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use std::error::Error as StdError; use std::fmt; type Cause = Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>; #[derive(Debug)] pub struct Error { inner: Box<ErrorImpl>, } #[derive(Debug)] struct ErrorImpl { kind: Kind, cause: Option<Cause>, } #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] pub(crate) enum Kind { InvalidCredential, } impl Error { pub(crate) fn new(kind: Kind, cause: Option<Cause>) -> Error { Error { inner: Box::new(ErrorImpl { kind, cause, }), } } pub(crate) fn new_invalid_credential() -> Error { Error::new(Kind::InvalidCredential, None) } } impl StdError for Error { fn description(&self) -> &str { match self.inner.kind { Kind::InvalidCredential => "invalid credential", } } fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn StdError> { self.inner.cause.as_ref().map(|cause| &**cause as &dyn StdError) } } impl fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { if let Some(ref cause) = self.inner.cause { write!(f, "{}: {}", self.description(), cause) } else { f.write_str(self.description()) } } }