why. /// Converts the input to an `f32`. to_f32(&self) -> (Option<f32>) /// Converts the input to an `f64`. to_f64(&self) -> (Option<f64>) } /// Methods from the Float trait, exposed as free functions. #[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "libm"))] num_traits::float::Float => float { /// Returns the `NaN` value. nan() -> Self /// Returns the infinite value. infinity() -> Self /// Returns the negative infinite value. neg_infinity() -> Self /// Returns `-0.0`. neg_zero() -> Self /// Returns the smallest finite value that this type can represent. min_value() -> Self /// Returns the smallest positive, normalized value that this type can represent. min_positive_value() -> Self /// Returns the largest finite value that this type can represent. max_value() -> Self /// Returns `true` if this value is `NaN` and false otherwise. is_nan(self) -> bool /// Returns `true` if this value is positive or negative infinity /// and `false` otherwise. is_infinite(self) -> bool /// Returns `true` if this number is neither infinite nor `NaN`. is_finite(self) -> bool /// Returns `true` if the number is neither zero, infinite, subnormal, or `NaN`. is_normal(self) -> bool /// Returns the floating point category of the number. classify(self) -> FpCategory /// Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number. floor(self) -> Self /// Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number. ceil(self) -> Self /// Returns the nearest integer to a number. /// Rounds half-way cases away from `0.0`. round(self) -> Self /// Returns the integer part of a number. trunc(self) -> Self /// Returns the fractional part of a number. fract(self) -> Self /// Computes the absolute value of a number. abs(self) -> Self /// Returns a number that represents the sign of the input. signum(self) -> Self /// Returns true if the input is positive. is_sign_positive(self) -> bool /// Returns true if the input is negative. is_sign_negative(self) -> bool /// Fused multiply-add. mul_add(self, a: Self, b: Self) -> Self /// Takes the reciprocal (inverse) of a number, `1/x`. recip(self) -> Self /// Raises a number to an integer power. powi(self, n: i32) -> Self /// Raises a number to a floating point power. powf(self, n: Self) -> Self /// Takes the square root of a number. sqrt(self) -> Self /// Returns `e^x`, (the exponential function). exp(self) -> Self /// Returns `2^x`. exp2(self) -> Self /// Returns the natural logarithm of the number. ln(self) -> Self /// Returns the logarithm of the number with respect to an arbitrary base. log(self, base: Self) -> Self /// Returns the base 2 logarithm of the number. log2(self) -> Self /// Returns the base 10 logarithm of the number. log10(self) -> Self /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers. max(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers. min(self, other: Self) -> Self /// The positive difference of two numbers. abs_sub(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Takes the cubic root of a number. cbrt(self) -> Self /// Computes the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle /// given its legs' lengths. hypot(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Computes the sine of a number (in radians). sin(self) -> Self /// Computes the cosine of a number (in radians). cos(self) -> Self /// Computes the tangent of a number (in radians). tan(self) -> Self /// Computes the arcsine of a number. asin(self) -> Self /// Computes the arccosine of a number. acos(self) -> Self /// Computes the arctangent of a number. atan(self) -> Self /// Computes the four quadrant arctangent of two numbers. atan2(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Simultaneously computes the sine and cosine of a number `x`. /// Returns `(sin(x), cos(x))`. sin_cos(self) -> (Self, Self) /// Returns `e^(self) - 1` in a way that is accurate even /// if the number is close to zero. exp_m1(self) -> Self /// Returns `ln(1+n)` (natural logarithm) more accurately than /// if the operations were performed separately. ln_1p(self) -> Self /// Hyperbolic sine function. sinh(self) -> Self /// Hyperbolic cosine function. cosh(self) -> Self /// Hyperbolic tangent function. tanh(self) -> Self /// Inverse hyperbolic sine function. asinh(self) -> Self /// Inverse hyperbolic cosine function. acosh(self) -> Self /// Inverse hyperbolic tangent function. atanh(self) -> Self /// Returns the mantissa, base 2 exponent, and sign as integers, respectively. integer_decode(self) -> (u64, i16, i8) /// Returns epsilon, a small positive value. epsilon() -> Self /// Converts radians to degrees. to_degrees(self) -> Self /// Converts degrees to radians. to_radians(self) -> Self } /// Methods from the FloatConst trait, exposed as free functions. #[allow(non_snake_case)] num_traits::float::FloatConst => float_const { /// Returns Euler’s number. E() -> Self /// Returns `1.0 / π`. FRAC_1_PI() -> Self /// Returns `1.0 / sqrt(2.0)`. FRAC_1_SQRT_2() -> Self /// Returns `2.0 / π`. FRAC_2_PI() -> Self /// Returns `2.0 / sqrt(π)`. FRAC_2_SQRT_PI() -> Self /// Returns `π / 2.0`. FRAC_PI_2() -> Self /// Returns `π / 3.0`. FRAC_PI_3() -> Self /// Returns `π / 4.0`. FRAC_PI_4() -> Self /// Returns `π / 6.0`. FRAC_PI_6() -> Self /// Returns `π / 8.0`. FRAC_PI_8() -> Self /// Returns `ln(10.0)`. LN_10() -> Self /// Returns `ln(2.0)`. LN_2() -> Self /// Returns `log10(e)`. LOG10_E() -> Self /// Returns `log2(e)`. LOG2_E() -> Self /// Returns Archimedes’ constant `π`. PI() -> Self /// Returns `sqrt(2.0)`. SQRT_2() -> Self } /// Methods from the FloatCore trait, exposed as free functions. num_traits::float::FloatCore => float_core { /// Returns positive infinity. infinity() -> Self /// Returns negative infinity. neg_infinity() -> Self /// Returns `NaN`. nan() -> Self /// Returns `-0.0`. neg_zero() -> Self /// Returns the smallest finite value that this type can represent. min_value() -> Self /// Returns the smallest positive, normalized value that this type can represent. min_positive_value() -> Self /// Returns epsilon, a small positive value. epsilon() -> Self /// Returns the largest finite value that this type can represent. max_value() -> Self /// Returns the floating point category of the number. classify(self) -> FpCategory /// Converts to degrees, assuming the number is in radians. to_degrees(self) -> Self /// Converts to radians, assuming the number is in degrees. to_radians(self) -> Self /// Returns the mantissa, base 2 exponent, and sign as integers, respectively. integer_decode(self) -> (u64, i16, i8) /// Returns true if the number is `NaN`. is_nan(self) -> bool /// Returns true if the number is infinite. is_infinite(self) -> bool /// Returns true if the number is neither infinite or `NaN`. is_finite(self) -> bool /// Returns true if the number is neither zero, infinite, subnormal or `NaN`. is_normal(self) -> bool /// Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number. floor(self) -> Self /// Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number. ceil(self) -> Self /// Returns the nearest integer to a number. Round half-way cases away from `0.0`. round(self) -> Self /// Returns the integer part of a number. trunc(self) -> Self /// Returns the fractional part of a number. fract(self) -> Self /// Computes the absolute value of a number. abs(self) -> Self /// Returns a number that represents the sign of. signum(self) -> Self /// Returns true if the input is positive. is_sign_positive(self) -> bool /// Returns true if the input is negative. is_sign_negative(self) -> bool /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers. min(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers. max(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Returns the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) of the number. recip(self) -> Self /// Raise a number to an integer power. powi(self, exp: i32) -> Self } /// Methods from the PrimInt trait, exposed as free functions. num_traits::int::PrimInt => prim_int { /// Returns the number of ones in the binary representation of the input. count_ones(self) -> u32 /// Returns the number of zeros in the binary representation of the input. count_zeros(self) -> u32 /// Returns the number of leading zeros in the binary representation of the input. leading_zeros(self) -> u32 /// Returns the number of trailing zeros in the binary representation of the input. trailing_zeros(self) -> u32 /// Shifts the bits to the left by a specified amount amount, `n`, /// wrapping the truncated bits to the end of the resulting integer. rotate_left(self, n: u32) -> Self /// Shifts the bits to the right by a specified amount amount, `n`, /// wrapping the truncated bits to the beginning of the resulting integer. rotate_right(self, n: u32) -> Self /// Shifts the bits to the left by a specified amount amount, `n`, /// filling zeros in the least significant bits. signed_shl(self, n: u32) -> Self /// Shifts the bits to the right by a specified amount amount, `n`, /// copying the "sign bit" in the most significant bits even for unsigned types. signed_shr(self, n: u32) -> Self /// Shifts the bits to the left by a specified amount amount, `n`, /// filling zeros in the least significant bits. unsigned_shl(self, n: u32) -> Self /// Shifts the bits to the right by a specified amount amount, `n`, /// filling zeros in the most significant bits. unsigned_shr(self, n: u32) -> Self /// Reverses the byte order of the integer. swap_bytes(self) -> Self /// Convert an integer from big endian to the target's endianness. from_be(x: Self) -> Self /// Convert an integer from little endian to the target's endianness. from_le(x: Self) -> Self /// Convert the input to big endian from the target's endianness. to_be(self) -> Self /// Convert the input to little endian from the target's endianness. to_le(self) -> Self /// Raises a number to the power of exp, using exponentiation by squaring. pow(self, exp: u32) -> Self } /// Methods from the Num trait, exposed as free functions num_traits::Num => num { /// Convert from a string and radix <= 36. from_str_radix(str: (&str), radix: u32) -> (Result<Self, (Self::FromStrRadixErr)>) } /// Methods from the CheckedNeg trait, exposed as free functions num_traits::ops::checked::CheckedNeg => checked_neg { /// Negates a number, returning None for results that can't be represented. checked_neg(&self) -> (Option<Self>) } /// Methods from the Inv trait, exposed as free functions num_traits::ops::inv::Inv => inv { /// Returns the multiplicative inverse of a number. inv(self) -> (Self::Output) } /// Methods from the WrappingNeg trait, exposed as free functions num_traits::ops::wrapping::WrappingNeg => wrapping_neg { /// Wrapping (modular) negation. wrapping_neg(&self) -> Self } /// Methods from the Real trait, exposed as free functions. #[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "libm"))] num_traits::real::Real => real { /// Returns the smallest finite value that this type can represent. min_value() -> Self /// Returns the smallest positive, normalized value that this type can represent. min_positive_value() -> Self /// Returns epsilon, a small positive value. epsilon() -> Self /// Returns the largest finite value that this type can represent. max_value() -> Self /// Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number. floor(self) -> Self /// Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number. ceil(self) -> Self /// Returns the nearest integer to a number. round(self) -> Self /// Returns the integer part of a number. trunc(self) -> Self /// Returns the fractional part of a number. fract(self) -> Self /// Computes the absolute value of a number. abs(self) -> Self /// Returns a number that represents the sign of the input. signum(self) -> Self /// Returns true if the input is positive. is_sign_positive(self) -> bool /// Returns true if the input is negative. is_sign_negative(self) -> bool /// Fused multiply-add. mul_add(self, a: Self, b: Self) -> Self /// Take the reciprocal (inverse) of a number, `1/x`. recip(self) -> Self /// Raise a number to an integer power. powi(self, n: i32) -> Self /// Raise a number to a real number power. powf(self, n: Self) -> Self /// Take the square root of a number. sqrt(self) -> Self /// Returns `e^x`, (the exponential function). exp(self) -> Self /// Returns `2^x`. exp2(self) -> Self /// Returns the natural logarithm of the number. ln(self) -> Self /// Returns the logarithm of the number with respect to an arbitrary base. log(self, base: Self) -> Self /// Returns the base 2 logarithm of the number. log2(self) -> Self /// Returns the base 10 logarithm of the number. log10(self) -> Self /// Converts radians to degrees. to_degrees(self) -> Self /// Converts degrees to radians. to_radians(self) -> Self /// Returns the maximum of two numbers. max(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Returns the minimum of two numbers. min(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Returns the positive difference of two numbers. abs_sub(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Takes the cubic root of a number. cbrt(self) -> Self /// Computes the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle /// given its legs' lengths. hypot(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Computes the sine of a number (in radians). sin(self) -> Self /// Computes the cosine of a number (in radians). cos(self) -> Self /// Computes the tangent of a number (in radians). tan(self) -> Self /// Computes the arcsine of a number. asin(self) -> Self /// Computes the arccosine of a number. acos(self) -> Self /// Computes the arctangent of a number. atan(self) -> Self /// Computes the four quadrant arctangent of two numbers. atan2(self, other: Self) -> Self /// Simultaneously computes the sine and cosine of a number `x`. /// Returns `(sin(x), cos(x))`. sin_cos(self) -> (Self, Self) /// Returns `e^(self) - 1` in a way that is accurate even if /// the number is close to zero. exp_m1(self) -> Self /// Returns `ln(1+n)` (natural logarithm) more accurately than /// if the operations were performed separately. ln_1p(self) -> Self /// Hyperbolic sine function. sinh(self) -> Self /// Hyperbolic cosine function. cosh(self) -> Self /// Hyperbolic tangent function. tanh(self) -> Self /// Inverse hyperbolic sine function. asinh(self) -> Self /// Inverse hyperbolic cosine function. acosh(self) -> Self /// Inverse hyperbolic tangent function. atanh(self) -> Self } }