Struct na::Unit

source · []
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Unit<T> { /* private fields */ }
Expand description

A wrapper that ensures the underlying algebraic entity has a unit norm.

It is likely that the only piece of documentation that you need in this page are:

All the other impl blocks you will see in this page are about UnitComplex and UnitQuaternion; both built on top of Unit. If you are interested in their documentation, read their dedicated pages directly.

Implementations

Normalize the given vector and return it wrapped on a Unit structure.

Attempts to normalize the given vector and return it wrapped on a Unit structure.

Returns None if the norm was smaller or equal to min_norm.

Normalize the given vector and return it wrapped on a Unit structure and its norm.

Normalize the given vector and return it wrapped on a Unit structure and its norm.

Returns None if the norm was smaller or equal to min_norm.

Normalizes this vector again. This is useful when repeated computations might cause a drift in the norm because of float inaccuracies.

Returns the norm before re-normalization. See .renormalize_fast for a faster alternative that may be slightly less accurate if self drifted significantly from having a unit length.

Normalizes this vector again using a first-order Taylor approximation. This is useful when repeated computations might cause a drift in the norm because of float inaccuracies.

Wraps the given value, assuming it is already normalized.

Wraps the given reference, assuming it is already normalized.

Retrieves the underlying value.

👎 Deprecated:

use .into_inner() instead

Retrieves the underlying value. Deprecated: use Unit::into_inner instead.

Returns a mutable reference to the underlying value. This is _unchecked because modifying the underlying value in such a way that it no longer has unit length may lead to unexpected results.

Computes the spherical linear interpolation between two unit vectors.

Examples:

let v1 = Unit::new_normalize(Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0));
let v2 = Unit::new_normalize(Vector2::new(2.0, -3.0));

let v = v1.slerp(&v2, 1.0);

assert_eq!(v, v2);

Computes the spherical linear interpolation between two unit vectors.

Returns None if the two vectors are almost collinear and with opposite direction (in this case, there is an infinity of possible results).

The rotation angle in [0; pi] of this unit quaternion.

Example
let axis = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, 1.78);
assert_eq!(rot.angle(), 1.78);

The underlying quaternion.

Same as self.as_ref().

Example
let axis = UnitQuaternion::identity();
assert_eq!(*axis.quaternion(), Quaternion::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));

Compute the conjugate of this unit quaternion.

Example
let axis = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, 1.78);
let conj = rot.conjugate();
assert_eq!(conj, UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&-axis, 1.78));

Inverts this quaternion if it is not zero.

Example
let axis = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, 1.78);
let inv = rot.inverse();
assert_eq!(rot * inv, UnitQuaternion::identity());
assert_eq!(inv * rot, UnitQuaternion::identity());

The rotation angle needed to make self and other coincide.

Example
let rot1 = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::y_axis(), 1.0);
let rot2 = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::x_axis(), 0.1);
assert_relative_eq!(rot1.angle_to(&rot2), 1.0045657, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

The unit quaternion needed to make self and other coincide.

The result is such that: self.rotation_to(other) * self == other.

Example
let rot1 = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::y_axis(), 1.0);
let rot2 = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::x_axis(), 0.1);
let rot_to = rot1.rotation_to(&rot2);
assert_relative_eq!(rot_to * rot1, rot2, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Linear interpolation between two unit quaternions.

The result is not normalized.

Example
let q1 = UnitQuaternion::new_normalize(Quaternion::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::new_normalize(Quaternion::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
assert_eq!(q1.lerp(&q2, 0.1), Quaternion::new(0.9, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0));

Normalized linear interpolation between two unit quaternions.

This is the same as self.lerp except that the result is normalized.

Example
let q1 = UnitQuaternion::new_normalize(Quaternion::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::new_normalize(Quaternion::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
assert_eq!(q1.nlerp(&q2, 0.1), UnitQuaternion::new_normalize(Quaternion::new(0.9, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0)));

Spherical linear interpolation between two unit quaternions.

Panics if the angle between both quaternion is 180 degrees (in which case the interpolation is not well-defined). Use .try_slerp instead to avoid the panic.

Example

let q1 = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4, 0.0, 0.0);
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(-std::f32::consts::PI, 0.0, 0.0);

let q = q1.slerp(&q2, 1.0 / 3.0);

assert_eq!(q.euler_angles(), (std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0));

Computes the spherical linear interpolation between two unit quaternions or returns None if both quaternions are approximately 180 degrees apart (in which case the interpolation is not well-defined).

Arguments
  • self: the first quaternion to interpolate from.
  • other: the second quaternion to interpolate toward.
  • t: the interpolation parameter. Should be between 0 and 1.
  • epsilon: the value below which the sinus of the angle separating both quaternion must be to return None.

Compute the conjugate of this unit quaternion in-place.

Inverts this quaternion if it is not zero.

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::new(0.1, 0.2, 0.3);
let mut rot = UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle);
rot.inverse_mut();
assert_relative_eq!(rot * UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle), UnitQuaternion::identity());
assert_relative_eq!(UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle) * rot, UnitQuaternion::identity());

The rotation axis of this unit quaternion or None if the rotation is zero.

Example
let axis = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let angle = 1.2;
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, angle);
assert_eq!(rot.axis(), Some(axis));

// Case with a zero angle.
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, 0.0);
assert!(rot.axis().is_none());

The rotation axis of this unit quaternion multiplied by the rotation angle.

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::new(0.1, 0.2, 0.3);
let rot = UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle);
assert_relative_eq!(rot.scaled_axis(), axisangle, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

The rotation axis and angle in ]0, pi] of this unit quaternion.

Returns None if the angle is zero.

Example
let axis = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let angle = 1.2;
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, angle);
assert_eq!(rot.axis_angle(), Some((axis, angle)));

// Case with a zero angle.
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, 0.0);
assert!(rot.axis_angle().is_none());

Compute the exponential of a quaternion.

Note that this function yields a Quaternion<T> because it loses the unit property.

Compute the natural logarithm of a quaternion.

Note that this function yields a Quaternion<T> because it loses the unit property. The vector part of the return value corresponds to the axis-angle representation (divided by 2.0) of this unit quaternion.

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::new(0.1, 0.2, 0.3);
let q = UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle);
assert_relative_eq!(q.ln().vector().into_owned(), axisangle, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Raise the quaternion to a given floating power.

This returns the unit quaternion that identifies a rotation with axis self.axis() and angle self.angle() × n.

Example
let axis = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let angle = 1.2;
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, angle);
let pow = rot.powf(2.0);
assert_relative_eq!(pow.axis().unwrap(), axis, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_eq!(pow.angle(), 2.4);

Builds a rotation matrix from this unit quaternion.

Example
let q = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::z_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_6);
let rot = q.to_rotation_matrix();
let expected = Matrix3::new(0.8660254, -0.5,      0.0,
                            0.5,       0.8660254, 0.0,
                            0.0,       0.0,       1.0);

assert_relative_eq!(*rot.matrix(), expected, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
👎 Deprecated:

This is renamed to use .euler_angles().

Converts this unit quaternion into its equivalent Euler angles.

The angles are produced in the form (roll, pitch, yaw).

Retrieves the euler angles corresponding to this unit quaternion.

The angles are produced in the form (roll, pitch, yaw).

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(0.1, 0.2, 0.3);
let euler = rot.euler_angles();
assert_relative_eq!(euler.0, 0.1, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(euler.1, 0.2, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(euler.2, 0.3, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Converts this unit quaternion into its equivalent homogeneous transformation matrix.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::z_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_6);
let expected = Matrix4::new(0.8660254, -0.5,      0.0, 0.0,
                            0.5,       0.8660254, 0.0, 0.0,
                            0.0,       0.0,       1.0, 0.0,
                            0.0,       0.0,       0.0, 1.0);

assert_relative_eq!(rot.to_homogeneous(), expected, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate a point by this unit quaternion.

This is the same as the multiplication self * pt.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::y_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_point = rot.transform_point(&Point3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));

assert_relative_eq!(transformed_point, Point3::new(3.0, 2.0, -1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate a vector by this unit quaternion.

This is the same as the multiplication self * v.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::y_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_vector = rot.transform_vector(&Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));

assert_relative_eq!(transformed_vector, Vector3::new(3.0, 2.0, -1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate a point by the inverse of this unit quaternion. This may be cheaper than inverting the unit quaternion and transforming the point.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::y_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_point = rot.inverse_transform_point(&Point3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));

assert_relative_eq!(transformed_point, Point3::new(-3.0, 2.0, 1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate a vector by the inverse of this unit quaternion. This may be cheaper than inverting the unit quaternion and transforming the vector.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::y_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_vector = rot.inverse_transform_vector(&Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));

assert_relative_eq!(transformed_vector, Vector3::new(-3.0, 2.0, 1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate a vector by the inverse of this unit quaternion. This may be cheaper than inverting the unit quaternion and transforming the vector.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::z_axis(), f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_vector = rot.inverse_transform_unit_vector(&Vector3::x_axis());

assert_relative_eq!(transformed_vector, -Vector3::y_axis(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Appends to self a rotation given in the axis-angle form, using a linearized formulation.

This is faster, but approximate, way to compute UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle) * self.

The rotation identity.

Example
let q = UnitQuaternion::identity();
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::new(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let v = Vector3::new_random();
let p = Point3::from(v);

assert_eq!(q * q2, q2);
assert_eq!(q2 * q, q2);
assert_eq!(q * v, v);
assert_eq!(q * p, p);

Cast the components of self to another type.

Example
let q = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(1.0f64, 2.0, 3.0);
let q2 = q.cast::<f32>();
assert_relative_eq!(q2, UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(1.0f32, 2.0, 3.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Creates a new quaternion from a unit vector (the rotation axis) and an angle (the rotation angle).

Example
let axis = Vector3::y_axis();
let angle = f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
// Point and vector being transformed in the tests.
let pt = Point3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let vec = Vector3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let q = UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&axis, angle);

assert_eq!(q.axis().unwrap(), axis);
assert_eq!(q.angle(), angle);
assert_relative_eq!(q * pt, Point3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q * vec, Vector3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

// A zero vector yields an identity.
assert_eq!(UnitQuaternion::from_scaled_axis(Vector3::<f32>::zeros()), UnitQuaternion::identity());

Creates a new unit quaternion from a quaternion.

The input quaternion will be normalized.

Creates a new unit quaternion from Euler angles.

The primitive rotations are applied in order: 1 roll − 2 pitch − 3 yaw.

Example
let rot = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(0.1, 0.2, 0.3);
let euler = rot.euler_angles();
assert_relative_eq!(euler.0, 0.1, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(euler.1, 0.2, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(euler.2, 0.3, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Builds an unit quaternion from a basis assumed to be orthonormal.

In order to get a valid unit-quaternion, the input must be an orthonormal basis, i.e., all vectors are normalized, and the are all orthogonal to each other. These invariants are not checked by this method.

Builds an unit quaternion from a rotation matrix.

Example
let axis = Vector3::y_axis();
let angle = 0.1;
let rot = Rotation3::from_axis_angle(&axis, angle);
let q = UnitQuaternion::from_rotation_matrix(&rot);
assert_relative_eq!(q.to_rotation_matrix(), rot, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q.axis().unwrap(), rot.axis().unwrap(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q.angle(), rot.angle(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Builds an unit quaternion by extracting the rotation part of the given transformation m.

This is an iterative method. See .from_matrix_eps to provide mover convergence parameters and starting solution. This implements “A Robust Method to Extract the Rotational Part of Deformations” by Müller et al.

Builds an unit quaternion by extracting the rotation part of the given transformation m.

This implements “A Robust Method to Extract the Rotational Part of Deformations” by Müller et al.

Parameters
  • m: the matrix from which the rotational part is to be extracted.
  • eps: the angular errors tolerated between the current rotation and the optimal one.
  • max_iter: the maximum number of iterations. Loops indefinitely until convergence if set to 0.
  • guess: an estimate of the solution. Convergence will be significantly faster if an initial solution close to the actual solution is provided. Can be set to UnitQuaternion::identity() if no other guesses come to mind.

The unit quaternion needed to make a and b be collinear and point toward the same direction. Returns None if both a and b are collinear and point to opposite directions, as then the rotation desired is not unique.

Example
let a = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
let b = Vector3::new(3.0, 1.0, 2.0);
let q = UnitQuaternion::rotation_between(&a, &b).unwrap();
assert_relative_eq!(q * a, b);
assert_relative_eq!(q.inverse() * b, a);

The smallest rotation needed to make a and b collinear and point toward the same direction, raised to the power s.

Example
let a = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
let b = Vector3::new(3.0, 1.0, 2.0);
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::scaled_rotation_between(&a, &b, 0.2).unwrap();
let q5 = UnitQuaternion::scaled_rotation_between(&a, &b, 0.5).unwrap();
assert_relative_eq!(q2 * q2 * q2 * q2 * q2 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q5 * q5 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

The unit quaternion needed to make a and b be collinear and point toward the same direction.

Example
let a = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let b = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(3.0, 1.0, 2.0));
let q = UnitQuaternion::rotation_between(&a, &b).unwrap();
assert_relative_eq!(q * a, b);
assert_relative_eq!(q.inverse() * b, a);

The smallest rotation needed to make a and b collinear and point toward the same direction, raised to the power s.

Example
let a = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
let b = Unit::new_normalize(Vector3::new(3.0, 1.0, 2.0));
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::scaled_rotation_between(&a, &b, 0.2).unwrap();
let q5 = UnitQuaternion::scaled_rotation_between(&a, &b, 0.5).unwrap();
assert_relative_eq!(q2 * q2 * q2 * q2 * q2 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q5 * q5 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Creates an unit quaternion that corresponds to the local frame of an observer standing at the origin and looking toward dir.

It maps the z axis to the direction dir.

Arguments
  • dir - The look direction. It does not need to be normalized.
  • up - The vertical direction. It does not need to be normalized. The only requirement of this parameter is to not be collinear to dir. Non-collinearity is not checked.
Example
let dir = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
let up = Vector3::y();

let q = UnitQuaternion::face_towards(&dir, &up);
assert_relative_eq!(q * Vector3::z(), dir.normalize());
👎 Deprecated:

renamed to face_towards

Deprecated: Use UnitQuaternion::face_towards instead.

Builds a right-handed look-at view matrix without translation.

It maps the view direction dir to the negative z axis. This conforms to the common notion of right handed look-at matrix from the computer graphics community.

Arguments
  • dir − The view direction. It does not need to be normalized.
  • up - A vector approximately aligned with required the vertical axis. It does not need to be normalized. The only requirement of this parameter is to not be collinear to dir.
Example
let dir = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
let up = Vector3::y();

let q = UnitQuaternion::look_at_rh(&dir, &up);
assert_relative_eq!(q * dir.normalize(), -Vector3::z());

Builds a left-handed look-at view matrix without translation.

It maps the view direction dir to the positive z axis. This conforms to the common notion of left handed look-at matrix from the computer graphics community.

Arguments
  • dir − The view direction. It does not need to be normalized.
  • up - A vector approximately aligned with required the vertical axis. The only requirement of this parameter is to not be collinear to dir.
Example
let dir = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
let up = Vector3::y();

let q = UnitQuaternion::look_at_lh(&dir, &up);
assert_relative_eq!(q * dir.normalize(), Vector3::z());

Creates a new unit quaternion rotation from a rotation axis scaled by the rotation angle.

If axisangle has a magnitude smaller than T::default_epsilon(), this returns the identity rotation.

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::y() * f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
// Point and vector being transformed in the tests.
let pt = Point3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let vec = Vector3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let q = UnitQuaternion::new(axisangle);

assert_relative_eq!(q * pt, Point3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q * vec, Vector3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

// A zero vector yields an identity.
assert_eq!(UnitQuaternion::new(Vector3::<f32>::zeros()), UnitQuaternion::identity());

Creates a new unit quaternion rotation from a rotation axis scaled by the rotation angle.

If axisangle has a magnitude smaller than eps, this returns the identity rotation.

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::y() * f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
// Point and vector being transformed in the tests.
let pt = Point3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let vec = Vector3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let q = UnitQuaternion::new_eps(axisangle, 1.0e-6);

assert_relative_eq!(q * pt, Point3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q * vec, Vector3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

// An almost zero vector yields an identity.
assert_eq!(UnitQuaternion::new_eps(Vector3::new(1.0e-8, 1.0e-9, 1.0e-7), 1.0e-6), UnitQuaternion::identity());

Creates a new unit quaternion rotation from a rotation axis scaled by the rotation angle.

If axisangle has a magnitude smaller than T::default_epsilon(), this returns the identity rotation. Same as Self::new(axisangle).

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::y() * f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
// Point and vector being transformed in the tests.
let pt = Point3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let vec = Vector3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let q = UnitQuaternion::from_scaled_axis(axisangle);

assert_relative_eq!(q * pt, Point3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q * vec, Vector3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

// A zero vector yields an identity.
assert_eq!(UnitQuaternion::from_scaled_axis(Vector3::<f32>::zeros()), UnitQuaternion::identity());

Creates a new unit quaternion rotation from a rotation axis scaled by the rotation angle.

If axisangle has a magnitude smaller than eps, this returns the identity rotation. Same as Self::new_eps(axisangle, eps).

Example
let axisangle = Vector3::y() * f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
// Point and vector being transformed in the tests.
let pt = Point3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let vec = Vector3::new(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
let q = UnitQuaternion::from_scaled_axis_eps(axisangle, 1.0e-6);

assert_relative_eq!(q * pt, Point3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(q * vec, Vector3::new(6.0, 5.0, -4.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

// An almost zero vector yields an identity.
assert_eq!(UnitQuaternion::from_scaled_axis_eps(Vector3::new(1.0e-8, 1.0e-9, 1.0e-7), 1.0e-6), UnitQuaternion::identity());

Create the mean unit quaternion from a data structure implementing IntoIterator returning unit quaternions.

The method will panic if the iterator does not return any quaternions.

Algorithm from: Oshman, Yaakov, and Avishy Carmi. “Attitude estimation from vector observations using a genetic-algorithm-embedded quaternion particle filter.” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 29.4 (2006): 879-891.

Example
let q1 = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
let q2 = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(-0.1, 0.0, 0.0);
let q3 = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(0.1, 0.0, 0.0);

let quat_vec = vec![q1, q2, q3];
let q_mean = UnitQuaternion::mean_of(quat_vec);

let euler_angles_mean = q_mean.euler_angles();
assert_relative_eq!(euler_angles_mean.0, 0.0, epsilon = 1.0e-7)

The underlying dual quaternion.

Same as self.as_ref().

Example
let id = UnitDualQuaternion::identity();
assert_eq!(*id.dual_quaternion(), DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
    Quaternion::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
    Quaternion::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
));

Compute the conjugate of this unit quaternion.

Example
let qr = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let qd = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let unit = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(
    DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(qr, qd)
);
let conj = unit.conjugate();
assert_eq!(conj.real, unit.real.conjugate());
assert_eq!(conj.dual, unit.dual.conjugate());

Compute the conjugate of this unit quaternion in-place.

Example
let qr = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let qd = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let unit = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(
    DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(qr, qd)
);
let mut conj = unit.clone();
conj.conjugate_mut();
assert_eq!(conj.as_ref().real, unit.as_ref().real.conjugate());
assert_eq!(conj.as_ref().dual, unit.as_ref().dual.conjugate());

Inverts this dual quaternion if it is not zero.

Example
let qr = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let qd = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let unit = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(qr, qd));
let inv = unit.inverse();
assert_relative_eq!(unit * inv, UnitDualQuaternion::identity(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(inv * unit, UnitDualQuaternion::identity(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Inverts this dual quaternion in place if it is not zero.

Example
let qr = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let qd = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let unit = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(qr, qd));
let mut inv = unit.clone();
inv.inverse_mut();
assert_relative_eq!(unit * inv, UnitDualQuaternion::identity(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(inv * unit, UnitDualQuaternion::identity(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

The unit dual quaternion needed to make self and other coincide.

The result is such that: self.isometry_to(other) * self == other.

Example
let qr = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let qd = Quaternion::new(5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0);
let dq1 = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(qr, qd));
let dq2 = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(qd, qr));
let dq_to = dq1.isometry_to(&dq2);
assert_relative_eq!(dq_to * dq1, dq2, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Linear interpolation between two unit dual quaternions.

The result is not normalized.

Example
let dq1 = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
    Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
    Quaternion::new(0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5)
));
let dq2 = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
    Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5),
    Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0)
));
assert_relative_eq!(
    UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(dq1.lerp(&dq2, 0.5)),
    UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(
        DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
            Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.25, 0.25),
            Quaternion::new(0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25)
        )
    ),
    epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Normalized linear interpolation between two unit quaternions.

This is the same as self.lerp except that the result is normalized.

Example
let dq1 = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
    Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
    Quaternion::new(0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5)
));
let dq2 = UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
    Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5),
    Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0)
));
assert_relative_eq!(dq1.nlerp(&dq2, 0.2), UnitDualQuaternion::new_normalize(
    DualQuaternion::from_real_and_dual(
        Quaternion::new(0.5, 0.0, 0.4, 0.1),
        Quaternion::new(0.1, 0.4, 0.1, 0.4)
    )
), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Screw linear interpolation between two unit quaternions. This creates a smooth arc from one dual-quaternion to another.

Panics if the angle between both quaternion is 180 degrees (in which case the interpolation is not well-defined). Use .try_sclerp instead to avoid the panic.

Example

let dq1 = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4, 0.0, 0.0),
);

let dq2 = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 0.0, 3.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(-std::f32::consts::PI, 0.0, 0.0),
);

let dq = dq1.sclerp(&dq2, 1.0 / 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.rotation().euler_angles().0, std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, epsilon = 1.0e-6
);
assert_relative_eq!(dq.translation().vector.y, 3.0, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Computes the screw-linear interpolation between two unit quaternions or returns None if both quaternions are approximately 180 degrees apart (in which case the interpolation is not well-defined).

Arguments
  • self: the first quaternion to interpolate from.
  • other: the second quaternion to interpolate toward.
  • t: the interpolation parameter. Should be between 0 and 1.
  • epsilon: the value below which the sinus of the angle separating both quaternion must be to return None.

Return the rotation part of this unit dual quaternion.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4, 0.0, 0.0)
);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.rotation().angle(), std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4, epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Return the translation part of this unit dual quaternion.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4, 0.0, 0.0)
);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.translation().vector, Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Builds an isometry from this unit dual quaternion.

Example
let rotation = UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::PI, 0.0, 0.0);
let translation = Vector3::new(1.0, 3.0, 2.5);
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    translation.into(),
    rotation
);
let iso = dq.to_isometry();

assert_relative_eq!(iso.rotation.angle(), std::f32::consts::PI, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(iso.translation.vector, translation, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate and translate a point by this unit dual quaternion interpreted as an isometry.

This is the same as the multiplication self * pt.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let point = Point3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.transform_point(&point), Point3::new(1.0, 0.0, 2.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Rotate a vector by this unit dual quaternion, ignoring the translational component.

This is the same as the multiplication self * v.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let vector = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.transform_vector(&vector), Vector3::new(1.0, -3.0, 2.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Rotate and translate a point by the inverse of this unit quaternion.

This may be cheaper than inverting the unit dual quaternion and transforming the point.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let point = Point3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.inverse_transform_point(&point), Point3::new(1.0, 3.0, 1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Rotate a vector by the inverse of this unit quaternion, ignoring the translational component.

This may be cheaper than inverting the unit dual quaternion and transforming the vector.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let vector = Vector3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.inverse_transform_vector(&vector), Vector3::new(1.0, 3.0, -2.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Rotate a unit vector by the inverse of this unit quaternion, ignoring the translational component. This may be cheaper than inverting the unit dual quaternion and transforming the vector.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let vector = Unit::new_unchecked(Vector3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));

assert_relative_eq!(
    dq.inverse_transform_unit_vector(&vector),
    Unit::new_unchecked(Vector3::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0)),
    epsilon = 1.0e-6
);

Converts this unit dual quaternion interpreted as an isometry into its equivalent homogeneous transformation matrix.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(1.0, 3.0, 2.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_axis_angle(&Vector3::z_axis(), std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_6)
);
let expected = Matrix4::new(0.8660254, -0.5,      0.0, 1.0,
                            0.5,       0.8660254, 0.0, 3.0,
                            0.0,       0.0,       1.0, 2.0,
                            0.0,       0.0,       0.0, 1.0);

assert_relative_eq!(dq.to_homogeneous(), expected, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

The unit dual quaternion multiplicative identity, which also represents the identity transformation as an isometry.

Example
let ident = UnitDualQuaternion::identity();
let point = Point3::new(1.0, -4.3, 3.33);

assert_eq!(ident * point, point);
assert_eq!(ident, ident.inverse());

Cast the components of self to another type.

Example
let q = UnitDualQuaternion::<f64>::identity();
let q2 = q.cast::<f32>();
assert_eq!(q2, UnitDualQuaternion::<f32>::identity());

Return a dual quaternion representing the translation and orientation given by the provided rotation quaternion and translation vector.

Example
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let point = Point3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(dq * point, Point3::new(1.0, 0.0, 2.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Return a unit dual quaternion representing the translation and orientation given by the provided isometry.

Example
let iso = Isometry3::from_parts(
    Vector3::new(0.0, 3.0, 0.0).into(),
    UnitQuaternion::from_euler_angles(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2, 0.0, 0.0)
);
let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_isometry(&iso);
let point = Point3::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(dq * point, iso * point, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Creates a dual quaternion from a unit quaternion rotation.

Example
let q = Quaternion::new(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
let rot = UnitQuaternion::new_normalize(q);

let dq = UnitDualQuaternion::from_rotation(rot);
assert_relative_eq!(dq.as_ref().real.norm(), 1.0, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_eq!(dq.as_ref().dual.norm(), 0.0);

The rotation angle in ]-pi; pi] of this unit complex number.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(1.78);
assert_eq!(rot.angle(), 1.78);

The sine of the rotation angle.

Example
let angle = 1.78f32;
let rot = UnitComplex::new(angle);
assert_eq!(rot.sin_angle(), angle.sin());

The cosine of the rotation angle.

Example
let angle = 1.78f32;
let rot = UnitComplex::new(angle);
assert_eq!(rot.cos_angle(),angle.cos());

The rotation angle returned as a 1-dimensional vector.

This is generally used in the context of generic programming. Using the .angle() method instead is more common.

The rotation axis and angle in ]0, pi] of this complex number.

This is generally used in the context of generic programming. Using the .angle() method instead is more common. Returns None if the angle is zero.

The rotation angle needed to make self and other coincide.

Example
let rot1 = UnitComplex::new(0.1);
let rot2 = UnitComplex::new(1.7);
assert_relative_eq!(rot1.angle_to(&rot2), 1.6);

Compute the conjugate of this unit complex number.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(1.78);
let conj = rot.conjugate();
assert_eq!(rot.complex().im, -conj.complex().im);
assert_eq!(rot.complex().re, conj.complex().re);

Inverts this complex number if it is not zero.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(1.2);
let inv = rot.inverse();
assert_relative_eq!(rot * inv, UnitComplex::identity(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(inv * rot, UnitComplex::identity(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Compute in-place the conjugate of this unit complex number.

Example
let angle = 1.7;
let rot = UnitComplex::new(angle);
let mut conj = UnitComplex::new(angle);
conj.conjugate_mut();
assert_eq!(rot.complex().im, -conj.complex().im);
assert_eq!(rot.complex().re, conj.complex().re);

Inverts in-place this unit complex number.

Example
let angle = 1.7;
let mut rot = UnitComplex::new(angle);
rot.inverse_mut();
assert_relative_eq!(rot * UnitComplex::new(angle), UnitComplex::identity());
assert_relative_eq!(UnitComplex::new(angle) * rot, UnitComplex::identity());

Builds the rotation matrix corresponding to this unit complex number.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_6);
let expected = Rotation2::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_6);
assert_eq!(rot.to_rotation_matrix(), expected);

Converts this unit complex number into its equivalent homogeneous transformation matrix.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_6);
let expected = Matrix3::new(0.8660254, -0.5,      0.0,
                            0.5,       0.8660254, 0.0,
                            0.0,       0.0,       1.0);
assert_eq!(rot.to_homogeneous(), expected);

Rotate the given point by this unit complex number.

This is the same as the multiplication self * pt.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_point = rot.transform_point(&Point2::new(1.0, 2.0));
assert_relative_eq!(transformed_point, Point2::new(-2.0, 1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate the given vector by this unit complex number.

This is the same as the multiplication self * v.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_vector = rot.transform_vector(&Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0));
assert_relative_eq!(transformed_vector, Vector2::new(-2.0, 1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate the given point by the inverse of this unit complex number.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_point = rot.inverse_transform_point(&Point2::new(1.0, 2.0));
assert_relative_eq!(transformed_point, Point2::new(2.0, -1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate the given vector by the inverse of this unit complex number.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_vector = rot.inverse_transform_vector(&Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0));
assert_relative_eq!(transformed_vector, Vector2::new(2.0, -1.0), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Rotate the given vector by the inverse of this unit complex number.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
let transformed_vector = rot.inverse_transform_unit_vector(&Vector2::x_axis());
assert_relative_eq!(transformed_vector, -Vector2::y_axis(), epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Spherical linear interpolation between two rotations represented as unit complex numbers.

Examples:

let rot1 = UnitComplex::new(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4);
let rot2 = UnitComplex::new(-std::f32::consts::PI);

let rot = rot1.slerp(&rot2, 1.0 / 3.0);

assert_relative_eq!(rot.angle(), std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);

The unit complex number multiplicative identity.

Example
let rot1 = UnitComplex::identity();
let rot2 = UnitComplex::new(1.7);

assert_eq!(rot1 * rot2, rot2);
assert_eq!(rot2 * rot1, rot2);

Builds the unit complex number corresponding to the rotation with the given angle.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);

assert_relative_eq!(rot * Point2::new(3.0, 4.0), Point2::new(-4.0, 3.0));

Builds the unit complex number corresponding to the rotation with the angle.

Same as Self::new(angle).

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::from_angle(f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);

assert_relative_eq!(rot * Point2::new(3.0, 4.0), Point2::new(-4.0, 3.0));

Builds the unit complex number from the sinus and cosinus of the rotation angle.

The input values are not checked to actually be cosines and sine of the same value. Is is generally preferable to use the ::new(angle) constructor instead.

Example
let angle = f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
let rot = UnitComplex::from_cos_sin_unchecked(angle.cos(), angle.sin());

assert_relative_eq!(rot * Point2::new(3.0, 4.0), Point2::new(-4.0, 3.0));

Builds a unit complex rotation from an angle in radian wrapped in a 1-dimensional vector.

This is generally used in the context of generic programming. Using the ::new(angle) method instead is more common.

Cast the components of self to another type.

Example
let c = UnitComplex::new(1.0f64);
let c2 = c.cast::<f32>();
assert_eq!(c2, UnitComplex::new(1.0f32));

The underlying complex number.

Same as self.as_ref().

Example
let angle = 1.78f32;
let rot = UnitComplex::new(angle);
assert_eq!(*rot.complex(), Complex::new(angle.cos(), angle.sin()));

Creates a new unit complex number from a complex number.

The input complex number will be normalized.

Creates a new unit complex number from a complex number.

The input complex number will be normalized. Returns the norm of the complex number as well.

Builds the unit complex number from the corresponding 2D rotation matrix.

Example
let rot = Rotation2::new(1.7);
let complex = UnitComplex::from_rotation_matrix(&rot);
assert_eq!(complex, UnitComplex::new(1.7));

Builds a rotation from a basis assumed to be orthonormal.

In order to get a valid unit-quaternion, the input must be an orthonormal basis, i.e., all vectors are normalized, and the are all orthogonal to each other. These invariants are not checked by this method.

Builds an unit complex by extracting the rotation part of the given transformation m.

This is an iterative method. See .from_matrix_eps to provide mover convergence parameters and starting solution. This implements “A Robust Method to Extract the Rotational Part of Deformations” by Müller et al.

Builds an unit complex by extracting the rotation part of the given transformation m.

This implements “A Robust Method to Extract the Rotational Part of Deformations” by Müller et al.

Parameters
  • m: the matrix from which the rotational part is to be extracted.
  • eps: the angular errors tolerated between the current rotation and the optimal one.
  • max_iter: the maximum number of iterations. Loops indefinitely until convergence if set to 0.
  • guess: an estimate of the solution. Convergence will be significantly faster if an initial solution close to the actual solution is provided. Can be set to UnitQuaternion::identity() if no other guesses come to mind.

The unit complex number needed to make self and other coincide.

The result is such that: self.rotation_to(other) * self == other.

Example
let rot1 = UnitComplex::new(0.1);
let rot2 = UnitComplex::new(1.7);
let rot_to = rot1.rotation_to(&rot2);

assert_relative_eq!(rot_to * rot1, rot2);
assert_relative_eq!(rot_to.inverse() * rot2, rot1);

Raise this unit complex number to a given floating power.

This returns the unit complex number that identifies a rotation angle equal to self.angle() × n.

Example
let rot = UnitComplex::new(0.78);
let pow = rot.powf(2.0);
assert_relative_eq!(pow.angle(), 2.0 * 0.78);

The unit complex needed to make a and b be collinear and point toward the same direction.

Example
let a = Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0);
let b = Vector2::new(2.0, 1.0);
let rot = UnitComplex::rotation_between(&a, &b);
assert_relative_eq!(rot * a, b);
assert_relative_eq!(rot.inverse() * b, a);

The smallest rotation needed to make a and b collinear and point toward the same direction, raised to the power s.

Example
let a = Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0);
let b = Vector2::new(2.0, 1.0);
let rot2 = UnitComplex::scaled_rotation_between(&a, &b, 0.2);
let rot5 = UnitComplex::scaled_rotation_between(&a, &b, 0.5);
assert_relative_eq!(rot2 * rot2 * rot2 * rot2 * rot2 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(rot5 * rot5 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

The unit complex needed to make a and b be collinear and point toward the same direction.

Example
let a = Unit::new_normalize(Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0));
let b = Unit::new_normalize(Vector2::new(2.0, 1.0));
let rot = UnitComplex::rotation_between_axis(&a, &b);
assert_relative_eq!(rot * a, b);
assert_relative_eq!(rot.inverse() * b, a);

The smallest rotation needed to make a and b collinear and point toward the same direction, raised to the power s.

Example
let a = Unit::new_normalize(Vector2::new(1.0, 2.0));
let b = Unit::new_normalize(Vector2::new(2.0, 1.0));
let rot2 = UnitComplex::scaled_rotation_between_axis(&a, &b, 0.2);
let rot5 = UnitComplex::scaled_rotation_between_axis(&a, &b, 0.5);
assert_relative_eq!(rot2 * rot2 * rot2 * rot2 * rot2 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);
assert_relative_eq!(rot5 * rot5 * a, b, epsilon = 1.0e-6);

Trait Implementations

Used for specifying relative comparisons.

The default tolerance to use when testing values that are close together. Read more

A test for equality that uses the absolute difference to compute the approximate equality of two numbers. Read more

The inverse of [AbsDiffEq::abs_diff_eq].

Used for specifying relative comparisons.

The default tolerance to use when testing values that are close together. Read more

A test for equality that uses the absolute difference to compute the approximate equality of two numbers. Read more

The inverse of [AbsDiffEq::abs_diff_eq].

Used for specifying relative comparisons.

The default tolerance to use when testing values that are close together. Read more

A test for equality that uses the absolute difference to compute the approximate equality of two numbers. Read more

The inverse of [AbsDiffEq::abs_diff_eq].

Used for specifying relative comparisons.

The default tolerance to use when testing values that are close together. Read more

A test for equality that uses the absolute difference to compute the approximate equality of two numbers. Read more

The inverse of [AbsDiffEq::abs_diff_eq].

The rotation identity.

The rotation inverse.

Change self to its inverse.

Apply the rotation to the given vector.

Apply the rotation to the given point.

Apply the inverse rotation to the given vector.

Apply the inverse rotation to the given point.

Apply the inverse rotation to the given unit vector.

The rotation identity.

The rotation inverse.

Change self to its inverse.

Apply the rotation to the given vector.

Apply the rotation to the given point.

Apply the inverse rotation to the given vector.

Apply the inverse rotation to the given point.

Apply the inverse rotation to the given unit vector.

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

Returns a copy of the value. Read more

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more

The resulting type after dereferencing.

Dereferences the value.

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

Performs the / operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Performs the /= operation. Read more

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Converts to this type from the input type.

Feeds this value into the given Hasher. Read more

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

Performs the * operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

Performs the *= operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

Performs the unary - operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

Performs the unary - operation. Read more

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

Performs the unary - operation. Read more

Returns the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1. Read more

Sets self to the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1.

Returns true if self is equal to the multiplicative identity. Read more

Returns the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1. Read more

Sets self to the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1.

Returns true if self is equal to the multiplicative identity. Read more

Returns the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1. Read more

Sets self to the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1.

Returns true if self is equal to the multiplicative identity. Read more

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

The default relative tolerance for testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses a relative comparison if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [RelativeEq::relative_eq].

The default relative tolerance for testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses a relative comparison if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [RelativeEq::relative_eq].

The default relative tolerance for testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses a relative comparison if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [RelativeEq::relative_eq].

The default relative tolerance for testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses a relative comparison if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [RelativeEq::relative_eq].

The type of the elements of each lane of this SIMD value.

Type of the result of comparing two SIMD values like self.

The number of lanes of this SIMD value.

Initializes an SIMD value with each lanes set to val.

Extracts the i-th lane of self. Read more

Extracts the i-th lane of self without bound-checking.

Replaces the i-th lane of self by val. Read more

Replaces the i-th lane of self by val without bound-checking.

Merges self and other depending on the lanes of cond. Read more

Applies a function to each lane of self. Read more

Applies a function to each lane of self paired with the corresponding lane of b. Read more

The type of the elements of each lane of this SIMD value.

Type of the result of comparing two SIMD values like self.

The number of lanes of this SIMD value.

Initializes an SIMD value with each lanes set to val.

Extracts the i-th lane of self. Read more

Extracts the i-th lane of self without bound-checking.

Replaces the i-th lane of self by val. Read more

Replaces the i-th lane of self by val without bound-checking.

Merges self and other depending on the lanes of cond. Read more

Applies a function to each lane of self. Read more

Applies a function to each lane of self paired with the corresponding lane of b. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

Checks if element is actually part of the subset Self (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_superset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

The default ULPs to tolerate when testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses units in the last place (ULP) if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [UlpsEq::ulps_eq].

The default ULPs to tolerate when testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses units in the last place (ULP) if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [UlpsEq::ulps_eq].

The default ULPs to tolerate when testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses units in the last place (ULP) if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [UlpsEq::ulps_eq].

The default ULPs to tolerate when testing values that are far-apart. Read more

A test for equality that uses units in the last place (ULP) if the values are far apart.

The inverse of [UlpsEq::ulps_eq].

Auto Trait Implementations

Blanket Implementations

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

Returns the argument unchanged.

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

Should always be Self

The inverse inclusion map: attempts to construct self from the equivalent element of its superset. Read more

Checks if self is actually part of its subset T (and can be converted to it).

Use with care! Same as self.to_subset but without any property checks. Always succeeds.

The inclusion map: converts self to the equivalent element of its superset.

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (toowned_clone_into)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more

Converts the given value to a String. Read more

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

Performs the conversion.

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

Performs the conversion.