use owned_alloc::OwnedAlloc;
use std::{
    fmt,
    iter::FromIterator,
    mem::ManuallyDrop,
    ptr::{null_mut, NonNull},
    sync::atomic::{AtomicPtr, Ordering::*},
};

/// A lock-free stack. LIFO/FILO semanthics are fully respected.
pub struct Stack<T> {
    top: AtomicPtr<Node<T>>,
    incin: SharedIncin<T>,
}

impl<T> Stack<T> {
    /// Creates a new empty stack.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::with_incin(SharedIncin::new())
    }

    /// Creates an empty queue using the passed shared incinerator.
    pub fn with_incin(incin: SharedIncin<T>) -> Self {
        Self { top: AtomicPtr::new(null_mut()), incin }
    }

    /// Returns the shared incinerator used by this [`Stack`].
    pub fn incin(&self) -> SharedIncin<T> {
        self.incin.clone()
    }

    /// Creates an iterator over `T`s, based on [`pop`](Stack::pop) operation of
    /// the [`Stack`].
    pub fn pop_iter<'stack>(&'stack self) -> PopIter<'stack, T> {
        PopIter { stack: self }
    }

    /// Pushes a new value onto the top of the stack.
    pub fn push(&self, val: T) {
        // Let's first create a node.
        let mut target =
            OwnedAlloc::new(Node::new(val, self.top.load(Acquire)));

        loop {
            // Let's try to publish our changes.
            let new_top = target.raw().as_ptr();
            match self.top.compare_exchange(
                target.next,
                new_top,
                Release,
                Relaxed,
            ) {
                Ok(_) => {
                    // Let's be sure we do not deallocate the pointer.
                    target.into_raw();
                    break;
                },

                Err(ptr) => target.next = ptr,
            }
        }
    }

    /// Pops a single element from the top of the stack.
    pub fn pop(&self) -> Option<T> {
        // We need this because of ABA problem and use-after-free.
        let pause = self.incin.inner.pause();
        // First, let's load our top.
        let mut top = self.top.load(Acquire);

        loop {
            // If top is null, we have nothing. Try operator (?) handles it.
            let mut nnptr = NonNull::new(top)?;
            // The replacement for top is its "next". This is only possible
            // because of incinerator. Otherwise, we would face the "ABA
            // problem".
            //
            // Note this dereferral is safe because we only delete nodes via
            // incinerator and we have a pause now.
            match self.top.compare_exchange(
                top,
                unsafe { nnptr.as_ref().next },
                AcqRel,
                Acquire,
            ) {
                Ok(_) => {
                    // Done with an element. Let's first get the "val" to be
                    // returned.
                    //
                    // This derreferal and read are safe since we drop the
                    // node via incinerator and we never drop the inner value
                    // when dropping the node in the incinerator.
                    let val =
                        unsafe { (&mut *nnptr.as_mut().val as *mut T).read() };
                    // Safe because we already removed the node and we are
                    // adding to the incinerator rather than
                    // dropping it directly.
                    pause.add_to_incin(unsafe { OwnedAlloc::from_raw(nnptr) });
                    break Some(val);
                },

                Err(new_top) => top = new_top,
            }
        }
    }

    /// Pushes elements from the given iterable. Acts just like
    /// [`Extend::extend`] but does not require mutability.
    pub fn extend<I>(&self, iterable: I)
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
    {
        for elem in iterable {
            self.push(elem);
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Default for Stack<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Stack<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        while let Some(_) = self.next() {}
    }
}

impl<T> Iterator for Stack<T> {
    type Item = T;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        let top = self.top.get_mut();

        NonNull::new(*top).map(|nnptr| {
            // This is safe because we only store pointers allocated via
            // `OwnedAlloc`. Also, we have exclusive access to this pointer.
            let mut node = unsafe { OwnedAlloc::from_raw(nnptr) };
            *top = node.next;
            // This read is we never drop the inner value when dropping the
            // node.
            unsafe { (&mut *node.val as *mut T).read() }
        })
    }
}

impl<T> Extend<T> for Stack<T> {
    fn extend<I>(&mut self, iterable: I)
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
    {
        (&*self).extend(iterable)
    }
}

impl<T> FromIterator<T> for Stack<T> {
    fn from_iter<I>(iterable: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
    {
        let this = Self::new();
        this.extend(iterable);
        this
    }
}

impl<T> fmt::Debug for Stack<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, fmtr: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(
            fmtr,
            "Stack {} top: {:?}, incin: {:?} {}",
            '{', self.top, self.incin, '}'
        )
    }
}

unsafe impl<T> Send for Stack<T> where T: Send {}
unsafe impl<T> Sync for Stack<T> where T: Send {}

/// An iterator based on [`pop`](Stack::pop) operation of the [`Stack`].
pub struct PopIter<'stack, T>
where
    T: 'stack,
{
    stack: &'stack Stack<T>,
}

impl<'stack, T> Iterator for PopIter<'stack, T> {
    type Item = T;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.stack.pop()
    }
}

impl<'stack, T> fmt::Debug for PopIter<'stack, T> {
    fn fmt(&self, fmtr: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(fmtr, "PopIter {} stack: {:?} {}", '{', self.stack, '}')
    }
}

make_shared_incin! {
    { "[`Stack`]" }
    pub SharedIncin<T> of OwnedAlloc<Node<T>>
}

impl<T> fmt::Debug for SharedIncin<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, fmtr: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(fmtr, "SharedIncin {} inner: {:?} {}", '{', self.inner, '}')
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Node<T> {
    val: ManuallyDrop<T>,
    next: *mut Node<T>,
}

impl<T> Node<T> {
    fn new(val: T, next: *mut Node<T>) -> Self {
        Self { val: ManuallyDrop::new(val), next }
    }
}

// Testing the safety of `unsafe` in this module is done with random operations
// via fuzzing
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;
    use std::{sync::Arc, thread};

    #[test]
    fn on_empty_first_pop_is_none() {
        let stack = Stack::<usize>::new();
        assert!(stack.pop().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn on_empty_last_pop_is_none() {
        let stack = Stack::new();
        stack.push(3);
        stack.push(1234);
        stack.pop();
        stack.pop();
        assert!(stack.pop().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn order() {
        let stack = Stack::new();
        stack.push(4);
        stack.push(3);
        stack.push(5);
        stack.push(6);
        assert_eq!(stack.pop(), Some(6));
        assert_eq!(stack.pop(), Some(5));
        assert_eq!(stack.pop(), Some(3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn no_data_corruption() {
        const NTHREAD: usize = 20;
        const NITER: usize = 800;
        const NMOD: usize = 55;

        let stack = Arc::new(Stack::new());
        let mut handles = Vec::with_capacity(NTHREAD);

        for i in 0 .. NTHREAD {
            let stack = stack.clone();
            handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {
                for j in 0 .. NITER {
                    let val = (i * NITER) + j;
                    stack.push(val);
                    if (val + 1) % NMOD == 0 {
                        if let Some(val) = stack.pop() {
                            assert!(val < NITER * NTHREAD);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }));
        }

        for handle in handles {
            handle.join().expect("thread failed");
        }

        let expected = NITER * NTHREAD - NITER * NTHREAD / NMOD;
        let mut res = 0;
        while let Some(val) = stack.pop() {
            assert!(val < NITER * NTHREAD);
            res += 1;
        }

        assert_eq!(res, expected);
    }
}