//! Functionality dealing with castling in chess.
//!
//! # What is Castling?
//!
//! In chess, [castling] is a special move performed by a king and a rook.
//! Castling can only be done under certain conditions.
//!
//! For example, a piece can't be moved in a castle if it has been moved
//! previously. You can use the [`Rights`] type to keep track of this
//! case:
//!
//! - If a king has moved, both castle rights for its color must be cleared
//! - If a rook has moved, the castle right for its color and board side must be
//! cleared
//!
//! ```txt
//! Before:         | After:
//! r . + . k . + r | . . k r . . . r
//! . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
//! . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
//! . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
//! . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
//! . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
//! . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
//! R . + . K . + R | R . . . . R K .
//! ```
//!
//! In the **before** frame, kings and rooks are in their initial positions.
//! Kings may be moved to the indicated (+) squares. In the **after** frame,
//! White has castled kingside and Black has castled queenside.
//!
//! Notice that the king can only move a maximum of two squares when castling,
//! regardless of which board side.
//!
//! [`Rights`]: struct.Rights.html
//! [castling]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling

use core::{fmt, ops, str};
use prelude::*;

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
use serde::*;

use iter;

const ALL_BITS: u8 = 0b1111;
const MAX_LEN: usize = 1 + ALL_BITS as usize;

impl_rand!(u8 => Rights, Right);

/// Castle rights for a chess game.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Similar to with [`Bitboard`], castle rights can be composed with set
/// operations.
///
/// ```
/// # use hexe_core::prelude::*;
/// assert_eq!(
///     Right::WhiteKing   | Right::WhiteQueen,
///     Rights::WHITE_KING | Rights::WHITE_QUEEN
/// );
/// ```
///
/// [`Bitboard`]: ../board/bitboard/struct.Bitboard.html
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Hash, FromUnchecked)]
pub struct Rights(u8);

impl From<u8> for Rights {
    #[inline]
    fn from(inner: u8) -> Rights {
        Self::FULL & Rights(inner)
    }
}

impl From<Color> for Rights {
    #[inline]
    fn from(color: Color) -> Rights {
        match color {
            Color::White => Self::WHITE_KING | Self::WHITE_QUEEN,
            Color::Black => Self::BLACK_KING | Self::BLACK_QUEEN,
        }
    }
}

impl Default for Rights {
    #[inline]
    fn default() -> Rights { Rights::FULL }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Rights {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        if self.is_empty() {
            fmt::Display::fmt("(empty)", f)
        } else {
            self.map_str(|s| fmt::Display::fmt(s, f))
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Rights {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        self.map_str(|s| s.fmt(f))
    }
}

define_from_str_error! { Rights;
    /// The error returned when `Rights::from_str` fails.
    "failed to parse a string as castling rights"
}

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
impl Serialize for Rights {
    fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
        self.map_str(|s| ser.serialize_str(s))
    }
}

impl str::FromStr for Rights {
    type Err = FromStrError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Rights, FromStrError> {
        let bytes = s.as_bytes();
        let mut result = Rights::EMPTY;

        if bytes.len() == 1 && bytes[0] == b'-' {
            Ok(result)
        } else {
            for &byte in bytes {
                result |= match byte {
                    b'K' => Rights::WHITE_KING,
                    b'k' => Rights::BLACK_KING,
                    b'Q' => Rights::WHITE_QUEEN,
                    b'q' => Rights::BLACK_QUEEN,
                    _ => return Err(FromStrError(())),
                };
            }
            Ok(result)
        }
    }
}

impl<T> ::misc::Extract<[T; MAX_LEN]> for Rights {
    type Output = T;

    #[inline]
    fn extract<'a>(self, array: &'a [T; MAX_LEN]) -> &'a T {
        unsafe { array.get_unchecked(self.0 as usize) }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn extract_mut<'a>(self, array: &'a mut [T; MAX_LEN]) -> &'a mut T {
        unsafe { array.get_unchecked_mut(self.0 as usize) }
    }
}

impl Rights {
    /// Rights for white player.
    pub const WHITE: Rights = Rights(0b0011);

    /// Rights for black player.
    pub const BLACK: Rights = Rights(0b1100);

    /// White kingside.
    pub const WHITE_KING: Rights = Rights(0b0001);

    /// White queenside.
    pub const WHITE_QUEEN: Rights = Rights(0b0010);

    /// Black kingside.
    pub const BLACK_KING: Rights = Rights(0b0100);

    /// Black queenside.
    pub const BLACK_QUEEN: Rights = Rights(0b1000);

    /// Returns the result of applying a function to a mutable string
    /// representation of `self`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn map_str<T, F: FnOnce(&mut str) -> T>(&self, f: F) -> T {
        let mut buf = [0u8; 4];
        let slice: &mut [u8] = if self.is_empty() {
            buf[0] = b'-';
            &mut buf[..1]
        } else {
            let mut idx = 0;
            for right in *self {
                unsafe {
                    *buf.get_unchecked_mut(idx) = char::from(right) as u8;
                }
                idx += 1;
            }
            unsafe { buf.get_unchecked_mut(..idx) }
        };
        unsafe { f(str::from_utf8_unchecked_mut(slice)) }
    }
}

impl_bit_set! { Rights ALL_BITS => Right }

impl_composition_ops! { Rights => Right }

impl From<Right> for Rights {
    #[inline]
    fn from(right: Right) -> Self {
        Rights(1 << right as usize)
    }
}

/// An individual castle right for a chess game.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, FromUnchecked)]
#[uncon(impl_from, other(u16, u32, u64, usize))]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum Right {
    /// White kingside: E1 to G1.
    WhiteKing,
    /// White queenside: E1 to C1.
    WhiteQueen,
    /// Black kingside: E8 to G8.
    BlackKing,
    /// Black queenside: E8 to C8.
    BlackQueen,
}

impl ops::Not for Side {
    type Output = Side;

    #[inline]
    fn not(self) -> Side {
        (1 - self as u8).into()
    }
}

impl From<Right> for char {
    #[inline]
    fn from(right: Right) -> char {
        b"KQkq"[right as usize] as char
    }
}

impl From<Right> for Piece {
    #[inline]
    fn from(right: Right) -> Piece {
        match right {
            Right::WhiteKing  => Piece::WhiteKing,
            Right::WhiteQueen => Piece::WhiteQueen,
            Right::BlackKing  => Piece::BlackKing,
            Right::BlackQueen => Piece::BlackQueen,
        }
    }
}

impl Right {
    /// Creates a new castle right for `color` and `side`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn new(color: Color, side: Side) -> Right {
        (((color as u8) << 1) | side as u8).into()
    }

    /// Returns a castle right from the parsed character.
    #[inline]
    pub fn from_char(ch: char) -> Option<Right> {
        match ch {
            'K' => Some(Right::WhiteKing),
            'Q' => Some(Right::WhiteQueen),
            'k' => Some(Right::BlackKing),
            'q' => Some(Right::BlackQueen),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the path between the rook and king for this right.
    #[inline]
    pub fn path(self) -> Bitboard {
        path::ALL[self as usize]
    }

    /// Returns an efficient iterator over each square in the path between the
    /// rook and king for `self`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn path_iter(self) -> iter::Range<Square> {
        static ITERS: [iter::Range<Square>; 4] = [
            iter::Range { iter: 05..07 },
            iter::Range { iter: 01..04 },
            iter::Range { iter: 61..63 },
            iter::Range { iter: 57..60 },
        ];
        ITERS[self as usize].clone()
    }

    /// Returns the color for `self`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn color(self) -> Color {
        ((self as u8) >> 1).into()
    }

    /// Returns the castle side for `self`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn side(self) -> Side {
        (1 & self as u8).into()
    }
}

pub mod path {
    //! The paths between the rook and king for each castling right.
    use super::*;

    /// White kingside path.
    pub const WHITE_KING: Bitboard = Bitboard(0x60);

    /// Black kingside path.
    pub const BLACK_KING: Bitboard = Bitboard(WHITE_KING.0 << 56);

    /// White queenside path.
    pub const WHITE_QUEEN: Bitboard = Bitboard(0x0E);

    /// Black queenside path.
    pub const BLACK_QUEEN: Bitboard = Bitboard(WHITE_QUEEN.0 << 56);

    /// All paths.
    pub static ALL: [Bitboard; 4] = [
        WHITE_KING,
        WHITE_QUEEN,
        BLACK_KING,
        BLACK_QUEEN,
    ];
}

/// A side used to castle.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, FromUnchecked)]
#[uncon(impl_from, other(u16, u32, u64, usize))]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum Side {
    /// King castling side (O-O).
    King,
    /// Queen castling side (O-O-O).
    Queen,
}

impl From<Side> for Role {
    #[inline]
    fn from(side: Side) -> Role {
        match side {
            Side::King  => Role::King,
            Side::Queen => Role::Queen,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "rand"))]
impl ::rand::Rand for Side {
    #[inline]
    fn rand<R: ::rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
        if bool::rand(rng) {
            Side::King
        } else {
            Side::Queen
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn castle_right_new() {
        for &side in &[Side::King, Side::Queen] {
            for &color in &[Color::White, Color::Black] {
                let right = Right::new(color, side);
                assert_eq!(right.side(),  side);
                assert_eq!(right.color(), color);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn castle_right_char() {
        for right in Rights::FULL {
            let ch = char::from(right);
            assert_eq!(Some(right), Right::from_char(ch));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn castle_right_path() {
        fn path(right: Right) -> Bitboard {
            use self::Right::*;
            match right {
                WhiteKing  => path::WHITE_KING,
                BlackKing  => path::BLACK_KING,
                WhiteQueen => path::WHITE_QUEEN,
                BlackQueen => path::BLACK_QUEEN,
            }
        }
        for right in Rights::FULL {
            assert_eq!(right.path(), path(right));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn castle_rights_string() {
        use self::Right::*;

        let pairs = [
            (Rights::FULL, "KQkq"),
            (Rights::EMPTY, "-"),
            (BlackKing.into(), "k"),
            (BlackKing | WhiteQueen, "Qk"),
        ];

        for &(rights, exp) in &pairs {
            rights.map_str(|s| {
                assert_eq!(s, exp);
                assert_eq!(rights, s.parse().unwrap());
            });
        }
    }
}