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// Copyright 2020 The Exonum Team // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. // You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. //! Blockchain explorer allows to get information about blocks and transactions in the blockchain. //! It allows to request transactions from a block together with the execution statuses, //! iterate over blocks, etc. //! //! This crate is distinct from the [explorer *service*][explorer-service] crate. While this crate //! provides Rust language APIs for retrieving info from the blockchain, the explorer service //! translates these APIs into REST and WebSocket endpoints. Correspondingly, this crate is //! primarily useful for Rust-language client apps. Another use case is testing; the [testkit] //! returns [`BlockWithTransactions`] from its `create_block*` methods and re-exports the entire //! crate as `explorer`. //! //! See the examples in the crate for examples of usage. //! //! [explorer-service]: https://docs.rs/exonum-explorer-service/ //! [`BlockWithTransactions`]: struct.BlockWithTransactions.html //! [testkit]: https://docs.rs/exonum-testkit/latest/exonum_testkit/struct.TestKit.html #![warn( missing_debug_implementations, missing_docs, unsafe_code, bare_trait_objects )] #![warn(clippy::pedantic)] #![allow( // Next `cast_*` lints don't give alternatives. clippy::cast_possible_wrap, clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_sign_loss, // Next lints produce too much noise/false positives. clippy::module_name_repetitions, clippy::similar_names, clippy::must_use_candidate, clippy::pub_enum_variant_names, // '... may panic' lints. clippy::indexing_slicing, // Too much work to fix. clippy::missing_errors_doc, // False positive: WebSocket clippy::doc_markdown )] use chrono::{DateTime, Utc}; use exonum::{ blockchain::{Block, CallInBlock, CallProof, Schema, TxLocation}, crypto::Hash, helpers::Height, merkledb::{ListProof, ObjectHash, Snapshot}, messages::{AnyTx, Precommit, Verified}, runtime::{ExecutionError, ExecutionStatus}, }; use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; use serde_derive::*; use std::{ cell::{Ref, RefCell}, collections::{BTreeMap, Bound}, fmt, ops::{Index, RangeBounds}, slice, time::UNIX_EPOCH, }; pub mod api; /// Ending height of the range (exclusive), given the a priori max height. fn end_height(bound: Bound<&Height>, max: Height) -> Height { use std::cmp::min; let inner_end = match bound { Bound::Included(height) => height.next(), Bound::Excluded(height) => *height, Bound::Unbounded => max.next(), }; min(inner_end, max.next()) } /// Information about a block in the blockchain. /// /// # JSON presentation /// /// JSON object with the following fields: /// /// | Name | Equivalent type | Description | /// |------|-------|--------| /// | `block` | [`Block`] | Block header as recorded in the blockchain | /// | `precommits` | `Vec<`[`Precommit`]`>` | Precommits authorizing the block | /// | `txs` | `Vec<`[`Hash`]`>` | Hashes of transactions in the block | /// /// [`Block`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/blockchain/struct.Block.html /// [`Precommit`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/messages/struct.Precommit.html /// [`Hash`]: https://docs.rs/exonum-crypto/latest/exonum_crypto/struct.Hash.html #[derive(Debug)] pub struct BlockInfo<'a> { header: Block, explorer: &'a BlockchainExplorer<'a>, precommits: RefCell<Option<Vec<Verified<Precommit>>>>, txs: RefCell<Option<Vec<Hash>>>, } impl<'a> BlockInfo<'a> { fn new(explorer: &'a BlockchainExplorer<'_>, height: Height) -> Self { let schema = explorer.schema; let hashes = schema.block_hashes_by_height(); let blocks = schema.blocks(); let block_hash = hashes .get(height.0) .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Block not found, height: {:?}", height)); let header = blocks .get(&block_hash) .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Block not found, hash: {:?}", block_hash)); BlockInfo { explorer, header, precommits: RefCell::new(None), txs: RefCell::new(None), } } /// Returns block header as recorded in the blockchain. pub fn header(&self) -> &Block { &self.header } /// Extracts the header discarding all other information. pub fn into_header(self) -> Block { self.header } /// Returns the height of this block. /// /// This method is equivalent to calling `block.header().height()`. pub fn height(&self) -> Height { self.header.height } /// Returns the number of transactions in this block. pub fn len(&self) -> usize { self.header.tx_count as usize } /// Is this block empty (i.e., contains no transactions)? pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len() == 0 } /// Returns a list of precommits for this block. pub fn precommits(&self) -> Ref<'_, [Verified<Precommit>]> { if self.precommits.borrow().is_none() { let precommits = self.explorer.precommits(&self.header); *self.precommits.borrow_mut() = Some(precommits); } Ref::map(self.precommits.borrow(), |cache| { cache.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref() }) } /// Lists hashes of transactions included in this block. pub fn transaction_hashes(&self) -> Ref<'_, [Hash]> { if self.txs.borrow().is_none() { let txs = self.explorer.transaction_hashes(&self.header); *self.txs.borrow_mut() = Some(txs); } Ref::map(self.txs.borrow(), |cache| cache.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref()) } /// Returns a transaction with the specified index in the block. pub fn transaction(&self, index: usize) -> Option<CommittedTransaction> { self.transaction_hashes() .get(index) .map(|hash| self.explorer.committed_transaction(hash, None)) } /// Returns the proof for the execution status of a call within this block. /// /// Note that if the call did not result in an error or did not happen at all, the returned /// proof will not contain entries. To distinguish between two cases, one can inspect /// the number of transactions in the block or IDs of the active services when the block /// was executed. pub fn call_proof(&self, call_location: CallInBlock) -> CallProof { self.explorer .schema .call_records(self.header.height) .unwrap() // safe: we know that the block exists .get_proof(call_location) } /// Iterates over transactions in the block. pub fn iter(&self) -> Transactions<'_, '_> { Transactions { block: self, ptr: 0, len: self.len(), } } /// Loads transactions, errors and precommits for the block. pub fn with_transactions(self) -> BlockWithTransactions { let (explorer, header, precommits, transactions) = (self.explorer, self.header, self.precommits, self.txs); let precommits = precommits .into_inner() .unwrap_or_else(|| explorer.precommits(&header)); let transactions = transactions .into_inner() .unwrap_or_else(|| explorer.transaction_hashes(&header)) .iter() .map(|tx_hash| explorer.committed_transaction(tx_hash, None)) .collect(); let errors = self .explorer .schema .call_records(header.height) .expect("No call record for a committed block"); let errors: Vec<_> = errors .errors() .map(|(location, error)| ErrorWithLocation { location, error }) .collect(); BlockWithTransactions { header, precommits, transactions, errors, } } } impl<'a> Serialize for BlockInfo<'a> { fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> { use serde::ser::SerializeStruct; let mut s = serializer.serialize_struct("BlockInfo", 3)?; s.serialize_field("block", &self.header)?; s.serialize_field("precommits", &*self.precommits())?; s.serialize_field("txs", &*self.transaction_hashes())?; s.end() } } /// Iterator over transactions in a block. #[derive(Debug)] pub struct Transactions<'r, 'a> { block: &'r BlockInfo<'a>, ptr: usize, len: usize, } impl<'a, 'r> Iterator for Transactions<'a, 'r> { type Item = CommittedTransaction; fn next(&mut self) -> Option<CommittedTransaction> { if self.ptr == self.len { None } else { let transaction = self.block.transaction(self.ptr); self.ptr += 1; transaction } } } impl<'a, 'r: 'a> IntoIterator for &'r BlockInfo<'a> { type Item = CommittedTransaction; type IntoIter = Transactions<'a, 'r>; fn into_iter(self) -> Transactions<'a, 'r> { self.iter() } } /// Information about a block in the blockchain with info on transactions eagerly loaded. #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)] #[non_exhaustive] pub struct BlockWithTransactions { /// Block header as recorded in the blockchain. #[serde(rename = "block")] pub header: Block, /// Precommits. pub precommits: Vec<Verified<Precommit>>, /// Transactions in the order they appear in the block. pub transactions: Vec<CommittedTransaction>, /// Errors that have occurred within the block. pub errors: Vec<ErrorWithLocation>, } /// Execution error together with its location within the block. #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)] #[non_exhaustive] pub struct ErrorWithLocation { /// Location of the error. pub location: CallInBlock, /// Error data. pub error: ExecutionError, } impl fmt::Display for ErrorWithLocation { fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { write!(formatter, "In {}: {}", self.location, self.error) } } impl BlockWithTransactions { /// Returns the height of this block. /// /// This method is equivalent to calling `block.header.height()`. pub fn height(&self) -> Height { self.header.height } /// Returns the number of transactions in this block. pub fn len(&self) -> usize { self.transactions.len() } /// Is this block empty (i.e., contains no transactions)? pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.transactions.is_empty() } /// Iterates over transactions in the block. pub fn iter(&self) -> EagerTransactions<'_> { self.transactions.iter() } /// Returns errors converted into a map. Note that this is potentially a costly operation. pub fn error_map(&self) -> BTreeMap<CallInBlock, &ExecutionError> { self.errors.iter().map(|e| (e.location, &e.error)).collect() } } /// Iterator over transactions in [`BlockWithTransactions`]. /// /// [`BlockWithTransactions`]: struct.BlockWithTransactions.html pub type EagerTransactions<'a> = slice::Iter<'a, CommittedTransaction>; impl Index<usize> for BlockWithTransactions { type Output = CommittedTransaction; fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &CommittedTransaction { self.transactions.get(index).unwrap_or_else(|| { panic!( "Index exceeds number of transactions in block {}", self.len() ); }) } } /// Returns a transaction in the block by its hash. Beware that this is a slow operation /// (linear w.r.t. the number of transactions in a block). impl Index<Hash> for BlockWithTransactions { type Output = CommittedTransaction; fn index(&self, index: Hash) -> &CommittedTransaction { self.transactions .iter() .find(|&tx| tx.message.object_hash() == index) .unwrap_or_else(|| { panic!("No transaction with hash {} in the block", index); }) } } impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a BlockWithTransactions { type Item = &'a CommittedTransaction; type IntoIter = EagerTransactions<'a>; fn into_iter(self) -> EagerTransactions<'a> { self.iter() } } /// Information about a particular transaction in the blockchain. /// /// # JSON presentation /// /// | Name | Equivalent type | Description | /// |------|-------|--------| /// | `message` | `Verified<AnyTx>` | Transaction as recorded in the blockchain | /// | `location` | [`TxLocation`] | Location of the transaction in the block | /// | `location_proof` | [`ListProof`]`<`[`Hash`]`>` | Proof of transaction inclusion into a block | /// | `status` | (custom; see below) | Execution status | /// | `time` | [`DateTime`]`<`[`Utc`]`>` | Commitment time* | /// /// \* By commitment time we mean an approximate commitment time of the block /// which includes the transaction. This time is a median time of the precommit local times /// of each validator. /// /// ## `status` field /// /// The `status` field is a more readable representation of the [`ExecutionStatus`] type. /// /// For successfully executed transactions, `status` is equal to /// /// ```json /// { "type": "success" } /// ``` /// /// For transactions that cause an [`ExecutionError`], `status` contains the error code /// and an optional description, i.e., has the following type in the [TypeScript] notation: /// /// ```typescript /// type Error = { /// type: 'service_error' | 'core_error' | 'common_error' | 'runtime_error' | 'unexpected_error', /// code?: number, /// description?: string, /// runtime_id: number, /// call_site?: CallSite, /// }; /// /// type CallSite = MethodCallSite | HookCallSite; /// /// type MethodCallSite = { /// call_type: 'method', /// instance_id: number, /// interface?: string, /// method_id: number, /// }; /// /// type HookCallSite = { /// call_type: 'constructor' | 'before_transactions' | 'after_transactions', /// instance_id: number, /// }; /// ``` /// /// Explanations: /// /// - `Error.type` determines the component responsible for the error. Usually, errors /// are generated by the service code, but they can also be caused by the dispatch logic, /// runtime associated with the service, or come from another source (`unexpected_error`s). /// - `Error.code` is the error code. For service errors, this code is specific /// to the service instance (which can be obtained from `call_site`), and for runtime errors - /// to the runtime. For core errors, the codes are fixed; their meaning can be found /// in the [`CoreError`] docs. The code is present for all error types except /// `unexpected_error`s, in which the code is always absent. /// Besides types listed above, there is also a set of errors that can occur within any context, /// which are organized in the [`CommonError`]. /// - `Error.description` is an optional human-readable description of the error. /// - `Error.runtime_id` is the numeric ID of the runtime in which the error has occurred. Note /// that the runtime is defined for all error types, not just `runtime_error`s, since /// for any request it's possible to say which runtime is responsible for its processing. /// - `Error.call_site` provides most precise known location of the call in which the error /// has occurred. /// /// [`TxLocation`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/blockchain/struct.TxLocation.html /// [`ListProof`]: https://docs.rs/exonum-merkledb/latest/exonum_merkledb/indexes/proof_list/struct.ListProof.html /// [`Hash`]: https://docs.rs/exonum-crypto/latest/exonum_crypto/struct.Hash.html /// [`ExecutionStatus`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/runtime/struct.ExecutionStatus.html /// [`ExecutionError`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/runtime/struct.ExecutionError.html /// [`CoreError`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/runtime/enum.CoreError.html /// [`CommonError`]: https://docs.rs/exonum/latest/exonum/runtime/enum.CommonError.html /// [TypeScript]: https://www.typescriptlang.org/ /// [`DateTime`]: https://docs.rs/chrono/0.4.10/chrono/struct.DateTime.html /// [`Utc`]: https://docs.rs/chrono/0.4.10/chrono/offset/struct.Utc.html #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)] pub struct CommittedTransaction { message: Verified<AnyTx>, location: TxLocation, location_proof: ListProof<Hash>, status: ExecutionStatus, time: DateTime<Utc>, } impl CommittedTransaction { /// Returns the content of the transaction. pub fn message(&self) -> &Verified<AnyTx> { &self.message } /// Returns the transaction location in block. pub fn location(&self) -> &TxLocation { &self.location } /// Returns a proof that transaction is recorded in the blockchain. pub fn location_proof(&self) -> &ListProof<Hash> { &self.location_proof } /// Returns the status of the transaction execution. pub fn status(&self) -> Result<(), &ExecutionError> { self.status.0.as_ref().map(drop) } /// Returns an approximate commit time of the block which includes this transaction. pub fn time(&self) -> &DateTime<Utc> { &self.time } } /// Information about the transaction. /// /// Values of this type are returned by the `transaction()` method of the `BlockchainExplorer`. /// /// # JSON presentation /// /// ## Committed transactions /// /// Committed transactions are represented just like a `CommittedTransaction`, /// with the additional `type` field equal to `"committed"`. /// /// ## Transaction in pool /// /// Transactions in pool are represented with a 2-field object: /// /// - `type` field contains transaction type (`"in-pool"`). /// - `message` is the full transaction message serialized to the hexadecimal form. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use exonum_explorer::TransactionInfo; /// use exonum::{crypto::KeyPair, runtime::InstanceId}; /// # use exonum_derive::*; /// # use serde_derive::*; /// # use serde_json::json; /// /// /// Service interface. /// #[exonum_interface] /// trait ServiceInterface<Ctx> { /// type Output; /// #[interface_method(id = 0)] /// fn create_wallet(&self, ctx: Ctx, username: String) -> Self::Output; /// } /// /// // Create a signed transaction. /// let keypair = KeyPair::random(); /// const SERVICE_ID: InstanceId = 100; /// let tx = keypair.create_wallet(SERVICE_ID, "Alice".to_owned()); /// // This transaction in pool will be represented as follows: /// let json = json!({ /// "type": "in_pool", /// "message": tx, /// }); /// let parsed: TransactionInfo = serde_json::from_value(json).unwrap(); /// assert!(parsed.is_in_pool()); /// ``` #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)] #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")] #[non_exhaustive] pub enum TransactionInfo { /// Transaction is in the memory pool, but not yet committed to the blockchain. InPool { /// A content of the uncommitted transaction. message: Verified<AnyTx>, }, /// Transaction is already committed to the blockchain. Committed(CommittedTransaction), } impl TransactionInfo { /// Returns the content of this transaction. pub fn message(&self) -> &Verified<AnyTx> { match *self { TransactionInfo::InPool { ref message } => message, TransactionInfo::Committed(ref tx) => tx.message(), } } /// Is this in-pool transaction? pub fn is_in_pool(&self) -> bool { match *self { TransactionInfo::InPool { .. } => true, _ => false, } } /// Is this a committed transaction? pub fn is_committed(&self) -> bool { match *self { TransactionInfo::Committed(_) => true, _ => false, } } /// Returns a reference to the inner committed transaction if this transaction is committed. /// For transactions in pool, returns `None`. pub fn as_committed(&self) -> Option<&CommittedTransaction> { match *self { TransactionInfo::Committed(ref tx) => Some(tx), _ => None, } } } /// Blockchain explorer. /// /// # Notes /// /// The explorer wraps a specific [`Snapshot`] of the blockchain state; that is, /// all calls to the methods of an explorer instance are guaranteed to be consistent. /// /// [`Snapshot`]: https://docs.rs/exonum-merkledb/latest/exonum_merkledb/trait.Snapshot.html #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)] pub struct BlockchainExplorer<'a> { schema: Schema<&'a dyn Snapshot>, } impl<'a> BlockchainExplorer<'a> { /// Creates a new `BlockchainExplorer` instance from the provided snapshot. pub fn new(snapshot: &'a dyn Snapshot) -> Self { BlockchainExplorer { schema: Schema::new(snapshot), } } /// Creates a new `BlockchainExplorer` instance from the core schema. pub fn from_schema(schema: Schema<&'a dyn Snapshot>) -> Self { BlockchainExplorer { schema } } /// Returns information about the transaction identified by the hash. pub fn transaction(&self, tx_hash: &Hash) -> Option<TransactionInfo> { let message = self.transaction_without_proof(tx_hash)?; if self.schema.transactions_pool().contains(tx_hash) { return Some(TransactionInfo::InPool { message }); } let tx = self.committed_transaction(tx_hash, Some(message)); Some(TransactionInfo::Committed(tx)) } /// Returns the status of a call in a block. /// /// # Return value /// /// This method will return `Ok(())` both if the call completed successfully, or if /// was not performed at all. The caller is responsible to distinguish these two outcomes. pub fn call_status( &self, block_height: Height, call_location: CallInBlock, ) -> Result<(), ExecutionError> { match self.schema.call_records(block_height) { Some(errors) => errors.get(call_location), None => Ok(()), } } /// Return transaction message without proof. pub fn transaction_without_proof(&self, tx_hash: &Hash) -> Option<Verified<AnyTx>> { self.schema.transactions().get(tx_hash) } fn precommits(&self, block: &Block) -> Vec<Verified<Precommit>> { self.schema .precommits(&block.object_hash()) .iter() .collect() } fn transaction_hashes(&self, block: &Block) -> Vec<Hash> { let tx_hashes_table = self.schema.block_transactions(block.height); tx_hashes_table.iter().collect() } /// Retrieves a transaction that is known to be committed. fn committed_transaction( &self, tx_hash: &Hash, maybe_content: Option<Verified<AnyTx>>, ) -> CommittedTransaction { let location = self .schema .transactions_locations() .get(tx_hash) .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Location not found for transaction hash {:?}", tx_hash)); let location_proof = self .schema .block_transactions(location.block_height()) .get_proof(u64::from(location.position_in_block())); let block_precommits = self .schema .block_and_precommits(location.block_height()) .unwrap(); let time = median_precommits_time(&block_precommits.precommits); // Unwrap is OK here, because we already know that transaction is committed. let status = self.schema.transaction_result(location).unwrap(); CommittedTransaction { message: maybe_content.unwrap_or_else(|| { self.schema .transactions() .get(tx_hash) .expect("BUG: Cannot find transaction in database") }), location, location_proof, status: ExecutionStatus(status), time, } } /// Return the height of the blockchain. pub fn height(&self) -> Height { self.schema.height() } /// Returns block information for the specified height or `None` if there is no such block. pub fn block(&self, height: Height) -> Option<BlockInfo<'_>> { if self.height() >= height { Some(BlockInfo::new(self, height)) } else { None } } /// Return a block together with its transactions at the specified height, or `None` /// if there is no such block. pub fn block_with_txs(&self, height: Height) -> Option<BlockWithTransactions> { let txs_table = self.schema.block_transactions(height); let block_proof = self.schema.block_and_precommits(height)?; let errors = self.schema.call_records(height)?; Some(BlockWithTransactions { header: block_proof.block, precommits: block_proof.precommits, transactions: txs_table .iter() .map(|tx_hash| self.committed_transaction(&tx_hash, None)) .collect(), errors: errors .errors() .map(|(location, error)| ErrorWithLocation { location, error }) .collect(), }) } /// Iterates over blocks in the blockchain. pub fn blocks<R: RangeBounds<Height>>(&self, heights: R) -> Blocks<'_> { use std::cmp::max; let max_height = self.schema.height(); let ptr = match heights.start_bound() { Bound::Included(height) => *height, Bound::Excluded(height) => height.next(), Bound::Unbounded => Height(0), }; Blocks { explorer: self, ptr, back: max(ptr, end_height(heights.end_bound(), max_height)), } } } /// Iterator over blocks in the blockchain. pub struct Blocks<'a> { explorer: &'a BlockchainExplorer<'a>, ptr: Height, back: Height, } impl<'a> fmt::Debug for Blocks<'a> { fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> { formatter .debug_struct("Blocks") .field("ptr", &self.ptr) .field("back", &self.back) .finish() } } impl<'a> Iterator for Blocks<'a> { type Item = BlockInfo<'a>; fn next(&mut self) -> Option<BlockInfo<'a>> { if self.ptr == self.back { return None; } let block = BlockInfo::new(self.explorer, self.ptr); self.ptr = self.ptr.next(); Some(block) } fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { let exact = (self.back.0 - self.ptr.0) as usize; (exact, Some(exact)) } fn count(self) -> usize { (self.back.0 - self.ptr.0) as usize } fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<BlockInfo<'a>> { if self.ptr.0 + n as u64 >= self.back.0 { self.ptr = self.back; None } else { self.ptr = Height(self.ptr.0 + n as u64); let block = BlockInfo::new(self.explorer, self.ptr); self.ptr = self.ptr.next(); Some(block) } } } impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Blocks<'a> { fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<BlockInfo<'a>> { if self.ptr == self.back { return None; } self.back = self.back.previous(); Some(BlockInfo::new(self.explorer, self.back)) } } /// Calculates a median time from precommits. pub fn median_precommits_time(precommits: &[Verified<Precommit>]) -> DateTime<Utc> { if precommits.is_empty() { UNIX_EPOCH.into() } else { let mut times: Vec<_> = precommits.iter().map(|p| p.payload().time).collect(); times.sort(); times[times.len() / 2] } }