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//! Julia values and functions. //! //! When using this crate Julia data will usually be returned as a [`Value`]. A [`Value`] is a //! "generic" wrapper. Type information will generally be available allowing you to safely convert //! a [`Value`] to its actual type. Data like arrays and modules can be returned as a [`Value`]. //! These, and other types with a custom implementation in the C API, can be found in the //! submodules of this module. //! //! One special property of a [`Value`] is that it can always be called as a function; there's no //! way to check if a [`Value`] is actually a function except trying to call it. Multiple //! [`Value`]s can be created at the same time by using [`Values`]. //! //! [`Value`]: struct.Value.html //! [`Values`]: struct.Values.html #[doc(hidden)] #[macro_export] macro_rules! count { ($name:expr => $value:expr) => { 2 }; ($name:expr => $value:expr, $($rest:tt)+) => { count!(2, $($rest)+) }; ($n:expr, $name:expr => $value:expr) => { $n + 1 }; ($n:expr, $name:expr => $value:expr, $($rest:tt)+) => { count!($n + 1, $($rest)+) }; } /// Create a new named tuple. You will need a named tuple to call functions with keyword /// arguments. /// /// Example: /// /// ```no_run /// # use jlrs::prelude::*; /// # fn main() { /// let mut julia = unsafe { Julia::init(16).unwrap() }; /// // Three slots; two for the inputs and one for the output. /// julia.frame(3, |global, frame| { /// // Create the two arguments, each value requires one slot /// let i = Value::new(frame, 2u64)?; /// let j = Value::new(frame, 1u32)?; /// /// let _nt = named_tuple!(frame, "i" => i, "j" => j); /// /// Ok(()) /// }).unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` #[macro_export] macro_rules! named_tuple { ($frame:expr, $name:expr => $value:expr) => { $crate::value::Value::new_named_tuple($frame, &mut [$name], &mut [$value]) }; ($frame:expr, $name:expr => $value:expr, $($rest:tt)+) => { { let n = $crate::count!($($rest)+); let mut names = ::smallvec::SmallVec::<[_; $crate::value::MAX_SIZE]>::with_capacity(n); let mut values = ::smallvec::SmallVec::<[_; $crate::value::MAX_SIZE]>::with_capacity(n); names.push($name); values.push($value); $crate::named_tuple!($frame, &mut names, &mut values, $($rest)+) } }; ($frame:expr, $names:expr, $values:expr, $name:expr => $value:expr, $($rest:tt)+) => { { $names.push($name); $values.push($value); named_tuple!($frame, $names, $values, $($rest)+) } }; ($frame:expr, $names:expr, $values:expr, $name:expr => $value:expr) => { { $names.push($name); $values.push($value); $crate::value::Value::new_named_tuple($frame, $names, $values) } }; } use self::array::{Array, Dimensions}; use self::datatype::{Concrete, DataType}; use self::module::Module; use self::symbol::Symbol; use self::type_var::TypeVar; use self::union_all::UnionAll; use crate::error::{JlrsError, JlrsResult}; use crate::frame::Output; use crate::global::Global; use crate::impl_julia_type; use crate::traits::{ private::Internal, valid_layout::ValidLayout, Cast, Frame, IntoJulia, JuliaType, JuliaTypecheck, TemporarySymbol, }; use jl_sys::{ jl_alloc_array_1d, jl_alloc_array_2d, jl_alloc_array_3d, jl_an_empty_string, jl_an_empty_vec_any, jl_any_type, jl_apply_array_type, jl_apply_tuple_type_v, jl_apply_type, jl_array_any_type, jl_array_int32_type, jl_array_symbol_type, jl_array_uint8_type, jl_bottom_type, jl_call, jl_call0, jl_call1, jl_call2, jl_call3, jl_datatype_t, jl_diverror_exception, jl_egal, jl_emptytuple, jl_eval_string, jl_exception_occurred, jl_false, jl_field_index, jl_field_isptr, jl_field_names, jl_fieldref, jl_fieldref_noalloc, jl_finalize, jl_gc_add_finalizer, jl_gc_wb, jl_get_kwsorter, jl_get_nth_field, jl_get_nth_field_noalloc, jl_interrupt_exception, jl_is_kind, jl_isa, jl_memory_exception, jl_new_array, jl_new_struct_uninit, jl_new_structv, jl_nfields, jl_nothing, jl_nothing_type, jl_object_id, jl_ptr_to_array, jl_ptr_to_array_1d, jl_readonlymemory_exception, jl_set_nth_field, jl_stackovf_exception, jl_subtype, jl_svec_data, jl_svec_len, jl_true, jl_type_union, jl_type_unionall, jl_typeof, jl_typeof_str, jl_undefref_exception, jl_value_t, }; use smallvec::SmallVec; use std::borrow::BorrowMut; use std::cell::UnsafeCell; use std::ffi::{CStr, CString}; use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result as FmtResult}; use std::marker::PhantomData; use std::ptr::null_mut; use std::slice; /// In some cases it's necessary to place one or more arguments in front of the arguments a /// function is called with. Examples include `Value::asynccall` and `WithKeywords::call`. If /// these functions are called with fewer than `MAX_SIZE` arguments (including the added /// arguments), no heap allocation is required to store them. pub const MAX_SIZE: usize = 8; pub mod array; pub mod code_instance; pub mod datatype; pub mod expr; pub mod method; pub mod method_instance; pub mod method_table; pub mod module; pub mod simple_vector; pub mod string; pub mod symbol; pub mod task; pub mod tuple; pub mod type_name; pub mod type_var; pub mod typemap_entry; pub mod typemap_level; pub mod union; pub mod union_all; pub mod weak_ref; thread_local! { // Used as a pool to convert dimensions to tuples. Safe because a thread local is initialized // when `with` is first called, which happens after `Julia::init` has been called. The C API // requires a mutable pointer to this array so an `UnsafeCell` is used to store it. static JL_LONG_TYPE: UnsafeCell<[*mut jl_datatype_t; 8]> = unsafe { UnsafeCell::new([ usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), usize::julia_type(), ]) }; } /// This type alias is used to encode the result of a function call: `Ok` indicates the call was /// successful and contains the function's result, while `Err` indicates an exception was thrown /// and contains said exception. pub type CallResult<'frame, 'data, V = Value<'frame, 'data>> = Result<V, Value<'frame, 'data>>; /// Several values that are allocated consecutively. This can be used in combination with /// [`Value::call_values`] and [`WithOutput::call_values`]. /// /// [`Value::call_values`]: struct.Value.html#method.call_values /// [`WithOutput::call_values`]: struct.WithOutput.html#method.call_values #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)] pub struct Values<'frame>(*mut *mut jl_value_t, usize, PhantomData<&'frame ()>); impl<'frame> Values<'frame> { pub(crate) unsafe fn wrap(ptr: *mut *mut jl_value_t, n: usize) -> Self { Values(ptr, n, PhantomData) } #[doc(hidden)] pub unsafe fn ptr(self) -> *mut *mut jl_value_t { self.0 } /// Returns the number of `Value`s in this group. pub fn len(self) -> usize { self.1 } /// Get a specific `Value` in this group. Returns an error if the index is out of bounds. pub fn value(self, index: usize) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'static>> { if index >= self.len() { return Err(JlrsError::OutOfBounds(index, self.len()).into()); } unsafe { Ok(Value(*(self.ptr().add(index)), PhantomData, PhantomData)) } } /// Allocate several values of the same type, this type must implement [`IntoJulia`]. The /// values will be protected from garbage collection inside the frame used to create them. /// This takes as many slots on the GC stack as values that are allocated. /// /// Returns an error if there is not enough space on the stack. /// /// [`IntoJulia`]: ../traits/trait.IntoJulia.html pub fn new<T, V, F>(frame: &mut F, data: V) -> JlrsResult<Self> where T: IntoJulia, V: AsRef<[T]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { frame .create_many(data.as_ref(), Internal) .map_err(Into::into) } /// Allocate several values of possibly different types, these types must implement /// [`IntoJulia`]. The values will be protected from garbage collection inside the frame used /// to create them. This takes as many slots on the GC stack as values that are allocated. /// /// Returns an error if there is not enough space on the stack. /// /// [`IntoJulia`]: ../traits/trait.IntoJulia.html pub fn new_dyn<'v, V, F>(frame: &mut F, data: V) -> JlrsResult<Self> where V: AsRef<[&'v dyn IntoJulia]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { frame .create_many_dyn(data.as_ref(), Internal) .map_err(Into::into) } } /// When working with the Julia C API most data is returned as a raw pointer to a `jl_value_t`. /// This pointer is similar to a void pointer in the sense that this pointer can point to data of /// any type. It's up to the user to determine the correct type and cast the pointer. In order to /// make this possible, data pointed to by a `jl_value_t`-pointer is guaranteed to be preceded in /// memory by a fixed-size header that contains its type and layout-information. /// /// A `Value` is a wrapper around the raw pointer to a `jl_value_t` that adds two lifetimes, /// `'frame` and `'data`. The first is inherited from the frame used to create the `Value`; frames /// ensure a `Value` is protected from garbage collection as long as the frame used to protect it /// has not been dropped. As a result, a `Value` can only be used when it can be guaranteed that /// the garbage collector won't drop it. The second indicates the lifetime of its contents; it's /// usually `'static`, but if you create a `Value` that borrows array data from Rust it's the /// lifetime of the borrow. If you call a Julia function the returned `Value` will inherit the /// `'data`-lifetime of the `Value`s used as arguments. This ensures that a `Value` that /// (possibly) borrows data from Rust can't be used after that borrow ends. If this restriction is /// too strict you can forget the second lifetime by calling [`Value::assume_owned`]. /// /// ### Creating new values /// /// New `Value`s can be created from Rust in several ways. Types that implement [`IntoJulia`] can /// be converted to a `Value` by calling [`Value::new`]. This trait is implemented by primitive /// types like `bool`, `char`, `i16`, and `usize`; string types like `String`, `&str`, and `Cow`; /// [`tuples`]; and you can derive it for your own types by deriving [`IntoJulia`]. You should /// use `JlrsReflect.jl` rather than doing this manually. /// /// [`Value`] also has several methods to create an n-dimensional array if the element type /// implements [`IntoJulia`], this includes primitive types, strings. It is also implemented for /// bits types with no type parameters when these bindings are generated with `JlrsReflect.jl`. A /// new array whose data is completely managed by Julia can be created by calling /// [`Value::new_array`]. You can also transfer the ownership of some `Vec` to Julia and treat it /// as an n-dimensional array with [`Value::move_array`]. Finally, you can borrow anything that /// can be borrowed as a mutable slice with [`Value::borrow_array`]. /// /// Functions and other global values defined in a module can be accessed through that module. /// Please see the documentation for [`Module`] for more information. /// /// ### Casting values /// /// A `Value`'s type information can be accessed by calling [`Value::datatype`], this is usually /// not necessary to determine what kind of data it contains; you can use [`Value::is`] to query /// properties of the value's type. You can use [`Value::cast`] to convert the value to the /// appropriate type. If a type implements both [`JuliaTypecheck`] and [`Cast`], which are used by /// [`Value::is`] and [`Value::cast`] respectively, the former returning `true` when called with /// that type as generic parameter indicates that the latter will succeed. For example, /// `value.is::<u8>()` returning true means `value.cast::<u8>()` will succeed. You can derive /// these traits for custom structs by deriving [`JuliaStruct`]. /// /// The methods that create a new `Value` come in two varieties: `<method>` and `<method>_output`. /// The first will use a slot in the current frame to protect the value from garbage collection, /// while the latter uses a slot in another active frame. /// /// [`Value::assume_owned`]: struct.Value.html#method.assume_owned /// [`Value`]: struct.Value.html /// [`Value::move_array`]: struct.Value.html#method.move_array /// [`Value::new_array`]: struct.Value.html#method.new_array /// [`Value::borrow_array`]: struct.Value.html#method.borrow_array /// [`IntoJulia`]: ../traits/trait.IntoJulia.html /// [`JuliaType`]: ../traits/trait.JuliaType.html /// [`Value::new`]: struct.Value.html#method.new /// [`Value::datatype`]: struct.Value.html#method.datatype /// [`JuliaStruct`]: ../traits/trait.JuliaStruct.html /// [`tuples`]: ./tuple/index.html /// [`Module`]: ./module/struct.Module.html /// [`Value::datatype`]: struct.Value.html#method.datatype /// [`Value::is`]: struct.Value.html#method.is /// [`Value::cast`]: struct.Value.html#method.cast /// [`JuliaTypecheck`]: ../traits/trait.JuliaTypecheck.html /// [`Cast`]: ../traits/trait.Cast.html #[repr(transparent)] #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct Value<'frame, 'data>( *mut jl_value_t, PhantomData<&'frame ()>, PhantomData<&'data ()>, ); impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { pub(crate) unsafe fn wrap(ptr: *mut jl_value_t) -> Value<'frame, 'static> { Value(ptr, PhantomData, PhantomData) } #[doc(hidden)] pub unsafe fn ptr(self) -> *mut jl_value_t { self.0 } } /// # Create new `Value`s impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { /// Create a new Julia value, any type that implements [`IntoJulia`] can be converted using /// this function. The value will be protected from garbage collection inside the frame used /// to create it. One free slot on the GC stack is required for this function to succeed, /// returns an error if no slot is available. /// /// [`IntoJulia`]: ../traits/trait.IntoJulia.html pub fn new<V, F>(frame: &mut F, value: V) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'static>> where V: IntoJulia, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { frame .protect(value.into_julia(), Internal) .map_err(Into::into) } } /// Create a new Julia value using the output to protect it from garbage collection, any type /// that implements [`IntoJulia`] can be converted using this function. The value will be /// protected from garbage collection until the frame the output belongs to goes out of scope. /// /// [`IntoJulia`]: ../traits/trait.IntoJulia.html pub fn new_output<'output, V, F>( frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, value: V, ) -> Value<'output, 'static> where V: IntoJulia, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { frame.assign_output(output, value.into_julia(), Internal) } } /// Create a new instance of a value with `DataType` `ty`, using `values` to set the fields. /// This is essentially a more powerful version of [`Value::new`] and can instantiate /// arbitrary concrete `DataType`s, at the cost that each of its fields must have already been /// allocated as a `Value`. This functions returns an error if the given `DataType` is not /// concrete. One free slot on the GC stack is required for this function to succeed, returns /// an error if no slot is available. pub fn instantiate<'value, 'borrow, F, V>( frame: &mut F, ty: DataType, values: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { ty.instantiate(frame, values) } /// Create a new instance of a value with `DataType` `ty`, using `values` to set the fields. /// This is essentially a more powerful version of [`Value::new`] and can instantiate /// arbitrary concrete `DataType`s, at the cost that each of its fields must have already been /// allocated as a `Value`. This functions returns an error if the given `DataType` is not /// concrete. One free slot on the GC stack is required for this function to succeed, returns /// an error if no slot is available. pub fn instantiate_output<'output, 'value, 'borrow, F, V>( frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, ty: DataType, values: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'output, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { unsafe { if !ty.is::<Concrete>() { Err(JlrsError::NotConcrete(ty.name().into()))?; } let values = values.as_mut(); let value = jl_new_structv(ty.ptr(), values.as_mut_ptr().cast(), values.len() as _); Ok(frame.assign_output(output, value, Internal)) } } /// Allocates a new n-dimensional array in Julia. /// /// Creating an an array with 1, 2 or 3 dimensions requires one slot on the GC stack. If you /// create an array with more dimensions an extra frame is created with a single slot, /// temporarily taking 3 additional slots. /// /// This function returns an error if there are not enough slots available. pub fn new_array<T, D, F>(frame: &mut F, dimensions: D) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'static>> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let array = new_array::<T, _, _>(frame, dimensions)?; frame.protect(array, Internal).map_err(Into::into) } } /// Allocates a new n-dimensional array in Julia using an `Output`. /// /// Because an `Output` is used, no additional slot in the current frame is used if you create /// an array with 1, 2 or 3 dimensions. If you create an array with more dimensions an extra // frame is created with a single slot, temporarily taking 3 additional slots. /// /// This function returns an error if there are not enough slots available. pub fn new_array_output<'output, T, D, F>( frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'output, 'static>> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let array = new_array::<T, _, _>(frame, dimensions)?; Ok(frame.assign_output(output, array, Internal)) } } /// Borrows an n-dimensional array from Rust for use in Julia. /// /// Borrowing an array with one dimension requires one slot on the GC stack. If you borrow an /// array with more dimensions, an extra frame is created with a single slot slot, temporarily /// taking 3 additional slots. /// /// This function returns an error if there are not enough slots available. pub fn borrow_array<T, D, V, F>( frame: &mut F, data: &'data mut V, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'data>> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, V: BorrowMut<[T]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let array = borrow_array(frame, data, dimensions)?; frame.protect(array, Internal).map_err(Into::into) } } /// Borrows an n-dimensional array from Rust for use in Julia using an `Output`. /// /// Because an `Output` is used, no additional slot in the current frame is used for the array /// itself. If you borrow an array with more than 1 dimension an extra frame is created with a /// single slot, temporarily taking 3 additional slots. /// /// This function returns an error if there are not enough slots available. pub fn borrow_array_output<'output, 'borrow, T, D, V, F>( frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, data: &'borrow mut V, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'output, 'borrow>> where 'borrow: 'output, T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, V: BorrowMut<[T]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let array = borrow_array(frame, data, dimensions)?; Ok(frame.assign_output(output, array, Internal)) } } /// Moves an n-dimensional array from Rust to Julia. /// /// Moving an array with one dimension requires one slot on the GC stack. If you move an array /// with more dimensions, an extra frame is created with a single slot slot, temporarily /// taking 3 additional slots. /// /// This function returns an error if there are not enough slots available. pub fn move_array<T, D, F>( frame: &mut F, data: Vec<T>, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'static>> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let array = move_array(frame, data, dimensions)?; frame .protect(array, Internal) .map(|v| { let g = frame.global(); v.add_finalizer( Module::main(g) .submodule("Jlrs") .unwrap() .function("clean") .unwrap(), ); v }) .map_err(Into::into) } } /// Moves an n-dimensional array from Rust to Julia using an output. /// /// Because an `Output` is used, no additional slot in the current frame is used for the array /// itself. If you move an array with more dimensions, an extra frame is created with a single /// slot slot, temporarily taking 3 additional slots. /// /// This function returns an error if there are not enough slots available. pub fn move_array_output<'output, T, D, F>( frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, data: Vec<T>, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'output, 'static>> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let array = move_array(frame, data, dimensions)?; let v = frame.assign_output(output, array, Internal); let g = frame.global(); v.add_finalizer( Module::main(g) .submodule("Jlrs") .unwrap() .function("clean") .unwrap(), ); Ok(v) } } /// Returns the union of all types in `types`. For each of these types, [`Value::is_kind`] /// must return `true`. TNote that the result is not necessarily a [`Union`], for example the /// union of a single [`DataType`] is that type, not a `Union` with a single variant. One free /// slot on the GC stack is required for this function to succeed, returns an error if no slot is available. /// /// [`Value::is_kind`]: struct.Value.html#method.is_kind /// [`Union`]: union/struct.Union.html /// [`DataType`]: datatype/struct.DataType.html pub fn new_union<F>(frame: &mut F, types: &mut [Value]) -> JlrsResult<Self> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { if let Some(v) = types .iter() .find_map(|v| if v.is_kind() { None } else { Some(v) }) { Err(JlrsError::NotAKind(v.type_name().into()))?; } let un = jl_type_union(types.as_mut_ptr().cast(), types.len()); frame.protect(un, Internal).map_err(Into::into) } } /// Create a new `UnionAll`. One free slot on the GC stack is required for this function to /// succeed, returns an error if no slot is available. pub fn new_unionall<F>(frame: &mut F, tvar: TypeVar, body: Value) -> JlrsResult<Self> where F: Frame<'frame>, { if !body.is_type() && !body.is::<TypeVar>() { Err(JlrsError::InvalidBody(body.type_name().into()))?; } unsafe { let ua = jl_type_unionall(tvar.ptr(), body.ptr()); frame.protect(ua, Internal).map_err(Into::into) } } /// Create a new named tuple, you can use the `named_tuple` macro instead of this method. pub fn new_named_tuple<'value, 'borrow, F, S, T, V>( frame: &mut F, field_names: &mut S, values: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, S: AsMut<[T]>, T: TemporarySymbol, V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { let output = frame.output()?; frame.frame(4, |frame| unsafe { let global = frame.global(); let field_names = field_names.as_mut(); let values_m = values.as_mut(); let n_field_names = field_names.len(); let n_values = values_m.len(); if n_field_names != n_values { Err(JlrsError::NamedTupleSizeMismatch(n_field_names, n_values))?; } let symbol_ty = DataType::symbol_type(global).as_value(); let mut symbol_type_vec = vec![symbol_ty; n_field_names]; let mut field_names_vec = field_names .iter() .map(|name| name.temporary_symbol(Internal).as_value()) .collect::<Vec<_>>(); let names = DataType::anytuple_type(global) .as_value() .apply_type(frame, &mut symbol_type_vec)? .cast::<DataType>()? .instantiate(frame, &mut field_names_vec)?; let mut field_types_vec = values_m .iter() .copied() .map(|val| { val.datatype() .unwrap_or(DataType::nothing_type(global)) .as_value() }) .collect::<Vec<_>>(); let field_type_tup = DataType::anytuple_type(global) .as_value() .apply_type(frame, &mut field_types_vec)?; UnionAll::namedtuple_type(global) .as_value() .apply_type(frame, &mut [names, field_type_tup])? .cast::<DataType>()? .instantiate_output(frame, output, values) }) } /// Apply the given types to `self`. /// /// If `self` is the [`DataType`] `anytuple_type`, calling this function will return a new /// tuple type with the given types as its field types. If it is the [`DataType`] /// `uniontype_type`, calling this function is equivalent to calling [`Value::new_union`]. If /// the value is a `UnionAll`, the given types will be applied and the resulting type is /// returned. /// /// If the types cannot be applied to `self` your program will abort. /// /// One free slot on the GC stack is required for this function to succeed, returns an error /// if no slot is available. pub fn apply_type<'fr, 'value, 'borrow, F, V>( self, frame: &mut F, types: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'fr, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'fr>, V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { unsafe { let types = types.as_mut(); let applied = jl_apply_type(self.ptr(), types.as_mut_ptr().cast(), types.len()); frame.protect(applied, Internal).map_err(Into::into) } } } /// # Properties impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { /// Returns the `DataType` of this value, or `None` if the value is a null pointer. pub fn datatype(self) -> Option<DataType<'frame>> { unsafe { if self.is_null() { return None; } Some(DataType::wrap(jl_typeof(self.ptr()).cast())) } } /// Returns the type name of this value. pub fn type_name(self) -> &'frame str { unsafe { if self.ptr().is_null() { return "null"; } let type_name = jl_typeof_str(self.ptr()); let type_name_ref = CStr::from_ptr(type_name); type_name_ref.to_str().unwrap() } } /// Returns the object id of this value. pub fn object_id(self) -> usize { unsafe { jl_object_id(self.ptr()) } } pub fn isa(self, other: Value) -> bool { unsafe { jl_isa(self.ptr(), other.ptr()) != 0 } } } /// # Type checking impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { /// Returns true if the value is `nothing`. Note that the Julia C API often returns a null /// pointer instead of `nothing`, this method return false if the given value is a null /// pointer. pub fn is_nothing(self) -> bool { unsafe { !self.is_null() && jl_typeof(self.ptr()) == jl_nothing_type.cast() } } /// Returns true if the value is a null pointer. pub fn is_null(self) -> bool { unsafe { self.ptr() == null_mut() } } /// Performs the given type check. For types that represent Julia data, this check comes down /// to checking if the data has that type. This works for primitive types, for example: /// /// ```no_run /// # use jlrs::prelude::*; /// # fn main() { /// # let mut julia = unsafe { Julia::init(16).unwrap() }; /// julia.frame(1, |_global, frame| { /// let i = Value::new(frame, 2u64)?; /// assert!(i.is::<u64>()); /// Ok(()) /// }).unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` /// /// "Special" types in Julia that are defined in C, like [`Array`], [`Module`] and /// [`DataType`], are also supported: /// /// ```no_run /// # use jlrs::prelude::*; /// # fn main() { /// # let mut julia = unsafe { Julia::init(16).unwrap() }; /// julia.frame(1, |_global, frame| { /// let arr = Value::new_array::<f64, _, _>(frame, (3, 3))?; /// assert!(arr.is::<Array>()); /// Ok(()) /// }).unwrap(); /// # } /// ``` /// /// If you derive [`JuliaStruct`] for some type, that type will be supported by this method. A /// full list of supported checks can be found [here]. /// /// [`Array`]: array/struct.Array.html /// [`DataType`]: datatype/struct.DataType.html /// [`Module`]: module/struct.Module.html /// [`Symbol`]: symbol/struct.Symbol.html /// [`JuliaStruct`]: ../traits/trait.JuliaStruct.html /// [here]: ../traits/trait.JuliaTypecheck.html#implementors pub fn is<T: JuliaTypecheck>(self) -> bool { if self.is_nothing() { return false; } self.datatype().unwrap().is::<T>() } /// Returns true if the value is an array with elements of type `T`. pub fn is_array_of<T: ValidLayout>(self) -> bool { match self.cast::<Array>() { Ok(arr) => arr.contains::<T>(), Err(_) => false, } } /// Returns true if `self` is a subtype of `sup`. pub fn subtype(self, sup: Value) -> bool { unsafe { jl_subtype(self.ptr(), sup.ptr()) != 0 } } /// Returns true if `self` is the type of a `DataType`, `UnionAll`, `Union`, or `Union{}` (the /// bottom type). pub fn is_kind(self) -> bool { unsafe { jl_is_kind(self.ptr()) } } /// Returns true if the value is a type, ie a `DataType`, `UnionAll`, `Union`, or `Union{}` /// (the bottom type). pub fn is_type(self) -> bool { if let Some(dt) = self.datatype() { Value::is_kind(dt.into()) } else { false } } } /// # Lifetime management impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { /// If you call a function with one or more borrowed arrays as arguments, its result can only /// be used when all the borrows are active. If this result doesn't reference any borrowed /// data this function can be used to relax its second lifetime to `'static`. /// /// Safety: The value must not contain a reference any borrowed data. pub unsafe fn assume_owned(self) -> Value<'frame, 'static> { Value::wrap(self.ptr()) } /// Extend the `Value`'s lifetime to the `Output's lifetime. The original value will still be /// valid after calling this method, the data will be protected from garbage collection until /// the `Output`'s frame goes out of scope. pub fn extend<'output, F>(self, frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>) -> Value<'output, 'data> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { frame.assign_output(output, self.ptr().cast(), Internal) } } } /// # Casting to Rust impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { /// Cast the contents of this value into a compatible Rust type. Any type which implements /// `Cast` can be used as a target, by default this includes primitive types like `u8`, `f32` /// and `bool`, and builtin types like [`Array`], [`JuliaString`] and [`Symbol`]. You can /// implement this trait for custom types by deriving [`JuliaStruct`]. /// /// [`Array`]: array/struct.Array.html /// [`JuliaString`]: string/struct.JuliaString.html /// [`Symbol`]: symbol/struct.Symbol.html /// [`JuliaStruct`]: ../traits/trait.JuliaStruct.html pub fn cast<T: Cast<'frame, 'data>>(self) -> JlrsResult<<T as Cast<'frame, 'data>>::Output> { T::cast(self) } /// Cast the contents of this value into a compatible Rust type without checking if the layout is valid. /// /// Safety: /// /// You must guarantee `self.is::<T>()` would have returned `true`. pub unsafe fn cast_unchecked<T: Cast<'frame, 'data>>( self, ) -> <T as Cast<'frame, 'data>>::Output { T::cast_unchecked(self) } } /// # Fields impl<'frame, 'data> Value<'frame, 'data> { /// Returns the field names of this value as a slice of `Symbol`s. These symbols can be used /// to access their fields with [`Value::get_field`]. /// /// [`Value::get_field`]: struct.Value.html#method.get_field pub fn field_names(self) -> &'frame [Symbol<'frame>] { if self.is_nothing() { return &[]; } unsafe { let tp = jl_typeof(self.ptr()); let field_names = jl_field_names(tp.cast()); let len = jl_svec_len(field_names); let items: *mut Symbol = jl_svec_data(field_names).cast(); slice::from_raw_parts(items.cast(), len) } } /// Returns the number of fields the underlying Julia value has. These fields can be accessed /// with [`Value::get_field_n`]. /// /// [`Value::get_field_n`]: struct.Value.html#method.get_field_n pub fn n_fields(self) -> usize { if self.is_nothing() { return 0; } unsafe { jl_nfields(self.ptr()) as _ } } /// Returns the field at index `idx` if it exists. If it does not exist /// `JlrsError::OutOfBounds` is returned. This function assumes the field must be protected /// from garbage collection, so calling this function will take a single slot on the GC stack. /// If there is no slot available `JlrsError::AllocError` is returned. pub fn get_nth_field<'fr, F>(self, frame: &mut F, idx: usize) -> JlrsResult<Value<'fr, 'data>> where F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { if idx >= self.n_fields() { return Err(JlrsError::OutOfBounds(idx, self.n_fields()).into()); } frame .protect(jl_fieldref(self.ptr(), idx), Internal) .map_err(Into::into) } } /// Returns the field at index `idx` if it exists. If it does not exist /// `JlrsError::OutOfBounds` is returned. This function assumes the field must be protected /// from garbage collection and uses the provided output to do so. pub fn get_nth_field_output<'output, 'fr, F>( self, frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, idx: usize, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'output, 'data>> where F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { if idx >= self.n_fields() { return Err(JlrsError::OutOfBounds(idx, self.n_fields()).into()); } Ok(frame.assign_output(output, jl_fieldref(self.ptr(), idx), Internal)) } } /// Returns the field at index `idx` if it exists and no allocation is required to return it. /// Allocation is not required if the field is a pointer to another value. /// /// If the field does not exist `JlrsError::NoSuchField` is returned. If allocating is /// required to return the field, `JlrsError::NotAPointerField` is returned. /// /// This function is unsafe because the value returned as a result will only be valid as long /// as the field is not changed. pub unsafe fn get_nth_field_noalloc(self, idx: usize) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'data>> { if self.is_nothing() { Err(JlrsError::Nothing)?; } if idx >= self.n_fields() { Err(JlrsError::OutOfBounds(idx, self.n_fields()))? } if !jl_field_isptr(self.datatype().unwrap().ptr(), idx as _) { Err(JlrsError::NotAPointerField(idx))?; } Ok(Value::wrap(jl_fieldref_noalloc(self.ptr(), idx))) } /// Returns the field with the name `field_name` if it exists. If it does not exist /// `JlrsError::NoSuchField` is returned. This function assumes the field must be protected /// from garbage collection, so calling this function will take a single slot on the GC stack. /// If there is no slot available `JlrsError::AllocError` is returned. pub fn get_field<'fr, N, F>(self, frame: &mut F, field_name: N) -> JlrsResult<Value<'fr, 'data>> where N: TemporarySymbol, F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let symbol = field_name.temporary_symbol(Internal); if self.is_nothing() { Err(JlrsError::Nothing)?; } let jl_type = jl_typeof(self.ptr()).cast(); let idx = jl_field_index(jl_type, symbol.ptr(), 0); if idx < 0 { return Err(JlrsError::NoSuchField(symbol.into()).into()); } frame .protect(jl_get_nth_field(self.ptr(), idx as _), Internal) .map_err(Into::into) } } /// Returns the field with the name `field_name` if it exists. If it does not exist /// `JlrsError::NoSuchField` is returned. This function assumes the field must be protected /// from garbage collection and uses the provided output to do so. pub fn get_field_output<'output, 'fr, N, F>( self, frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, field_name: N, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'output, 'data>> where N: TemporarySymbol, F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let symbol = field_name.temporary_symbol(Internal); if self.is_nothing() { Err(JlrsError::Nothing)?; } let jl_type = jl_typeof(self.ptr()).cast(); let idx = jl_field_index(jl_type, symbol.ptr(), 0); if idx < 0 { return Err(JlrsError::NoSuchField(symbol.into()).into()); } Ok(frame.assign_output(output, jl_get_nth_field(self.ptr(), idx as _), Internal)) } } /// Returns the field with the name `field_name` if it exists and no allocation is required /// to return it. Allocation is not required if the field is a pointer to another value. /// /// If the field does not exist `JlrsError::NoSuchField` is returned. If allocating is /// required to return the field, `JlrsError::NotAPointerField` is returned. /// /// This function is unsafe because the value returned as a result will only be valid as long /// as the field is not changed. pub unsafe fn get_field_noalloc<N>(self, field_name: N) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'data>> where N: TemporarySymbol, { let symbol = field_name.temporary_symbol(Internal); if self.is_nothing() { Err(JlrsError::Nothing)?; } let jl_type = jl_typeof(self.ptr()).cast(); let idx = jl_field_index(jl_type, symbol.ptr(), 0); if idx < 0 { return Err(JlrsError::NoSuchField(symbol.into()).into()); } if !jl_field_isptr(self.datatype().unwrap().ptr(), idx) { Err(JlrsError::NotAPointerField(idx as _))?; } Ok(Value::wrap(jl_get_nth_field_noalloc(self.ptr(), idx as _))) } /// Set the value of the field at `idx`. Returns an error if this value is immutable or if the /// type of `value` is not a subtype of the field type. This is unsafe because the previous /// value of this field can become unrooted if you're directly using it from Rust. pub unsafe fn set_nth_field(self, idx: usize, value: Value) -> JlrsResult<()> { if !self.is::<datatype::Mutable>() { Err(JlrsError::Immutable)? } let field_type = self.datatype().unwrap().field_types()[idx]; if let Some(dt) = value.datatype() { if Value::subtype(dt.into(), field_type) { jl_set_nth_field(self.ptr(), idx, value.ptr()); jl_gc_wb(self.ptr(), value.ptr()); return Ok(()); } else { Err(JlrsError::NotSubtype)? } } Err(JlrsError::Nothing)? } } /// # Call Julia. /// /// Several methods are available to call Julia. Raw commands can be executed with `eval_string` /// and `eval_cstring`, but these can't take any arguments. In order to call functions that take /// arguments, you must use one of the `call` methods which will call that value as a function /// with any number of arguments. One of these, `call_keywords`, lets you call functions with /// keyword arguments. impl<'fr, 'data> Value<'fr, 'data> { /// Wraps a `Value` so that a function call will not require a slot in the current frame but /// uses the one that was allocated for the output. pub fn with_output<'output>(self, output: Output<'output>) -> WithOutput<'output, Self> { WithOutput { value: self, output, } } /// Provide keywords to this function. /// /// Functions that can take keyword arguments can be called in two major ways, either with or /// without keyword arguments. The normal call-methods take care of the frst case, this one /// takes care of the second. /// /// Example: /// /// ``` /// # use jlrs::prelude::*; /// # use jlrs::util::JULIA; /// # fn main() { /// # JULIA.with(|j| { /// # let mut julia = j.borrow_mut(); /// julia.frame(4, |global, frame| { /// let a_value = Value::new(frame, 1isize)?; /// let b_value = Value::new(frame, 10isize)?; /// // `funcwithkw` takes a single positional argument of type `Int`, one keyword /// // argument named `b` of the same type, and returns `a` + `b`. /// let func = Module::main(global) /// .submodule("JlrsTests")? /// .function("funcwithkw")?; /// /// let kw = named_tuple!(frame, "b" => b_value)?; /// let res = func.with_keywords(kw) /// .call1(frame, a_value)? /// .unwrap() /// .cast::<isize>()?; /// /// assert_eq!(res, 11); /// Ok(()) /// }).unwrap(); /// # }); /// # } /// ``` pub fn with_keywords<'kws, 'borrow>( self, keywords: Value<'kws, 'borrow>, ) -> WithKeywords<'fr, 'data, 'kws, 'borrow> { WithKeywords { func: self, kws: keywords, } } /// Execute a Julia command `cmd`, for example /// /// `Value::eval_string(frame, "sqrt(2)")`. pub fn eval_string<'frame, F, S>( frame: &mut F, cmd: S, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, S: AsRef<str>, { unsafe { let cmd = cmd.as_ref(); let cmd_cstring = CString::new(cmd).map_err(JlrsError::other)?; let cmd_ptr = cmd_cstring.as_ptr(); let res = jl_eval_string(cmd_ptr); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Execute a Julia command `cmd`. This is equivalent to `Value::eval_string`, but uses a /// null-terminated string. pub fn eval_cstring<'frame, F, S>( frame: &mut F, cmd: S, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, S: AsRef<CStr>, { unsafe { let cmd = cmd.as_ref(); let cmd_ptr = cmd.as_ptr(); let res = jl_eval_string(cmd_ptr); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes zero arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call0<'frame, F>(self, frame: &mut F) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call0(self.ptr()); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes zero arguments and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call0_unprotected<'base>(self, _: Global<'base>) -> CallResult<'base, 'static> { let res = jl_call0(self.ptr()); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes one argument, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call1<'frame, 'borrow, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call1(self.ptr().cast(), arg.ptr()); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes one argument and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call1_unprotected<'base, 'borrow>( self, _: Global<'base>, arg: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> { let res = jl_call1(self.ptr().cast(), arg.ptr()); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes two arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call2<'frame, 'borrow, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call2(self.ptr().cast(), arg0.ptr(), arg1.ptr()); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes two arguments and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call2_unprotected<'base, 'borrow>( self, _: Global<'base>, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> { let res = jl_call2(self.ptr().cast(), arg0.ptr(), arg1.ptr()); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes three arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call3<'frame, 'borrow, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg2: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call3(self.ptr().cast(), arg0.ptr(), arg1.ptr(), arg2.ptr()); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes three arguments and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call3_unprotected<'base, 'borrow>( self, _: Global<'base>, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg2: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> { let res = jl_call3(self.ptr().cast(), arg0.ptr(), arg1.ptr(), arg2.ptr()); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes several arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call<'frame, 'value, 'borrow, V, F>( self, frame: &mut F, args: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let args = args.as_mut(); let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(self.ptr().cast(), args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes several arguments and don't protect the result /// from garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee /// it's a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call_unprotected<'base, 'value, 'borrow, V, F>( self, _: Global<'base>, args: &mut V, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> where V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { let args = args.as_mut(); let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(self.ptr().cast(), args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes keyword arguments, any number of positional /// arguments and don't protect the result from garbage collection. This is safe if you won't /// use the result or if you can guarantee it's a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a /// [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call_keywords_unprotected<'base, 'value, 'borrow, V, F>( self, _: Global<'base>, args: &mut V, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> where V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = args.as_mut(); let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes several arguments and execute it on another /// thread in Julia created with `Base.@spawn`, this takes two slots on the GC stack. Returns /// the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception if one is, or an /// error if no space is left on the stack. /// /// This function can only be called with an `AsyncFrame`, while you're waiting for this /// function to complete, other tasks are able to progress. #[cfg(all(feature = "async", target_os = "linux"))] pub async fn call_async<'frame, 'value, 'borrow, V>( self, frame: &mut crate::frame::AsyncFrame<'frame>, args: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { unsafe { Ok(crate::julia_future::JuliaFuture::new(frame, self, args)?.await) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes several arguments in a single `Values`, this /// takes one slot on the GC stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception /// is thrown, the exception if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call_values<'frame, F>( self, frame: &mut F, args: Values, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call(self.ptr().cast(), args.ptr(), args.len() as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this value as a function that takes several arguments in a single `Values` and don't /// protect the result from garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if /// you can guarantee it's a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call_values_unprotected<'base>( self, _: Global<'base>, args: Values, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'static> { let res = jl_call(self.ptr().cast(), args.ptr(), args.len() as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Returns an anonymous function that wraps this value in a try-catch block. Calling this /// anonymous function with some arguments will call the value as a function with those /// arguments and return its result, or catch the exception, print the stackstrace, and /// rethrow that exception. This takes one slot on the GC stack. pub fn tracing_call<'frame, F>(self, frame: &mut F) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'data>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let global = frame.global(); let func = Module::main(global) .submodule("Jlrs")? .function("tracingcall")?; let res = jl_call1(func.ptr(), self.ptr()); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Returns an anonymous function that wraps this value in a try-catch block. Calling this /// anonymous function with some arguments will call the value as a function with those /// arguments and return its result, or catch the exception and throw a new one with two /// fields, `exc` and `stacktrace`, containing the original exception and the stacktrace /// respectively. This takes one slot on the GC stack. pub fn attach_stacktrace<'frame, F>( self, frame: &mut F, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'data>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let global = frame.global(); let func = Module::main(global) .submodule("Jlrs")? .function("attachstacktrace")?; let res = jl_call1(func.ptr(), self.ptr()); try_protect(frame, res) } } } /// # Equality impl Value<'_, '_> { /// Returns true if `self` and `other` are equal. pub fn egal(self, other: Value) -> bool { unsafe { jl_egal(self.ptr(), other.ptr()) != 0 } } } /// # Finalization impl Value<'_, '_> { /// Add a finalizer `f` to this value. The finalizer must be a Julia function, it will be /// called when this value is about to be freed by the garbage collector. pub unsafe fn add_finalizer(self, f: Value) { jl_gc_add_finalizer(self.ptr(), f.ptr()) } /// Call all finalizers. pub unsafe fn finalize(self) { jl_finalize(self.ptr()) } } /// Constant values. impl<'base> Value<'base, 'static> { /// `Core.Union{}`. pub fn bottom_type(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_bottom_type) } } /// `Core.StackOverflowError`. pub fn stackovf_exception(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_stackovf_exception) } } /// `Core.OutOfMemoryError`. pub fn memory_exception(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_memory_exception) } } /// `Core.ReadOnlyMemoryError`. pub fn readonlymemory_exception(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_readonlymemory_exception) } } /// `Core.DivideError`. pub fn diverror_exception(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_diverror_exception) } } /// `Core.UndefRefError`. pub fn undefref_exception(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_undefref_exception) } } /// `Core.InterruptException`. pub fn interrupt_exception(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_interrupt_exception) } } /// An empty `Core.Array{Any, 1}. /// /// Safety: never mutate this vec. pub unsafe fn an_empty_vec_any(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { Value::wrap(jl_an_empty_vec_any) } /// An empty immutable String, "". pub fn an_empty_string(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_an_empty_string) } } /// `Core.Array{UInt8, 1}` pub fn array_uint8_type(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_array_uint8_type) } } /// `Core.Array{Any, 1}` pub fn array_any_type(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_array_any_type) } } /// `Core.Array{Symbol, 1}` pub fn array_symbol_type(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_array_symbol_type) } } /// `Core.Array{Int32, 1}` pub fn array_int32_type(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_array_int32_type) } } /// The empty tuple, `()`. pub fn emptytuple(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_emptytuple) } } /// The instance of `true`. pub fn true_v(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_true) } } /// The instance of `false`. pub fn false_v(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_false) } } /// The instance of `Core.Nothing`, `nothing`. pub fn nothing(_: Global<'base>) -> Self { unsafe { Value::wrap(jl_nothing) } } } impl<'frame, 'data> Debug for Value<'frame, 'data> { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult { f.debug_tuple("Value").field(&self.type_name()).finish() } } impl_julia_type!(Value<'frame, 'data>, jl_any_type, 'frame, 'data); unsafe impl<'frame, 'data> ValidLayout for Value<'frame, 'data> { unsafe fn valid_layout(v: Value) -> bool { if let Ok(dt) = v.cast::<DataType>() { !dt.isinlinealloc() } else if v.cast::<union_all::UnionAll>().is_ok() { true } else if let Ok(u) = v.cast::<union::Union>() { !u.isbitsunion() } else { false } } } /// A function with keyword arguments pub struct WithKeywords<'func, 'funcdata, 'kw, 'data> { func: Value<'func, 'funcdata>, kws: Value<'kw, 'data>, } impl<'func, 'funcdata, 'kw, 'kwdata> WithKeywords<'func, 'funcdata, 'kw, 'kwdata> { /// Call this function with keywords with no arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call0<'frame, F>(self, frame: &mut F) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this function with keywords with no arguments and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call0_unprotected<'base>(self, _: Global<'base>) -> CallResult<'base, 'static> { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this function with keywords with one argument, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call1<'frame, 'borrow, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func, arg]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this function with keywords with one argument and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call1_unprotected<'base, 'borrow>( self, _: Global<'base>, arg: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func, arg]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this function with keywords with two arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call2<'frame, 'borrow, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func, arg0, arg1]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this function with keywords with two arguments and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call2_unprotected<'base, 'borrow>( self, _: Global<'base>, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func, arg0, arg1]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this function with keywords with three arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call3<'frame, 'borrow, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg2: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func, arg0, arg1, arg2]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this function with keywords with three arguments and don't protect the result from /// garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee it's /// a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call3_unprotected<'base, 'borrow>( self, _: Global<'base>, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg2: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = &mut [self.kws, self.func, arg0, arg1, arg2]; let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(func, args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } /// Call this function with keywords with several arguments, this takes one slot on the GC /// stack. Returns the result of this function call if no exception is thrown, the exception /// if one is, or an error if no space is left on the stack. pub fn call<'frame, 'value, 'borrow, V, F>( self, frame: &mut F, args: &mut V, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'borrow>> where V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { unsafe { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = args.as_mut(); let mut vals: SmallVec<[Value; MAX_SIZE]> = SmallVec::with_capacity(2 + args.len()); vals.push(self.kws); vals.push(self.func); for arg in args.iter().copied() { vals.push(arg); } let n = vals.len(); let res = jl_call(func, vals.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); try_protect(frame, res) } } /// Call this function with keywords with several arguments and don't protect the result /// from garbage collection. This is safe if you won't use the result or if you can guarantee /// it's a global value in Julia, e.g. `nothing` or a [`Module`]. pub unsafe fn call_unprotected<'base, 'value, 'borrow, V, F>( self, _: Global<'base>, args: &mut V, ) -> CallResult<'base, 'borrow> where V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, { let func = jl_get_kwsorter(self.func.datatype().expect("").ptr().cast()); let args = args.as_mut(); let mut vals: SmallVec<[Value; MAX_SIZE]> = SmallVec::with_capacity(2 + args.len()); vals.push(self.kws); vals.push(self.func); for arg in args.iter().copied() { vals.push(arg); } let n = vals.len(); let res = jl_call(func, vals.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if exc.is_null() { Ok(Value::wrap(res)) } else { Err(Value::wrap(exc)) } } } /// A wrapper that will let you call a `Value` as a function and store the result using an /// `Output`. The function call will not require a slot in the current frame but uses the one /// that was allocated for the output. You can create this by calling [`Value::with_output`]. /// /// Because the result of a function call is stored in an already allocated slot, calling a /// function usually returns the `CallResult` directly rather than wrapping it in a `JlrsResult`. /// /// [`Value::with_output`]: Value.html#method.with_output pub struct WithOutput<'output, V> { value: V, output: Output<'output>, } impl<'output, 'frame, 'data> WithOutput<'output, Value<'frame, 'data>> { /// Call the value as a function that takes zero arguments and use the `Output` to extend the /// result's lifetime. This takes no space on the GC stack. Returns the result of this /// function call if no exception is thrown or the exception if one is. pub fn call0<'fr, F>(self, frame: &mut F) -> CallResult<'output, 'static> where F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call0(self.value.ptr()); assign(frame, self.output, res) } } /// Call the value as a function that takes one argument and use the `Output` to extend the /// result's lifetime. This takes no space on the GC stack. Returns the result of this /// function call if no exception is thrown or the exception if one is. pub fn call1<'borrow, 'fr, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'output, 'borrow> where 'borrow: 'output, F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call1(self.value.ptr().cast(), arg.ptr()); assign(frame, self.output, res) } } /// Call the value as a function that takes two arguments and use the `Output` to extend the /// result's lifetime. This takes no space on the GC stack. Returns the result of this /// function call if no exception is thrown or the exception if one is. pub fn call2<'borrow, 'fr, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'output, 'borrow> where 'borrow: 'output, F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call2(self.value.ptr().cast(), arg0.ptr(), arg1.ptr()); assign(frame, self.output, res) } } /// Call the value as a function that takes three arguments and use the `Output` to extend /// the result's lifetime. This takes no space on the GC stack. Returns the result of this /// function call if no exception is thrown or the exception if one is. pub fn call3<'borrow, 'fr, F>( self, frame: &mut F, arg0: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg1: Value<'_, 'borrow>, arg2: Value<'_, 'borrow>, ) -> CallResult<'output, 'borrow> where 'borrow: 'output, F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call3(self.value.ptr().cast(), arg0.ptr(), arg1.ptr(), arg2.ptr()); assign(frame, self.output, res) } } /// Call the value as a function that takes several arguments and use the `Output` to extend /// the result's lifetime. This takes no space on the GC stack. Returns the result of this /// function call if no exception is thrown or the exception if one is. pub fn call<'value, 'borrow, 'fr, V, F>( self, frame: &mut F, args: &mut V, ) -> CallResult<'output, 'borrow> where 'borrow: 'output, V: AsMut<[Value<'value, 'borrow>]>, F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let args = args.as_mut(); let n = args.len(); let res = jl_call(self.value.ptr().cast(), args.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n as _); assign(frame, self.output, res) } } /// Call the value as a function that takes several arguments in a single `Values` and use /// the `Output` to extend the result's lifetime. This takes no space on the GC stack. Returns /// the result of this function call if no exception is thrown or the exception if one is. pub fn call_values<'fr, F>(self, frame: &mut F, args: Values) -> CallResult<'output, 'static> where F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let res = jl_call(self.value.ptr().cast(), args.ptr(), args.len() as _); assign(frame, self.output, res) } } /// Returns an anonymous function that wraps the value in a try-catch block. Calling this /// anonymous function with some arguments will call the value as a function with those /// arguments and return its result, or catch the exception, print the stackstrace, and /// rethrow that exception. The output is used to protect the result. pub fn tracing_call<'fr, F>(self, frame: &mut F) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'output, 'data>> where F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let global = frame.global(); let func = Module::main(global) .submodule("Jlrs")? .function("tracingcall")?; let res = jl_call1(func.ptr(), self.value.ptr()); Ok(assign(frame, self.output, res)) } } /// Returns an anonymous function that wraps the value in a try-catch block. Calling this /// anonymous function with some arguments will call the value as a function with those /// arguments and return its result, or catch the exception and throw a new one with two /// fields, `exc` and `stacktrace`, containing the original exception and the stacktrace /// respectively. The output is used to protect the result. pub fn attach_stacktrace<'fr, F>(self, frame: &mut F) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'output, 'data>> where F: Frame<'fr>, { unsafe { let global = frame.global(); let func = Module::main(global) .submodule("Jlrs")? .function("attachstacktrace")?; let res = jl_call1(func.ptr(), self.value.ptr()); Ok(assign(frame, self.output, res)) } } } unsafe fn new_array<'frame, T, D, F>(frame: &mut F, dimensions: D) -> JlrsResult<*mut jl_value_t> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, F: Frame<'frame>, { let dims = dimensions.into(); let array_type = jl_apply_array_type(T::julia_type().cast(), dims.n_dimensions()); match dims.n_dimensions() { 1 => Ok(jl_alloc_array_1d(array_type, dims.n_elements(0)).cast()), 2 => Ok(jl_alloc_array_2d(array_type, dims.n_elements(0), dims.n_elements(1)).cast()), 3 => Ok(jl_alloc_array_3d( array_type, dims.n_elements(0), dims.n_elements(1), dims.n_elements(2), ) .cast()), n if n <= 8 => frame.frame(1, |frame| { let tuple = small_dim_tuple(frame, &dims)?; Ok(jl_new_array(array_type, tuple.ptr()).cast()) }), _ => frame.frame(1, |frame| { let tuple = large_dim_tuple(frame, &dims)?; Ok(jl_new_array(array_type, tuple.ptr()).cast()) }), } } unsafe fn borrow_array<'data, 'frame, T, D, V, F>( frame: &mut F, data: &'data mut V, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<*mut jl_value_t> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, V: BorrowMut<[T]>, F: Frame<'frame>, { let dims = dimensions.into(); let array_type = jl_apply_array_type(T::julia_type().cast(), dims.n_dimensions()); match dims.n_dimensions() { 1 => Ok(jl_ptr_to_array_1d( array_type, data.borrow_mut().as_mut_ptr().cast(), dims.n_elements(0), 0, ) .cast()), n if n <= 8 => frame.frame(1, |frame| { let tuple = small_dim_tuple(frame, &dims)?; Ok(jl_ptr_to_array( array_type, data.borrow_mut().as_mut_ptr().cast(), tuple.ptr(), 0, ) .cast()) }), _ => frame.frame(1, |frame| { let tuple = large_dim_tuple(frame, &dims)?; Ok(jl_ptr_to_array( array_type, data.borrow_mut().as_mut_ptr().cast(), tuple.ptr(), 0, ) .cast()) }), } } unsafe fn move_array<'frame, T, D, F>( frame: &mut F, data: Vec<T>, dimensions: D, ) -> JlrsResult<*mut jl_value_t> where T: IntoJulia + JuliaType, D: Into<Dimensions>, F: Frame<'frame>, { let dims = dimensions.into(); let array_type = jl_apply_array_type(T::julia_type().cast(), dims.n_dimensions()); match dims.n_dimensions() { 1 => Ok(jl_ptr_to_array_1d( array_type, Box::into_raw(data.into_boxed_slice()).cast(), dims.n_elements(0), 1, ) .cast()), n if n <= 8 => frame.frame(1, |frame| { let tuple = small_dim_tuple(frame, &dims)?; Ok(jl_ptr_to_array( array_type, Box::into_raw(data.into_boxed_slice()).cast(), tuple.ptr(), 1, ) .cast()) }), _ => frame.frame(1, |frame| { let tuple = large_dim_tuple(frame, &dims)?; Ok(jl_ptr_to_array( array_type, Box::into_raw(data.into_boxed_slice()).cast(), tuple.ptr(), 1, ) .cast()) }), } } unsafe fn try_protect<'frame, F>( frame: &mut F, res: *mut jl_value_t, ) -> JlrsResult<CallResult<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if !exc.is_null() { match frame.protect(exc, Internal) { Ok(exc) => Ok(Err(exc)), Err(a) => Err(a.into()), } } else { match frame.protect(res, Internal) { Ok(v) => Ok(Ok(v)), Err(a) => Err(a.into()), } } } unsafe fn assign<'output, 'frame, F>( frame: &mut F, output: Output<'output>, res: *mut jl_value_t, ) -> CallResult<'output, 'static> where F: Frame<'frame>, { let exc = jl_exception_occurred(); if !exc.is_null() { Err(frame.assign_output(output, exc, Internal)) } else { Ok(frame.assign_output(output, res, Internal)) } } unsafe fn small_dim_tuple<'frame, F>( frame: &mut F, dims: &Dimensions, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { let n = dims.n_dimensions(); assert!(n <= 8); let elem_types = JL_LONG_TYPE.with(|longs| longs.get()); let tuple_type = jl_apply_tuple_type_v(elem_types.cast(), n); let tuple = jl_new_struct_uninit(tuple_type); let v = try_protect(frame, tuple)?.unwrap(); let usize_ptr: *mut usize = v.ptr().cast(); std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(dims.as_slice().as_ptr(), usize_ptr, n); Ok(v) } unsafe fn large_dim_tuple<'frame, F>( frame: &mut F, dims: &Dimensions, ) -> JlrsResult<Value<'frame, 'static>> where F: Frame<'frame>, { let n = dims.n_dimensions(); let mut elem_types = vec![usize::julia_type(); n]; let tuple_type = jl_apply_tuple_type_v(elem_types.as_mut_ptr().cast(), n); let tuple = jl_new_struct_uninit(tuple_type); let v = try_protect(frame, tuple)?.unwrap(); let usize_ptr: *mut usize = v.ptr().cast(); std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(dims.as_slice().as_ptr(), usize_ptr, n); Ok(v) }