[−][src]Crate postcard

Postcard

Postcard is a #![no_std] focused serializer and deserializer for Serde.

Postcard aims to be convenient for developers in constrained environments, while allowing for flexibility to customize behavior as needed.

Design Goals

Design primarily for #![no_std] usage, in embedded or other constrained contexts
Support a maximal set of serde features, so postcard can be used as a drop in replacement
Avoid special differences in code between communication code written for a microcontroller or a desktop/server PC
Be resource efficient - memory usage, code size, developer time, and CPU time; in that order
Allow library users to customize the serialization and deserialization behavior to fit their bespoke needs

Variable Length Data

Variable length data (such as slices) are prefixed by their length.

Length is encoded as a Varint. This is done for two reasons: to minimize wasted bytes on the wire when sending slices with items less than 127 items (typical for embedded), and to reduce compatibility issues between 32-bit and 64-bit targets due to differing sizes of usize.

Similarly, enum descriminants are encoded as varints, meaning that any enum with less than 127 variants will encode its discriminant as a single byte (rather than a u32).

Varints in postcard have a maximum value of the usize for that platform. In practice, this means that 64-bit targets should not send messages with slices containing (1 << 32) - 1 items to 32-bit targets, which is uncommon in practice. Enum discriminants already have a fixed maximum value of (1 << 32) - 1 as currently defined in Rust. Varints larger than the current platform's usize will cause the deserialization process to return an Err.

Example - Serialization/Deserialization

Postcard can serialize and deserialize messages similar to other serde formats.

Using the default heapless feature to serialize to a heapless::Vec<u8>:

use core::ops::Deref;
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use postcard::{from_bytes, to_vec};
use heapless::{Vec, consts::*};

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct RefStruct<'a> {
    bytes: &'a [u8],
    str_s: &'a str,
}
let message = "hElLo";
let bytes = [0x01, 0x10, 0x02, 0x20];
let output: Vec<u8, U11> = to_vec(&RefStruct {
    bytes: &bytes,
    str_s: message,
}).unwrap();

assert_eq!(
    &[0x04, 0x01, 0x10, 0x02, 0x20, 0x05, b'h', b'E', b'l', b'L', b'o',],
    output.deref()
);

let out: RefStruct = from_bytes(output.deref()).unwrap();
assert_eq!(
    out,
    RefStruct {
        bytes: &bytes,
        str_s: message,
    }
);

Or the optional alloc feature to serialize to an alloc::vec::Vec<u8>:

use core::ops::Deref;
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use postcard::{from_bytes, to_allocvec};
extern crate alloc;
use alloc::vec::Vec;

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct RefStruct<'a> {
    bytes: &'a [u8],
    str_s: &'a str,
}
let message = "hElLo";
let bytes = [0x01, 0x10, 0x02, 0x20];
let output: Vec<u8> = to_allocvec(&RefStruct {
    bytes: &bytes,
    str_s: message,
}).unwrap();

assert_eq!(
    &[0x04, 0x01, 0x10, 0x02, 0x20, 0x05, b'h', b'E', b'l', b'L', b'o',],
    output.deref()
);

let out: RefStruct = from_bytes(output.deref()).unwrap();
assert_eq!(
    out,
    RefStruct {
        bytes: &bytes,
        str_s: message,
    }
);

Example - Flavors

postcard supports a system called Flavors, which are used to modify the way postcard serializes or processes serialized data. These flavors act as "plugins" or "middlewares" during the serialization process, and can be combined to obtain complex protocol formats.

Here, we serialize the given data, while simultaneously encoding it using COBS (a "modification flavor"), and placing the output in a byte slice (a "storage flavor").

Users of postcard can define their own Flavors that can be combined with existing Flavors.

use postcard::{
    serialize_with_flavor,
    flavors::{Cobs, Slice},
};

let mut buf = [0u8; 32];

let data: &[u8] = &[0x01, 0x00, 0x20, 0x30];
let buffer = &mut [0u8; 32];
let res = serialize_with_flavor::<[u8], Cobs<Slice>, &mut [u8]>(
    data,
    Cobs::try_new(Slice::new(buffer)).unwrap(),
).unwrap();

assert_eq!(res, &[0x03, 0x04, 0x01, 0x03, 0x20, 0x30, 0x00]);

License

Licensed under either of

Apache License, Version 2.0 (LICENSE-APACHE or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
MIT license (LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)

at your option.

Deserializer	A structure for deserializing a postcard message. For now, Deserializer does not implement the same Flavor interface as the serializer does, as messages are typically easier to deserialize in place. This may change in the future for consistency, or to support items that cannot be deserialized in-place, such as compressed message types
Serializer	A `serde` compatible serializer, generic over "Flavors" of serializing plugins.

Enums

Error

This is the error type used by Postcard

Functions

from_bytes	Deserialize a message of type `T` from a byte slice. The unused portion (if any) of the byte slice is returned for further usage
from_bytes_cobs	Deserialize a message of type `T` from a cobs-encoded byte slice. The unused portion (if any) of the byte slice is not returned.
serialize_with_flavor	`serialize_with_flavor()` has three generic parameters, `T, F, O`.
take_from_bytes	Deserialize a message of type `T` from a byte slice. The unused portion (if any) of the byte slice is returned for further usage
take_from_bytes_cobs	Deserialize a message of type `T` from a cobs-encoded byte slice. The unused portion (if any) of the byte slice is returned for further usage
to_allocvec	Serialize a `T` to an `alloc::vec::Vec<u8>`. Requires the `alloc` feature.
to_allocvec_cobs	Serialize and COBS encode a `T` to an `alloc::vec::Vec<u8>`. Requires the `alloc` feature.
to_slice	Serialize a `T` to the given slice, with the resulting slice containing data in a serialized format.
to_slice_cobs	Serialize a `T` to the given slice, with the resulting slice containing data in a serialized then COBS encoded format. The terminating sentinel `0x00` byte is included in the output buffer.
to_stdvec	Serialize a `T` to a `std::vec::Vec<u8>`. Requires the `use-std` feature.
to_stdvec_cobs	Serialize and COBS encode a `T` to a `std::vec::Vec<u8>`. Requires the `use-std` feature.
to_vec	Serialize a `T` to a `heapless::Vec<u8>`, with the `Vec` containing data in a serialized format. Requires the (default) `heapless` feature.
to_vec_cobs	Serialize a `T` to a `heapless::Vec<u8>`, with the `Vec` containing data in a serialized then COBS encoded format. The terminating sentinel `0x00` byte is included in the output `Vec`. Requires the (default) `heapless` feature.

Type Definitions

Result

This is the Result type used by Postcard.