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//! The nannou [**Window**](./struct.Window.html) API. Create a new window via `.app.new_window()`. //! This produces a [**Builder**](./struct.Builder.html) which can be used to build a window. use crate::app::LoopMode; use crate::event::{ Key, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, TouchEvent, TouchPhase, TouchpadPressure, WindowEvent, }; use crate::frame::{self, Frame, RawFrame}; use crate::geom; use crate::geom::{Point2, Vector2}; use crate::vk::{self, win::VkSurfaceBuild, VulkanObject}; use crate::App; use std::any::Any; use std::error::Error as StdError; use std::path::PathBuf; use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool; use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex}; use std::{cmp, env, fmt, ops}; use winit::dpi::LogicalSize; use winit::{self, MonitorId, MouseCursor}; pub use winit::WindowId as Id; /// The default dimensions used for a window in the case that none are specified. pub const DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS: LogicalSize = LogicalSize { width: 1024.0, height: 768.0, }; /// For building an OpenGL window. /// /// Window parameters can be specified via the `window` method. /// /// OpenGL context parameters can be specified via the `context` method. pub struct Builder<'app> { app: &'app App, vk_physical_device: Option<vk::PhysicalDevice<'app>>, vk_device_extensions: Option<vk::DeviceExtensions>, vk_device_queue: Option<Arc<vk::Queue>>, window: winit::WindowBuilder, title_was_set: bool, swapchain_builder: SwapchainBuilder, user_functions: UserFunctions, msaa_samples: Option<u32>, } /// For storing all user functions within the window. #[derive(Debug, Default)] pub(crate) struct UserFunctions { pub(crate) view: Option<View>, pub(crate) event: Option<EventFnAny>, pub(crate) raw_event: Option<RawEventFnAny>, pub(crate) key_pressed: Option<KeyPressedFnAny>, pub(crate) key_released: Option<KeyReleasedFnAny>, pub(crate) mouse_moved: Option<MouseMovedFnAny>, pub(crate) mouse_pressed: Option<MousePressedFnAny>, pub(crate) mouse_released: Option<MouseReleasedFnAny>, pub(crate) mouse_entered: Option<MouseEnteredFnAny>, pub(crate) mouse_exited: Option<MouseExitedFnAny>, pub(crate) mouse_wheel: Option<MouseWheelFnAny>, pub(crate) moved: Option<MovedFnAny>, pub(crate) resized: Option<ResizedFnAny>, pub(crate) touch: Option<TouchFnAny>, pub(crate) touchpad_pressure: Option<TouchpadPressureFnAny>, pub(crate) hovered_file: Option<HoveredFileFnAny>, pub(crate) hovered_file_cancelled: Option<HoveredFileCancelledFnAny>, pub(crate) dropped_file: Option<DroppedFileFnAny>, pub(crate) focused: Option<FocusedFnAny>, pub(crate) unfocused: Option<UnfocusedFnAny>, pub(crate) closed: Option<ClosedFnAny>, } /// The user function type for drawing their model to the surface of a single window. pub type ViewFn<Model> = fn(&App, &Model, Frame) -> Frame; /// The user function type for drawing their model to the surface of a single window. /// /// Unlike the `ViewFn`, the `RawViewFn` is designed for drawing directly to a window's swapchain /// images rather than to a convenient intermediary image. pub type RawViewFn<Model> = fn(&App, &Model, RawFrame) -> RawFrame; /// The same as `ViewFn`, but provides no user model to draw from. /// /// Useful for simple, stateless sketching. pub type SketchFn = fn(&App, Frame) -> Frame; /// The user's view function, whether with a model or without one. #[derive(Clone)] pub(crate) enum View { WithModel(ViewFnAny), WithModelRaw(RawViewFnAny), Sketch(SketchFn), } /// A function for processing raw winit window events. pub type RawEventFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, winit::WindowEvent); /// A function for processing window events. pub type EventFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, WindowEvent); /// A function for processing key press events. pub type KeyPressedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, Key); /// A function for processing key release events. pub type KeyReleasedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, Key); /// A function for processing mouse moved events. pub type MouseMovedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, Point2); /// A function for processing mouse pressed events. pub type MousePressedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, MouseButton); /// A function for processing mouse released events. pub type MouseReleasedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, MouseButton); /// A function for processing mouse entered events. pub type MouseEnteredFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model); /// A function for processing mouse exited events. pub type MouseExitedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model); /// A function for processing mouse wheel events. pub type MouseWheelFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, MouseScrollDelta, TouchPhase); /// A function for processing window moved events. pub type MovedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, Vector2); /// A function for processing window resized events. pub type ResizedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, Vector2); /// A function for processing touch events. pub type TouchFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, TouchEvent); /// A function for processing touchpad pressure events. pub type TouchpadPressureFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, TouchpadPressure); /// A function for processing hovered file events. pub type HoveredFileFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, PathBuf); /// A function for processing hovered file cancelled events. pub type HoveredFileCancelledFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model); /// A function for processing dropped file events. pub type DroppedFileFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model, PathBuf); /// A function for processing window focused events. pub type FocusedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model); /// A function for processing window unfocused events. pub type UnfocusedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model); /// A function for processing window closed events. pub type ClosedFn<Model> = fn(&App, &mut Model); // A macro for generating a handle to a function that can be stored within the Window without // requiring a type param. $TFn is the function pointer type that will be wrapped by $TFnAny. macro_rules! fn_any { ($TFn:ident<M>, $TFnAny:ident) => { // A handle to a function that can be stored without requiring a type param. #[derive(Clone)] pub(crate) struct $TFnAny { fn_ptr: Arc<Any>, } impl $TFnAny { // Create the `$TFnAny` from a view function pointer. pub fn from_fn_ptr<M>(fn_ptr: $TFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { let fn_ptr = Arc::new(fn_ptr) as Arc<Any>; $TFnAny { fn_ptr } } // Retrieve the view function pointer from the `$TFnAny`. pub fn to_fn_ptr<M>(&self) -> Option<&$TFn<M>> where M: 'static, { self.fn_ptr.downcast_ref::<$TFn<M>>() } } impl fmt::Debug for $TFnAny { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", stringify!($TFnAny)) } } }; } fn_any!(ViewFn<M>, ViewFnAny); fn_any!(RawViewFn<M>, RawViewFnAny); fn_any!(EventFn<M>, EventFnAny); fn_any!(RawEventFn<M>, RawEventFnAny); fn_any!(KeyPressedFn<M>, KeyPressedFnAny); fn_any!(KeyReleasedFn<M>, KeyReleasedFnAny); fn_any!(MouseMovedFn<M>, MouseMovedFnAny); fn_any!(MousePressedFn<M>, MousePressedFnAny); fn_any!(MouseReleasedFn<M>, MouseReleasedFnAny); fn_any!(MouseEnteredFn<M>, MouseEnteredFnAny); fn_any!(MouseExitedFn<M>, MouseExitedFnAny); fn_any!(MouseWheelFn<M>, MouseWheelFnAny); fn_any!(MovedFn<M>, MovedFnAny); fn_any!(ResizedFn<M>, ResizedFnAny); fn_any!(TouchFn<M>, TouchFnAny); fn_any!(TouchpadPressureFn<M>, TouchpadPressureFnAny); fn_any!(HoveredFileFn<M>, HoveredFileFnAny); fn_any!(HoveredFileCancelledFn<M>, HoveredFileCancelledFnAny); fn_any!(DroppedFileFn<M>, DroppedFileFnAny); fn_any!(FocusedFn<M>, FocusedFnAny); fn_any!(UnfocusedFn<M>, UnfocusedFnAny); fn_any!(ClosedFn<M>, ClosedFnAny); /// An OpenGL window. /// /// The `Window` acts as a wrapper around the `glium::Display` type, providing a more /// nannou-friendly API. #[derive(Debug)] pub struct Window { pub(crate) queue: Arc<vk::Queue>, pub(crate) surface: Arc<Surface>, msaa_samples: u32, pub(crate) swapchain: Arc<WindowSwapchain>, // Data for rendering a `Frame`'s intermediary image to a swapchain image. pub(crate) frame_render_data: Option<frame::RenderData>, pub(crate) frame_count: u64, pub(crate) user_functions: UserFunctions, // If the user specified one of the following parameters, use these when recreating the // swapchain rather than our heuristics. pub(crate) user_specified_present_mode: Option<vk::swapchain::PresentMode>, pub(crate) user_specified_image_count: Option<u32>, } /// The surface type associated with a winit window. pub type Surface = vk::swapchain::Surface<winit::Window>; /// The swapchain type associated with a winit window surface. pub type Swapchain = vk::swapchain::Swapchain<winit::Window>; /// The vulkan image type associated with a winit window surface. pub type SwapchainImage = vk::image::swapchain::SwapchainImage<winit::Window>; /// The future representing the moment that the GPU will have access to the swapchain image. pub type SwapchainAcquireFuture = vk::swapchain::SwapchainAcquireFuture<winit::Window>; /// A swapchain and its images associated with a single window. pub(crate) struct WindowSwapchain { // Tracks whether or not the swapchain needs recreation due to resizing, etc. pub(crate) needs_recreation: AtomicBool, // The index of the frame at which this swapchain was first presented. // // This is necessary for allowing the user to determine whether or not they need to recreate // framebuffers in the case that the swapchain has recently been recreated. pub(crate) frame_created: u64, pub(crate) swapchain: Arc<Swapchain>, pub(crate) images: Vec<Arc<SwapchainImage>>, // In the application loop we are going to submit commands to the GPU. Submitting a command // produces an object that implements the `GpuFuture` trait, which holds the resources for as // long as they are in use by the GPU. // // Destroying the `GpuFuture` blocks until the GPU is finished executing it. In order to avoid // that, we store the submission of the previous frame here. pub(crate) previous_frame_end: Mutex<Option<vk::FenceSignalFuture<Box<vk::GpuFuture>>>>, } /// Swapchain building parameters for which Nannou will provide a default if unspecified. /// /// See the builder methods for more details on each parameter. /// /// Valid parameters can be determined prior to building by checking the result of /// [vk::swapchain::Surface::capabilities](https://docs.rs/vulkano/latest/vulkano/swapchain/struct.Surface.html#method.capabilities). #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)] pub struct SwapchainBuilder { pub format: Option<vk::Format>, pub color_space: Option<vk::swapchain::ColorSpace>, pub layers: Option<u32>, pub present_mode: Option<vk::swapchain::PresentMode>, pub composite_alpha: Option<vk::swapchain::CompositeAlpha>, pub clipped: Option<bool>, pub image_count: Option<u32>, pub surface_transform: Option<vk::swapchain::SurfaceTransform>, } /// A helper type for managing framebuffers associated with a window's swapchain images. /// /// Creating the swapchain image framebuffers manually and maintaining them throughout the duration /// of a program can be a tedious task that requires a lot of boilerplate code. This type /// simplifies the process with a single `update` method that creates or recreates the framebuffers /// if any of the following conditions are met: /// - The given render pass is different to that which was used to create the existing /// framebuffers. /// - There are less framebuffers than the given frame's swapchain image index indicates are /// required. /// - The `frame.swapchain_image_is_new()` method indicates that the swapchain or its images have /// recently been recreated and the framebuffers should be recreated accordingly. #[derive(Default)] pub struct SwapchainFramebuffers { framebuffers: Vec<Arc<vk::FramebufferAbstract + Send + Sync>>, } pub type SwapchainFramebufferBuilder<A> = vk::FramebufferBuilder<Arc<vk::RenderPassAbstract + Send + Sync>, A>; pub type FramebufferBuildResult<A> = Result<SwapchainFramebufferBuilder<A>, vk::FramebufferCreationError>; impl SwapchainFramebuffers { /// Ensure the framebuffers are up to date with the render pass and frame's swapchain image. pub fn update<F, A>( &mut self, frame: &RawFrame, render_pass: Arc<vk::RenderPassAbstract + Send + Sync>, builder: F, ) -> Result<(), vk::FramebufferCreationError> where F: Fn(SwapchainFramebufferBuilder<()>, Arc<SwapchainImage>) -> FramebufferBuildResult<A>, A: 'static + vk::AttachmentsList + Send + Sync, { let mut just_created = false; while frame.swapchain_image_index() >= self.framebuffers.len() { let builder = builder( vk::Framebuffer::start(render_pass.clone()), frame.swapchain_image().clone(), )?; let fb = builder.build()?; self.framebuffers.push(Arc::new(fb)); just_created = true; } // If the dimensions for the current framebuffer do not match, recreate it. let old_rp = vk::RenderPassAbstract::inner(&self.framebuffers[frame.swapchain_image_index()]) .internal_object(); let new_rp = render_pass.inner().internal_object(); if !just_created && (frame.swapchain_image_is_new() || old_rp != new_rp) { let fb = &mut self.framebuffers[frame.swapchain_image_index()]; let builder = builder( vk::Framebuffer::start(render_pass.clone()), frame.swapchain_image().clone(), )?; let new_fb = builder.build()?; *fb = Arc::new(new_fb); } Ok(()) } } impl ops::Deref for SwapchainFramebuffers { type Target = [Arc<vk::FramebufferAbstract + Send + Sync>]; fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { &self.framebuffers } } /// The errors that might occur while constructing a `Window`. #[derive(Debug)] pub enum BuildError { SurfaceCreation(vk::win::CreationError), DeviceCreation(vk::DeviceCreationError), SwapchainCreation(vk::SwapchainCreationError), SwapchainCapabilities(vk::swapchain::CapabilitiesError), RenderDataCreation(frame::RenderDataCreationError), SurfaceDoesNotSupportCompositeAlphaOpaque, } impl SwapchainBuilder { pub const DEFAULT_CLIPPED: bool = true; pub const DEFAULT_COLOR_SPACE: vk::swapchain::ColorSpace = vk::swapchain::ColorSpace::SrgbNonLinear; pub const DEFAULT_COMPOSITE_ALPHA: vk::swapchain::CompositeAlpha = vk::swapchain::CompositeAlpha::Opaque; pub const DEFAULT_LAYERS: u32 = 1; pub const DEFAULT_SURFACE_TRANSFORM: vk::swapchain::SurfaceTransform = vk::swapchain::SurfaceTransform::Identity; /// A new empty **SwapchainBuilder** with all parameters set to `None`. pub fn new() -> Self { Default::default() } /// Create a **SwapchainBuilder** from an existing swapchain. /// /// The resulting swapchain parameters will match that of the given `Swapchain`. /// /// Note that `sharing_mode` will be `None` regardless of how the given `Swapchain` was built, /// as there is no way to determine this via the vulkano swapchain API. pub fn from_swapchain(swapchain: &Swapchain) -> Self { SwapchainBuilder::new() .format(swapchain.format()) .image_count(swapchain.num_images()) .layers(swapchain.layers()) .surface_transform(swapchain.transform()) .composite_alpha(swapchain.composite_alpha()) .present_mode(swapchain.present_mode()) .clipped(swapchain.clipped()) } /// Specify the pixel format for the swapchain. /// /// By default, nannou attempts to use the first format valid for the `SrgbNonLinear` color /// space. /// /// See the [vulkano docs](https://docs.rs/vulkano/latest/vulkano/format/enum.Format.html). pub fn format(mut self, format: vk::Format) -> Self { self.format = Some(format); self } /// If `format` is `None`, will attempt to find the first available `Format` that supports this /// `ColorSpace`. /// /// If `format` is `Some`, this parameter is ignored. /// /// By default, nannou attempts to use the first format valid for the `SrgbNonLinear` color /// space. /// /// See the [vulkano docs](https://docs.rs/vulkano/latest/vulkano/swapchain/enum.ColorSpace.html). pub fn color_space(mut self, color_space: vk::swapchain::ColorSpace) -> Self { self.color_space = Some(color_space); self } /// How the alpha values of the pixels of the window are treated. /// /// By default, nannou uses `CompositeAlpha::Opaque`. /// /// See the [vulkano docs](https://docs.rs/vulkano/latest/vulkano/swapchain/enum.CompositeAlpha.html). pub fn composite_alpha(mut self, composite_alpha: vk::swapchain::CompositeAlpha) -> Self { self.composite_alpha = Some(composite_alpha); self } /// The way in which swapchain images are presented to the display. /// /// By default, nannou will attempt to select the ideal present mode depending on the current /// app `LoopMode`. If the current loop mode is `Wait` or `Rate`, nannou will attempt to use /// the `Mailbox` present mode with an `image_count` of `3`. If the current loop mode is /// `RefreshSync`, nannou will use the `Fifo` present m ode with an `image_count` of `2`. /// /// See the [vulkano docs](https://docs.rs/vulkano/latest/vulkano/swapchain/enum.PresentMode.html). pub fn present_mode(mut self, present_mode: vk::swapchain::PresentMode) -> Self { self.present_mode = Some(present_mode); self } /// The number of images used by the swapchain. /// /// By default, nannou will attempt to select the ideal image count depending on the current /// app `LoopMode`. If the current loop mode is `Wait` or `Rate`, nannou will attempt to use /// the `Mailbox` present mode with an `image_count` of `3`. If the current loop mode is /// `RefreshSync`, nannou will use the `Fifo` present m ode with an `image_count` of `2`. pub fn image_count(mut self, image_count: u32) -> Self { self.image_count = Some(image_count); self } /// Whether the implementation is allowed to discard rendering operations that affect regions /// of the surface which aren't visible. /// /// This is important to take into account if your fragment shader has side-effects or if you /// want to read back the content of the image afterwards. pub fn clipped(mut self, clipped: bool) -> Self { self.clipped = Some(clipped); self } /// A transformation to apply to the image before showing it on the screen. /// /// See the [vulkano docs](https://docs.rs/vulkano/latest/vulkano/swapchain/enum.SurfaceTransform.html). pub fn surface_transform(mut self, surface_transform: vk::swapchain::SurfaceTransform) -> Self { self.surface_transform = Some(surface_transform); self } pub fn layers(mut self, layers: u32) -> Self { self.layers = Some(layers); self } /// Build the swapchain. /// /// `fallback_dimensions` are dimensions to use in the case that the surface capabilities /// `current_extent` field is `None`, which may happen if a surface's size is determined by the /// swapchain's size. pub(crate) fn build<S>( self, device: Arc<vk::Device>, surface: Arc<Surface>, sharing_mode: S, loop_mode: &LoopMode, fallback_dimensions: Option<[u32; 2]>, old_swapchain: Option<&Arc<Swapchain>>, ) -> Result<(Arc<Swapchain>, Vec<Arc<SwapchainImage>>), vk::SwapchainCreationError> where S: Into<vk::sync::SharingMode>, { let capabilities = surface .capabilities(device.physical_device()) .expect("failed to retrieve surface capabilities"); let dimensions = capabilities .current_extent .or(fallback_dimensions) .unwrap_or([ DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS.width as _, DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS.height as _, ]); // Retrieve the format. let format = match self.format { Some(fmt) => fmt, None => { let color_space = self.color_space.unwrap_or(Self::DEFAULT_COLOR_SPACE); // First, try to pick an Srgb format. capabilities .supported_formats .iter() .filter(|&&(fmt, cs)| vk::format_is_srgb(fmt) && cs == color_space) .next() .or_else(|| { // Otherwise just try and math the color space. capabilities .supported_formats .iter() .filter(|&&(_, cs)| cs == color_space) .next() }) .map(|&(fmt, _cs)| fmt) .ok_or(vk::SwapchainCreationError::UnsupportedFormat)? } }; // Determine the optimal present mode and image count based on the specified parameters and // the current loop mode. let (present_mode, image_count) = preferred_present_mode_and_image_count( &loop_mode, capabilities.min_image_count, self.present_mode, self.image_count, &capabilities.present_modes, ); // Attempt to retrieve the desired composite alpha. let composite_alpha = match self.composite_alpha { Some(alpha) => alpha, None => match capabilities.supported_composite_alpha.opaque { true => Self::DEFAULT_COMPOSITE_ALPHA, false => return Err(vk::SwapchainCreationError::UnsupportedCompositeAlpha), }, }; let layers = self.layers.unwrap_or(Self::DEFAULT_LAYERS); let clipped = self.clipped.unwrap_or(Self::DEFAULT_CLIPPED); let surface_transform = self .surface_transform .unwrap_or(Self::DEFAULT_SURFACE_TRANSFORM); Swapchain::new( device, surface, image_count, format, dimensions, layers, capabilities.supported_usage_flags, sharing_mode, surface_transform, composite_alpha, present_mode, clipped, old_swapchain, ) } } /// Determine the optimal present mode and image count for the given loop mode. /// /// If a specific present mode or image count is desired, they may be optionally specified. pub fn preferred_present_mode_and_image_count( loop_mode: &LoopMode, min_image_count: u32, present_mode: Option<vk::swapchain::PresentMode>, image_count: Option<u32>, supported_present_modes: &vk::swapchain::SupportedPresentModes, ) -> (vk::swapchain::PresentMode, u32) { match (present_mode, image_count) { (Some(pm), Some(ic)) => (pm, ic), (None, _) => match *loop_mode { LoopMode::RefreshSync { .. } => { let image_count = image_count.unwrap_or_else(|| cmp::max(min_image_count, 2)); (vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Fifo, image_count) } LoopMode::Wait { .. } | LoopMode::Rate { .. } => { if supported_present_modes.mailbox { let image_count = image_count.unwrap_or_else(|| cmp::max(min_image_count, 3)); (vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Mailbox, image_count) } else { let image_count = image_count.unwrap_or_else(|| cmp::max(min_image_count, 2)); (vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Fifo, image_count) } } }, (Some(present_mode), None) => { let image_count = match present_mode { vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Immediate => min_image_count, vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Mailbox => cmp::max(min_image_count, 3), vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Fifo => cmp::max(min_image_count, 2), vk::swapchain::PresentMode::Relaxed => cmp::max(min_image_count, 2), }; (present_mode, image_count) } } } impl<'app> Builder<'app> { /// Begin building a new window. pub fn new(app: &'app App) -> Self { Builder { app, vk_physical_device: None, vk_device_extensions: None, vk_device_queue: None, window: winit::WindowBuilder::new(), title_was_set: false, swapchain_builder: Default::default(), user_functions: Default::default(), msaa_samples: None, } } /// Build the window with some custom window parameters. pub fn window(mut self, window: winit::WindowBuilder) -> Self { self.window = window; self } /// The physical device to associate with the window surface's swapchain. pub fn vk_physical_device(mut self, device: vk::PhysicalDevice<'app>) -> Self { self.vk_physical_device = Some(device); self } /// Specify a set of required extensions. /// /// The device associated with the window's swapchain *must* always have the `khr_swapchain` /// feature enabled, so it will be implicitly enabled whether or not it is specified in this /// given set of extensions. pub fn vk_device_extensions(mut self, extensions: vk::DeviceExtensions) -> Self { self.vk_device_extensions = Some(extensions); self } /// Specify the vulkan device queue for this window. /// /// This queue is used as the `SharingMode` for the swapchain, and is also used for /// constructing the `Frame`'s intermediary image. /// /// Once the window is built, this queue can be accessed via the `window.swapchain_queue()` /// method. /// /// Note: If this builder method is called, previous calls to `vk_physical_device` and /// `vk_device_extensions` will be ignored as specifying the queue for the sharing mode /// implies which logical device is desired. pub fn vk_device_queue(mut self, queue: Arc<vk::Queue>) -> Self { self.vk_device_queue = Some(queue); self } /// Specify a set of parameters for building the window surface swapchain. pub fn swapchain_builder(mut self, swapchain_builder: SwapchainBuilder) -> Self { self.swapchain_builder = swapchain_builder; self } /// Specify the number of samples per pixel for the multisample anti-aliasing render pass. /// /// If `msaa_samples` is unspecified, the first default value that nannou will attempt to use /// can be found via the `Frame::DEFAULT_MSAA_SAMPLES` constant. If however this value is not /// supported by the window's swapchain, nannou will fallback to the next smaller power of 2 /// that is supported. If MSAA is not supported at all, then the default will be 1. /// /// **Note:** This parameter has no meaning if the window uses a **raw_view** function for /// rendering graphics to the window rather than a **view** function. This is because the /// **raw_view** function provides a **RawFrame** with direct access to the swapchain image /// itself and thus must manage their own MSAA pass. /// /// On the other hand, the `view` function provides the `Frame` type which allows the user to /// render to a multisampled intermediary image allowing Nannou to take care of resolving the /// multisampled image to the swapchain image. In order to avoid confusion, The `Window::build` /// method will `panic!` if the user tries to specify `msaa_samples` as well as a `raw_view` /// method. /// /// *TODO: Perhaps it would be worth adding two separate methods for specifying msaa samples. /// One for forcing a certain number of samples and returning an error otherwise, and another /// for attempting to use the given number of samples but falling back to a supported value in /// the case that the specified number is not supported.* pub fn msaa_samples(mut self, msaa_samples: u32) -> Self { self.msaa_samples = Some(msaa_samples); self } /// Provide a simple function for drawing to the window. /// /// This is similar to `view` but does not provide access to user data via a Model type. This /// is useful for sketches where you don't require tracking any state. pub fn sketch(mut self, sketch_fn: SketchFn) -> Self { self.user_functions.view = Some(View::Sketch(sketch_fn)); self } /// The **view** function that the app will call to allow you to present your Model to the /// surface of the window on your display. pub fn view<M>(mut self, view_fn: ViewFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.view = Some(View::WithModel(ViewFnAny::from_fn_ptr(view_fn))); self } /// The **view** function that the app will call to allow you to present your Model to the /// surface of the window on your display. /// /// Unlike the **ViewFn**, the **RawViewFn** provides a **RawFrame** that is designed for /// drawing directly to a window's swapchain images, rather than to a convenient intermediary /// image. pub fn raw_view<M>(mut self, raw_view_fn: RawViewFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.view = Some(View::WithModelRaw(RawViewFnAny::from_fn_ptr(raw_view_fn))); self } /// A function for updating your model on `WindowEvent`s associated with this window. /// /// These include events such as key presses, mouse movement, clicks, resizing, etc. /// /// ## Event Function Call Order /// /// In nannou, if multiple functions require being called for a single kind of event, the more /// general event function will always be called before the more specific event function. /// /// If an `event` function was also submitted to the `App`, that function will always be called /// immediately before window-specific event functions. Similarly, if a function associated /// with a more specific event type (e.g. `key_pressed`) was given, that function will be /// called *after* this function will be called. /// /// ## Specific Events Variants /// /// Note that if you only care about a certain kind of event, you can submit a function that /// only gets called for that specific event instead. For example, if you only care about key /// presses, you may wish to use the `key_pressed` method instead. pub fn event<M>(mut self, event_fn: EventFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.event = Some(EventFnAny::from_fn_ptr(event_fn)); self } /// The same as the `event` method, but allows for processing raw `winit::WindowEvent`s rather /// than Nannou's simplified `event::WindowEvent`s. /// /// ## Event Function Call Order /// /// If both `raw_event` and `event` functions have been provided, the given `raw_event` /// function will always be called immediately before the given `event` function. pub fn raw_event<M>(mut self, raw_event_fn: RawEventFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.raw_event = Some(RawEventFnAny::from_fn_ptr(raw_event_fn)); self } /// A function for processing key press events associated with this window. pub fn key_pressed<M>(mut self, f: KeyPressedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.key_pressed = Some(KeyPressedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing key release events associated with this window. pub fn key_released<M>(mut self, f: KeyReleasedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.key_released = Some(KeyReleasedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing mouse moved events associated with this window. pub fn mouse_moved<M>(mut self, f: MouseMovedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.mouse_moved = Some(MouseMovedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing mouse pressed events associated with this window. pub fn mouse_pressed<M>(mut self, f: MousePressedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.mouse_pressed = Some(MousePressedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing mouse released events associated with this window. pub fn mouse_released<M>(mut self, f: MouseReleasedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.mouse_released = Some(MouseReleasedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing mouse wheel events associated with this window. pub fn mouse_wheel<M>(mut self, f: MouseWheelFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.mouse_wheel = Some(MouseWheelFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing mouse entered events associated with this window. pub fn mouse_entered<M>(mut self, f: MouseEnteredFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.mouse_entered = Some(MouseEnteredFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing mouse exited events associated with this window. pub fn mouse_exited<M>(mut self, f: MouseExitedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.mouse_exited = Some(MouseExitedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing touch events associated with this window. pub fn touch<M>(mut self, f: TouchFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.touch = Some(TouchFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing touchpad pressure events associated with this window. pub fn touchpad_pressure<M>(mut self, f: TouchpadPressureFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.touchpad_pressure = Some(TouchpadPressureFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing window moved events associated with this window. pub fn moved<M>(mut self, f: MovedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.moved = Some(MovedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing window resized events associated with this window. pub fn resized<M>(mut self, f: ResizedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.resized = Some(ResizedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing hovered file events associated with this window. pub fn hovered_file<M>(mut self, f: HoveredFileFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.hovered_file = Some(HoveredFileFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing hovered file cancelled events associated with this window. pub fn hovered_file_cancelled<M>(mut self, f: HoveredFileCancelledFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.hovered_file_cancelled = Some(HoveredFileCancelledFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing dropped file events associated with this window. pub fn dropped_file<M>(mut self, f: DroppedFileFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.dropped_file = Some(DroppedFileFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing the focused event associated with this window. pub fn focused<M>(mut self, f: FocusedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.focused = Some(FocusedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing the unfocused event associated with this window. pub fn unfocused<M>(mut self, f: UnfocusedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.unfocused = Some(UnfocusedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// A function for processing the window closed event associated with this window. pub fn closed<M>(mut self, f: ClosedFn<M>) -> Self where M: 'static, { self.user_functions.closed = Some(ClosedFnAny::from_fn_ptr(f)); self } /// Builds the window, inserts it into the `App`'s display map and returns the unique ID. pub fn build(self) -> Result<Id, BuildError> { let Builder { app, vk_physical_device, vk_device_extensions, vk_device_queue, mut window, title_was_set, swapchain_builder, user_functions, msaa_samples, } = self; // If the title was not set, default to the "nannou - <exe_name>". if !title_was_set { if let Ok(exe_path) = env::current_exe() { if let Some(os_str) = exe_path.file_stem() { if let Some(exe_name) = os_str.to_str() { let title = format!("nannou - {}", exe_name); window = window.with_title(title); } } } } // Retrieve dimensions to use as a fallback in case vulkano swapchain capabilities // `current_extent` is `None`. This happens when the window size is determined by the size // of the swapchain. let initial_swapchain_dimensions = window .window .dimensions .or_else(|| { window .window .fullscreen .as_ref() .map(|monitor| monitor.get_dimensions().to_logical(1.0)) }) .unwrap_or_else(|| { let mut dim = DEFAULT_DIMENSIONS; if let Some(min) = window.window.min_dimensions { dim.width = dim.width.max(min.width); dim.height = dim.height.max(min.height); } if let Some(max) = window.window.max_dimensions { dim.width = dim.width.min(max.width); dim.height = dim.height.min(max.height); } dim }); // Use the `initial_swapchain_dimensions` as the default dimensions for the window if none // were specified. if window.window.dimensions.is_none() && window.window.fullscreen.is_none() { window.window.dimensions = Some(initial_swapchain_dimensions); } // Build the vulkan surface. let surface = window.build_vk_surface(&app.events_loop, app.vk_instance.clone())?; // The logical device queue to use as the swapchain sharing mode. // This queue will also be used for constructing the `Frame`'s intermediary image. let queue = match vk_device_queue { Some(queue) => queue, None => { // Retrieve the physical, vulkan-supported device to use. let physical_device = vk_physical_device .or_else(|| app.default_vk_physical_device()) .unwrap_or_else(|| unimplemented!()); // Select the queue family to use. Default to the first graphics-supporting queue. let queue_family = physical_device .queue_families() .find(|&q| q.supports_graphics() && surface.is_supported(q).unwrap_or(false)) .unwrap_or_else(|| unimplemented!("couldn't find a graphical queue family")); // We only have one queue, so give an arbitrary priority. let queue_priority = 0.5; // The required device extensions. let mut device_ext = vk_device_extensions.unwrap_or_else(vk::DeviceExtensions::none); device_ext.khr_swapchain = true; // Enable all supported device features. let features = physical_device.supported_features(); // Construct the logical device and queues. let (_device, mut queues) = vk::Device::new( physical_device, features, &device_ext, [(queue_family, queue_priority)].iter().cloned(), )?; // Since it is possible to request multiple queues, the queues variable returned by // the function is in fact an iterator. In this case this iterator contains just // one element, so let's extract it. let queue = queues.next().expect("expected a single device queue"); queue } }; let user_specified_present_mode = swapchain_builder.present_mode; let user_specified_image_count = swapchain_builder.image_count; // Build the swapchain used for displaying the window contents. let (swapchain, images) = { // Set the dimensions of the swapchain to that of the surface. let fallback_dimensions = [ initial_swapchain_dimensions.width as _, initial_swapchain_dimensions.height as _, ]; swapchain_builder.build( queue.device().clone(), surface.clone(), &queue, &app.loop_mode(), Some(fallback_dimensions), None, )? }; // If we're using an intermediary image for rendering frames to swapchain images, create // the necessary render data. let (frame_render_data, msaa_samples) = match user_functions.view { Some(View::WithModel(_)) | Some(View::Sketch(_)) | None => { let target_msaa_samples = msaa_samples.unwrap_or(Frame::DEFAULT_MSAA_SAMPLES); let physical_device = queue.device().physical_device(); let msaa_samples = vk::msaa_samples_limited(&physical_device, target_msaa_samples); let render_data = frame::RenderData::new( queue.device().clone(), swapchain.dimensions(), msaa_samples, swapchain.format(), )?; (Some(render_data), msaa_samples) } Some(View::WithModelRaw(_)) => (None, 1), }; let window_id = surface.window().id(); let needs_recreation = AtomicBool::new(false); let previous_frame_end = Mutex::new(None); let frame_count = 0; let swapchain = Arc::new(WindowSwapchain { needs_recreation, frame_created: frame_count, swapchain, images, previous_frame_end, }); let window = Window { queue, surface, msaa_samples, swapchain, frame_render_data, frame_count, user_functions, user_specified_present_mode, user_specified_image_count, }; app.windows.borrow_mut().insert(window_id, window); // If this is the first window, set it as the app's "focused" window. if app.windows.borrow().len() == 1 { *app.focused_window.borrow_mut() = Some(window_id); } Ok(window_id) } fn map_window<F>(self, map: F) -> Self where F: FnOnce(winit::WindowBuilder) -> winit::WindowBuilder, { let Builder { app, vk_physical_device, vk_device_extensions, vk_device_queue, window, title_was_set, swapchain_builder, user_functions, msaa_samples, } = self; let window = map(window); Builder { app, vk_physical_device, vk_device_extensions, vk_device_queue, window, title_was_set, swapchain_builder, user_functions, msaa_samples, } } // Window builder methods. /// Requests the window to be specific dimensions pixels. pub fn with_dimensions(self, width: u32, height: u32) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_dimensions((width, height).into())) } /// Set the minimum dimensions in pixels for the window. pub fn with_min_dimensions(self, width: u32, height: u32) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_min_dimensions((width, height).into())) } /// Set the maximum dimensions in pixels for the window. pub fn with_max_dimensions(self, width: u32, height: u32) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_max_dimensions((width, height).into())) } /// Requests a specific title for the window. pub fn with_title<T>(mut self, title: T) -> Self where T: Into<String>, { self.title_was_set = true; self.map_window(|w| w.with_title(title)) } /// Sets the window fullscreen state. /// /// None means a normal window, Some(MonitorId) means a fullscreen window on that specific /// monitor. pub fn with_fullscreen(self, monitor: Option<MonitorId>) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_fullscreen(monitor)) } /// Requests maximized mode. pub fn with_maximized(self, maximized: bool) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_maximized(maximized)) } /// Sets whether the window will be initially hidden or visible. pub fn with_visibility(self, visible: bool) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_visibility(visible)) } /// Sets whether the background of the window should be transparent. pub fn with_transparency(self, transparent: bool) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_transparency(transparent)) } /// Sets whether the window should have a border, a title bar, etc. pub fn with_decorations(self, decorations: bool) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_decorations(decorations)) } /// Enables multitouch. pub fn with_multitouch(self) -> Self { self.map_window(|w| w.with_multitouch()) } } impl Window { const NO_LONGER_EXISTS: &'static str = "the window no longer exists"; // `winit::Window` methods. /// Modifies the title of the window. /// /// This is a no-op if the window has already been closed. pub fn set_title(&self, title: &str) { self.surface.window().set_title(title); } /// Shows the window if it was hidden. /// /// ## Platform-specific /// /// Has no effect on Android. pub fn show(&self) { self.surface.window().show() } /// Hides the window if it was visible. /// /// ## Platform-specific /// /// Has no effect on Android. pub fn hide(&self) { self.surface.window().hide() } /// The position of the top-left hand corner of the window relative to the top-left hand corner /// of the desktop. /// /// Note that the top-left hand corner of the desktop is not necessarily the same as the /// screen. If the user uses a desktop with multiple monitors, the top-left hand corner of the /// desktop is the top-left hand corner of the monitor at the top-left of the desktop. /// /// The coordinates can be negative if the top-left hand corner of the window is outside of the /// visible screen region. pub fn position(&self) -> (i32, i32) { self.surface .window() .get_position() .expect(Self::NO_LONGER_EXISTS) .into() } /// Modifies the position of the window. /// /// See `get_position` for more information about the returned coordinates. pub fn set_position(&self, x: i32, y: i32) { self.surface.window().set_position((x, y).into()) } /// The size in pixels of the client area of the window. /// /// The client area is the content of the window, excluding the title bar and borders. These /// are the dimensions of the frame buffer, and the dimensions that you should use when you /// call glViewport. pub fn inner_size_pixels(&self) -> (u32, u32) { self.surface .window() .get_inner_size() .map(|logical_px| { let hidpi_factor = self.surface.window().get_hidpi_factor(); logical_px.to_physical(hidpi_factor) }) .expect(Self::NO_LONGER_EXISTS) .into() } /// The size in points of the client area of the window. /// /// The client area is the content of the window, excluding the title bar and borders. To get /// the dimensions of the frame buffer when calling `glViewport`, multiply with hidpi factor. /// /// This is the same as dividing the result of `inner_size_pixels()` by `hidpi_factor()`. pub fn inner_size_points(&self) -> (geom::scalar::Default, geom::scalar::Default) { let size = self .surface .window() .get_inner_size() .expect(Self::NO_LONGER_EXISTS); let (w, h): (f64, f64) = size.into(); (w as _, h as _) } /// The size of the window in pixels. /// /// These dimensions include title bar and borders. If you don't want these, you should use /// `inner_size_pixels` instead. pub fn outer_size_pixels(&self) -> (u32, u32) { self.surface .window() .get_outer_size() .map(|logical_px| { let hidpi_factor = self.surface.window().get_hidpi_factor(); logical_px.to_physical(hidpi_factor) }) .expect(Self::NO_LONGER_EXISTS) .into() } /// The size of the window in points. /// /// These dimensions include title bar and borders. If you don't want these, you should use /// `inner_size_points` instead. /// /// This is the same as dividing the result of `outer_size_pixels()` by `hidpi_factor()`. pub fn outer_size_points(&self) -> (f32, f32) { let size = self .surface .window() .get_outer_size() .expect(Self::NO_LONGER_EXISTS); let (w, h): (f64, f64) = size.into(); (w as _, h as _) } /// Modifies the inner size of the window. /// /// See the `inner_size` methods for more informations about the values. pub fn set_inner_size_pixels(&self, width: u32, height: u32) { self.surface.window().set_inner_size((width, height).into()) } /// Modifies the inner size of the window using point values. /// /// Internally, the given width and height are multiplied by the `hidpi_factor` to get the /// values in pixels before calling `set_inner_size_pixels` internally. pub fn set_inner_size_points(&self, width: f32, height: f32) { let hidpi_factor = self.hidpi_factor(); let w_px = (width * hidpi_factor) as _; let h_px = (height * hidpi_factor) as _; self.set_inner_size_pixels(w_px, h_px); } /// The ratio between the backing framebuffer resolution and the window size in screen pixels. /// /// This is typically `1.0` for a normal display, `2.0` for a retina display and higher on more /// modern displays. pub fn hidpi_factor(&self) -> geom::scalar::Default { self.surface.window().get_hidpi_factor() as _ } /// Changes the position of the cursor in window coordinates. pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, x: i32, y: i32) -> Result<(), String> { self.surface.window().set_cursor_position((x, y).into()) } /// Modifies the mouse cursor of the window. /// /// ## Platform-specific /// /// Has no effect on Android. pub fn set_cursor(&self, state: MouseCursor) { self.surface.window().set_cursor(state); } /// Grabs the cursor, preventing it from leaving the window. /// /// ## Platform-specific /// /// On macOS, this presently merely locks the cursor in a fixed location, which looks visually /// awkward. /// /// This has no effect on Android or iOS. pub fn grab_cursor(&self, grab: bool) -> Result<(), String> { self.surface.window().grab_cursor(grab) } /// Hides the cursor, making it invisible but still usable. /// /// ## Platform-specific /// /// On Windows and X11, the cursor is only hidden within the confines of the window. /// /// On macOS, the cursor is hidden as long as the window has input focus, even if the cursor is /// outside of the window. /// /// This has no effect on Android or iOS. pub fn hide_cursor(&self, hide: bool) { self.surface.window().hide_cursor(hide) } /// Sets the window to maximized or back. pub fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) { self.surface.window().set_maximized(maximized) } /// Set the window to fullscreen on the monitor associated with the given `Id`. /// /// Call this method again with `None` to revert back from fullscreen. /// /// ## Platform-specific /// /// Has no effect on Android. pub fn set_fullscreen(&self, monitor: Option<MonitorId>) { self.surface.window().set_fullscreen(monitor) } /// The current monitor that the window is on or the primary monitor if nothing matches. pub fn current_monitor(&self) -> MonitorId { self.surface.window().get_current_monitor() } /// A unique identifier associated with this window. pub fn id(&self) -> Id { self.surface.window().id() } // Access to vulkano API. /// Returns a reference to the window's Vulkan swapchain surface. pub fn surface(&self) -> &Surface { &self.surface } /// The swapchain associated with this window's vulkan surface. pub fn swapchain(&self) -> &Swapchain { &self.swapchain.swapchain } /// The vulkan logical device on which the window's swapchain is running. /// /// This is shorthand for `DeviceOwned::device(window.swapchain())`. pub fn swapchain_device(&self) -> &Arc<vk::Device> { vk::DeviceOwned::device(self.swapchain()) } /// The vulkan graphics queue on which the window swapchain work is run. pub fn swapchain_queue(&self) -> &Arc<vk::Queue> { &self.queue } /// The vulkan images associated with the window's swapchain. /// /// This method is exposed in order to allow for interop with low-level vulkano code (e.g. /// framebuffer creation). We recommend that you avoid storing these images as the swapchain /// and its images may be recreated at any moment in time. pub fn swapchain_images(&self) -> &[Arc<SwapchainImage>] { &self.swapchain.images } /// The number of samples used in the MSAA for the image associated with the `view` function's /// `Frame` type. /// /// **Note:** If the user specified a `raw_view` function rather than a `view` function, this /// value will always return `1`. pub fn msaa_samples(&self) -> u32 { self.msaa_samples } // Custom methods. // A utility function to simplify the recreation of a swapchain. pub(crate) fn replace_swapchain( &mut self, new_swapchain: Arc<Swapchain>, new_images: Vec<Arc<SwapchainImage>>, ) { let previous_frame_end = self .swapchain .previous_frame_end .lock() .expect("failed to lock `previous_frame_end`") .take(); self.swapchain = Arc::new(WindowSwapchain { needs_recreation: AtomicBool::new(false), frame_created: self.frame_count, swapchain: new_swapchain, images: new_images, previous_frame_end: Mutex::new(previous_frame_end), }); // TODO: Update frame_render_data? } /// Attempts to determine whether or not the window is currently fullscreen. /// /// TODO: This currently relies on comparing `outer_size_pixels` to the dimensions of the /// `current_monitor`, which may not be exactly accurate on some platforms or even conceptually /// correct in the case that a title bar is included or something. This should probably be a /// method upstream within the `winit` crate itself. Alternatively we could attempt to manually /// track whether or not the window is fullscreen ourselves, however this could get quite /// complicated quite quickly. pub fn is_fullscreen(&self) -> bool { let (w, h) = self.outer_size_pixels(); let (mw, mh): (u32, u32) = self.current_monitor().get_dimensions().into(); w == mw && h == mh } /// The number of times `view` has been called with a `Frame` for this window. pub fn elapsed_frames(&self) -> u64 { self.frame_count } } // Debug implementations for function wrappers. impl fmt::Debug for View { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { let variant = match *self { View::WithModel(ref v) => format!("WithModel({:?})", v), View::WithModelRaw(ref v) => format!("WithModelRaw({:?})", v), View::Sketch(_) => "Sketch".to_string(), }; write!(f, "View::{}", variant) } } // Deref implementations. impl ops::Deref for WindowSwapchain { type Target = Arc<Swapchain>; fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { &self.swapchain } } impl fmt::Debug for WindowSwapchain { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!( f, "WindowSwapchain ( swapchain: {:?}, swapchain_images: {:?} )", self.swapchain, self.images.len(), ) } } // Error implementations. impl StdError for BuildError { fn description(&self) -> &str { match *self { BuildError::SurfaceCreation(ref err) => err.description(), BuildError::DeviceCreation(ref err) => err.description(), BuildError::SwapchainCreation(ref err) => err.description(), BuildError::SwapchainCapabilities(ref err) => err.description(), BuildError::RenderDataCreation(ref err) => err.description(), BuildError::SurfaceDoesNotSupportCompositeAlphaOpaque => { "`CompositeAlpha::Opaque` not supported by window surface" } } } } impl fmt::Display for BuildError { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.description()) } } impl From<vk::win::CreationError> for BuildError { fn from(e: vk::win::CreationError) -> Self { BuildError::SurfaceCreation(e) } } impl From<vk::DeviceCreationError> for BuildError { fn from(e: vk::DeviceCreationError) -> Self { BuildError::DeviceCreation(e) } } impl From<vk::swapchain::SwapchainCreationError> for BuildError { fn from(e: vk::swapchain::SwapchainCreationError) -> Self { BuildError::SwapchainCreation(e) } } impl From<vk::swapchain::CapabilitiesError> for BuildError { fn from(e: vk::swapchain::CapabilitiesError) -> Self { BuildError::SwapchainCapabilities(e) } } impl From<frame::RenderDataCreationError> for BuildError { fn from(e: frame::RenderDataCreationError) -> Self { BuildError::RenderDataCreation(e) } }