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Exports of the `join!`, `join_async!`, `join_spawn!`, `join_async_spawn!`, `async_spawn!`, `try_join!`, `try_join_async!`, `try_join_spawn!`, `try_join_async_spawn!`, `try_async_spawn!` macros which are reexported by `join` crate.

`join!`

Macros which provide useful shortcut combinators, combine sync/async chains, support single and multi thread (sync/async) step by step execution of branches, transform tuple of results in result of tuple.

join! macros will just return final values. Use it if you are working with iterators/streams etc.
try_join! macros will transpose tuple of Options/Results in Option/Result of tuple. Use it when you are dealing with results or options. If one of branches produces None/Err at the end of step , next steps execution will be aborted. In case of async macro you can only provide Results because ::futures::try_join doesn't support Options.

Use these docs for development, they are more convenient.

Macros
Combinators
Nested combinators
Handler
Let pattern
Block captures
Demos
Single thread examples
- Sync
- Async
Multi thread examples
- Sync
- Async
Detailed steps example

Macros

try_join! - combines results/options, transposes tuple of results/options in result/option of tuple.

assert_eq!(try_join!(Ok::<_,u8>(1), Ok::<_,u8>("2"), Ok::<_,u8>(3.0)), Ok::<_,u8>((1, "2", 3.0)));

try_join_async! - combines futures, transposes tuple of results in result of tuple.

assert_eq!(try_join_async!(ok::<_,u8>(1), ok::<_,u8>("2"), ok::<_,u8>(3.0)).await, Ok::<_,u8>((1, "2", 3.0)));

try_join_spawn! - spawns std::thread per each branch and joins results, transposes tuple of results in result of tuple.

assert_eq!(try_join_spawn!(Ok::<_,u8>(1), Ok::<_,u8>("2"), Ok::<_,u8>(3.0)), Ok::<_,u8>((1, "2", 3.0)));

try_spawn! - alias for try_join_spawn!.
try_join_async_spawn! - spawns tokio task using tokio::spawn per each branch, transposes tuple of results in result of tuple.

assert_eq!(try_join_async_spawn!(ok::<_,u8>(1), ok::<_,u8>("2"), ok::<_,u8>(3.0)).await, Ok::<_,u8>((1, "2", 3.0)));

try_async_spawn! - alias for try_join_async_spawn!.
join! - combines values.

assert_eq!(join!(1, "2", 3.0), (1, "2", 3.0));

join_async! - combines futures.

assert_eq!(join_async!(ready(1), ready("2"), ready(3.0)).await, (1, "2", 3.0));

join_spawn! - spawns std::thread per each branch.

assert_eq!(join_spawn!(1, "2", 3.0), (1, "2", 3.0));

spawn! - alias for join_spawn!.
join_async_spawn! - spawns tokio task using tokio::spawn per each branch.

assert_eq!(join_async_spawn!(ready(1), ready("2"), ready(3.0)).await, (1, "2", 3.0));

async_spawn! - alias for join_async_spawn!.

Combinators

Map: |>

join! { value |> expr }; // => value.map(expr)

AndThen: =>

join! { value => expr }; // => value.and_then(expr)

Then: ->

join! { value -> expr }; // => expr(value)

Filter: ?>

join! { value ?> expr }; // => value.filter(expr)

Dot: .. or >.

join! { value .. expr }; // => value.expr
join! { value >. expr }; // => value.expr

Or: <|

join! { value <| expr }; // => value.or(expr)

OrElse: <=

join! { value <= expr }; // => value.or_else(expr)

MapErr: !>

join! { value !> expr }; // => value.map_err(expr)

Collect: =>[] (type is optional)

join! { value =>[] T }; // => value.collect::<T>()
join! { value =>[] }; // => value.collect()

Chain: >@>

join! { value >@> expr }; // => value.chain(expr)

FindMap: ?|>@

join! { value ?|>@ expr }; // => value.find_map(expr)

FilterMap: ?|>

join! { value ?|> expr }; // => value.filter_map(expr)

Enumerate: |n>

join! { value |n> }; // => value.enumerate()

Partition: ?&!>

join! { value ?&!> expr }; // => value.partition(expr)

Flatten: ^^>

join! { value ^^> }; // => value.flatten()

Fold: ^@

join! { value ^@ init_expr, fn_expr }; // => value.fold(init_expr, fn_expr)

TryFold: ?^@

join! { value ?^@ init_expr, fn_expr }; // => value.try_fold(init_expr, fn_expr)

Find: ?@

join! { value ?@ expr }; // => value.find(expr)

Zip: >^>

join! { value >^> expr }; // => value.zip(expr)

Unzip: <-> (types are optional)

join! { value <-> A, B, FromA, FromB }; // => value.unzip::<A, B, FromA, FromB>()
join! { value <-> }; // => value.unzip()

Inspect: ??

join! { value ?? expr }; // => (|value| { (expr)(&value); value })(value) // for sync
join_async! { value ?? expr }; // => value.inspect(expr) // for async

where value is the previous value.

Every combinator prefixed by ~ will act as deferred action (all actions will wait until completion in every step and only after move to the next one).

Nested combinators

Wrap: combinator >>> combinator(s)...

try_join! { value => >>> |> |v| v + 2 } // => value.and_then(|value| value.map(|v| v + 2))

Use to enter to nested constructions like

a.and_then(
    // >>>
    |b| b.and_then(
        // >>>
        |c| c.and_then(
            |v| Ok(v + 2)
        )
    )
)

Unwrap: <<<

try_join! { 
    value 
    => >>> 
        |> |v| v + 2 
    <<<
    |> |v| Some(v + 4)  
} // => value.and_then(|value| value.map(|v| v + 2)).map(|v| Some(v + 4))

Use to move out of nested constructions

a.and_then(
    // >>>
    |b| b.and_then(
        // >>>
        |c| c.and_then(
            |v| Ok(v + 2)
        )
        // <<<
    )
    // <<<
).map(
    |v| v + 1
)

Handler

might be one of

map => Only valid for try macros. Will act as results.map(|(result0, result1, ..)| handler(result0, result1, ..))

assert_eq!(try_join! { Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), map => |a, b, c| a + b + c }, Some(6));

and_then => Only valid for try macros. Will act as results.and_then(|(result0, result1, ..)| handler(result0, result1, ..))

assert_eq!(try_join! { Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), and_then => |a, b, c| Some(a + b + c) }, Some(6));

then => Only valid for not try macros. Will be executed in any case, act as handler(result0, result1, ..)

assert_eq!(join! { Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), then => |a: Option<u8>, b: Option<u8>, c: Option<u8>| Some(a.unwrap() + b.unwrap() + c.unwrap()) }, Some(6));

or not specified - then Result<(result0, result1, ..), Error> or Option<(result0, result1, ..)> will be returned.

Custom futures crate path

You can specify custom path (futures_crate_path) at the beginning of macro call

use join::try_join_async;
use futures::future::ok;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let value = try_join_async! {
        futures_crate_path(::futures)
        ok::<_,u8>(2u16)
    }.await.unwrap();
    
    println!("{}", value);
}

Let pattern

You can specify let pattern for each branch in order to share result with other branches, or in case if you need to have mut value between steps.

assert_eq!(try_join! {
    let mut branch_0 = Ok::<_,u8>(1) ~|> |v| v + 1,
    let branch_1 = Ok::<_,u8>(2) ~|> { let value_0 = branch_0.as_ref().unwrap(); move |v| v + value_0 },
    map => |b_0, b_1| b_0 * b_1
}.unwrap(), 6);

Block captures

In order to capture variables (for ex. values of other branches in example above) you can pass block statements instead of functions:

let mut some_value = Some("capture me");
assert_eq!(try_join! {
    Some(0) |> |v| { 
        // assign `None` to some_value in step expr
        some_value = None; 
        v 
    } |> { 
        // capture value before step and get str len
        let captured_len = some_value.as_ref().unwrap().len(); 
        move |v| v + captured_len
    }
}.unwrap(), 10);

These blocks will be placed before actual step expressions.

Demos

Using this macro you can write things like

#![recursion_limit = "256"]

use rand::prelude::*;
use std::sync::Arc;
use join::try_join_spawn;

// Problem: generate vecs filled by random numbers in parallel, make some operations on them in parallel,
// find max of each vec in parallel and find final max of 3 vecs

// Solution:
fn main() {
    // Branches will be executed in parallel, each in its own thread
    let max = try_join_spawn! {
        let branch_0 =
            generate_random_vec(1000, 10000000u64)
                .into_iter()
                // Multiply every element by itself
                |> power2
                // Filter even values
                ?> is_even
                // Collect values into `Vec<_>`
                =>[] Vec<_>
                // Use `Arc` to share data with branch 1
                -> Arc::new -> Some
                // Find max and clone its value
                ~=> >>> ..iter().max() |> Clone::clone,
        generate_random_vec(10000, 100000000000000f64)
            .into_iter()
            // Extract sqrt from every element
            |> get_sqrt
            -> Some
            ~=> >>> // Add index in order to compare with the values of branch_0 (call `enumerate`)
                |n>
                |> {
                    // Get data from branch 0 by cloning arc
                    let branch_0 = branch_0.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
                    let len = branch_0.len();
                    // Compare every element of branch 1 with element of branch_0
                    // with the same index and take min
                    move |(index, value)|
                        if index < len && value as u64 > branch_0[index] {
                            branch_0[index]
                        } else {
                            value as u64
                        }
                }..max(),
        generate_random_vec(100000, 100000u32)
            .into_iter()
            -> Some
            ~=> >>> ..max(),
        and_then => |max0, max1, max2|
            // Find final max
            [max0, max1, max2 as u64].iter().max().map(Clone::clone)
    }
    .unwrap();
    println!("Max: {}", max);
}

fn generate_random_vec<T>(size: usize, max: T) -> Vec<T>
where
    T: From<u8>
        + rand::distributions::uniform::SampleUniform
        + rand::distributions::uniform::SampleBorrow<T>
        + Copy,
{
    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
    (0..size)
        .map(|_| rng.gen_range(T::from(0u8), max))
        .collect()
}

fn is_even<T>(value: &T) -> bool
where
    T: std::ops::Rem<Output = T> + std::cmp::PartialEq + From<u8> + Copy
{
    *value % 2u8.into() == 0u8.into()
}

fn get_sqrt<T>(value: T) -> T
where
    T: Into<f64>,
    f64: Into<T>,
{
    let value_f64: f64 = value.into();
    value_f64.sqrt().into()
}

fn power2<T>(value: T) -> T
where
    T: std::ops::Mul<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    value * value
}

And like this

#![recursion_limit="1024"]

use join::try_join_async;
use futures::stream::{iter, Stream};
use reqwest::Client;
use futures::future::{try_join_all, ok, ready};
use failure::{format_err, Error};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    println!(
        "{} {}\n{}",
        "Hello.\nThis's is the game where winner is player, which number is closest to",
        "the max count of links (starting with `https://`) found on one of random pages.",
        "You play against random generator (0-500)."
    );

    enum GameResult {
        Won,
        Lost,
        Draw
    }

    let client = Client::new();
    
    let game = try_join_async! {
        // Make requests to several sites
        // and calculate count of links starting from `https://`
        get_urls_to_calculate_link_count()
            |> {
                // If pass block statement instead of fn, it will be placed before current step,
                // so it will us allow to capture some variables from context
                let ref client = client;
                move |url|
                    // `try_join_async!` wraps its content into `Box::pin(async move { })`
                    try_join_async! {
                        client
                            .get(url).send()
                            => |value| value.text()
                            => |body| ok((url, body.matches("https://").collect::<Vec<_>>().len()))
                    }
            }
            // Collect values into `Vec<_>`
            =>[] Vec<_>
            |> Ok
            => try_join_all
            !> |err| format_err!("Error retrieving pages to calculate links: {:#?}", err)
            => |results|
                ok(
                    results
                        .into_iter()
                        .max_by_key(|(_, link_count)| link_count.clone())
                        .unwrap()
                )
            // It waits for input in stdin before log max links count
            ~?? |result| {
                result
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(
                        |(url, count)| {
                            let split = url.to_owned().split('/').collect::<Vec<_>>();
                            let domain_name = split.get(2).unwrap_or(&url);
                            println!("Max `https://` link count found on `{}`: {}", domain_name, count)
                        }
                    )
                    .unwrap_or(());
            },
        // Concurrently it makes request to the site which generates random number
        get_url_to_get_random_number()
            -> ok
            => {
                // If pass block statement instead of fn, it will be placed before current step,
                // so it will allow us to capture some variables from context
                let ref client = client;
                let map_parse_error =
                    |value|
                        move |err|
                            format_err!("Failed to parse random number: {:#?}, value: {}", err, value);
                move |url|
                    try_join_async! {
                        client
                            .get(url)
                            .send()
                            => |value| value.text()
                            !> |err| format_err!("Error retrieving random number: {:#?}", err)
                            => |value| ok(value[..value.len() - 1].to_owned()) // remove \n from `154\n`
                            => |value|  
                                ready(
                                    value
                                        .parse::<u16>()
                                        .map_err(map_parse_error(value))
                                )
                    }
            }
            // It waits for input in stdin before log random value
            ~?? |random| {
                random
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|number| println!("Random: {}", number))
                    .unwrap_or(());
            },
        // Concurrently it reads value from stdin
        read_number_from_stdin(),
        // Finally, when we will have all results, we can decide, who is winner
        map => |(_url, link_count), random_number, number_from_stdin| {
            let random_diff = (link_count as i32 - random_number as i32).abs();
            let stdin_diff = (link_count as i32 - number_from_stdin as i32).abs();
            match () {
                _ if random_diff > stdin_diff => GameResult::Won,
                _ if random_diff < stdin_diff => GameResult::Lost,
                _ => GameResult::Draw
            }
        }    
    };

    let _ = game.await.map(
        |result|
            println!(
                "You {}",
                match result {
                    GameResult::Won => "won!",
                    GameResult::Lost => "lose...",
                    _ => "have the same result as random generator!"
                }
            )
    ).unwrap_or_else(|error| eprintln!("Error: {:#?}", error));
}

fn get_urls_to_calculate_link_count() -> impl Stream<Item = &'static str> {
    iter(
        vec![
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?format=json&action=query&generator=random&grnnamespace=0&prop=revisions|images&rvprop=content&grnlimit=100",
            "https://github.com/explore",
            "https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&vertical=news&q=%23news&src=unkn"
        ]
    )   
}

fn get_url_to_get_random_number() -> &'static str {
    "https://www.random.org/integers/?num=1&min=0&max=500&col=1&base=10&format=plain&rnd=new"
}

async fn read_number_from_stdin() -> Result<u16, Error> {
    use tokio::*;
    use futures::stream::StreamExt;
    
    let map_parse_error =
        |value|
            move |error|
                format_err!("Value from stdin isn't a correct `u16`: {:?}, input: {}", error, value);

    let mut result;
    let mut reader = codec::FramedRead::new(io::BufReader::new(io::stdin()), codec::LinesCodec::new());

    while {
        println!("Please, enter number (`u16`)");

        let next = reader.next();
    
        result = try_join_async! {
            next
                |> |value| value.ok_or(format_err!("Unexpected end of input"))
                => >>>
                    !> |err| format_err!("Failed to apply codec: {:?}", err) -> ready
                <<<
                => |value|
                    ready(
                        value
                            .parse()
                            .map_err(map_parse_error(value))
                    )
                !> |error| { eprintln!("Error: {:#?}", error); error}
        }.await;

        result.is_err()
    } {}

    result
}

Single thread combinations

Sync branches

Converts input in series of chained results and joins them step by step.

use std::error::Error;
use join::try_join;

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;

fn action_1() -> Result<u16> {
    Ok(1)
}

fn action_2() -> Result<u8> {
    Ok(2)
}

fn main() {
    let sum = try_join! {
        // action_1(),
        action_1(),
        
        // action_2().map(|v| v as u16),
        action_2() |> |v| v as u16,
        
        // action_2().map(|v| v as u16 + 1).and_then(|v| Ok(v * 4)),
        action_2() |> |v| v as u16 + 1 => |v| Ok(v * 4),
        
        // action_1().and_then(|_| Err("5".into())).or(Ok(2)),
        action_1() => |_| Err("5".into()) <| Ok(2),
        
        map => |a, b, c, d| a + b + c + d
    }.expect("Failed to calculate sum");

    println!("Calculated: {}", sum);
}

Futures

Each branch will represent future chain. All branches will be joined using ::futures::join!/::futures::try_join! macro and join_async!/try_join_async! will return unpolled future.

#![recursion_limit="256"]

use std::error::Error;
use join::try_join_async;
use futures::future::{ok, err};

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;

async fn action_1() -> Result<u16> {
    Ok(1)
}
async fn action_2() -> Result<u8> {
    Ok(2)
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let sum = try_join_async! {
        // action_1(),
        action_1(),

        // action_2().and_then(|v| ok(v as u16)),
        action_2() => |v| ok(v as u16),

        // action_2().map(|v| v.map(|v| v as u16 + 1)).and_then(|v| ok(v * 4u16)),
        action_2() |> |v| v.map(|v| v as u16 + 1) => |v| ok(v * 4u16),

        // action_1().and_then(|_| err("5".into())).or_else(|_| ok(2u16)),
        action_1() => |_| err("5".into()) <= |_| ok(2u16),

        and_then => |a, b, c, d| ok(a + b + c + d)
    }.await.expect("Failed to calculate sum");

    println!("Calculated: {}", sum);
}

Multi thread combinations

To execute several tasks in parallel you could use join_spawn! (spawn!) for sync tasks and join_async_spawn! (async_spawn!) for futures. Since join_async already provides concurrent futures execution in one thread, join_async_spawn! spawns every branch into tokio executor, so they will be evaluated in multi threaded executor.

Sync threads

join_spawn spawns one ::std::thread per each step of each branch (number of branches is the max thread count at the time).


use std::error::Error;
use join::try_join_spawn;

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>;

fn action_1() -> Result<usize> {
    Ok(1)
}

fn action_2() -> Result<u16> {
    Ok(2)
}

fn main() {
    // Branches will be executed in parallel
    let sum = try_join_spawn! {
        // thread::spawn(move || action_1()),
        action_1(),
        
        // thread::spawn(move || action_2().map(|v| v as usize)),
        action_2() |> |v| v as usize,
        
        // thread::spawn(move || action_2().map(|v| v as usize + 1).and_then(|v| Ok(v * 4))),
        action_2() |> |v| v as usize + 1 => |v| Ok(v * 4),
        
        // thread::spawn(move || action_1().and_then(|_| Err("5".into())).or(Ok(2))),
        action_1() => |_| Err("5".into()) <| Ok(2),
        
        map => |a, b, c, d| a + b + c + d
    }.expect("Failed to calculate sum");

    println!("Calculated: {}", sum);
}

Thread names

In runtime thread's name will be constructed from name of parent thread and join_%branch_index%.

Example code with many branches:

extern crate join;

use std::thread;

use join::try_join_spawn;

fn get_current_thread_name() -> String {
    thread::current().name().unwrap().to_owned()
}

fn print_branch_thread_name(index: &Result<usize, ()>) {
    println!("Branch: {}. Thread name: {}.", index.unwrap(), get_current_thread_name());
}

fn main() {
    let _ = try_join_spawn! {
        Ok(0) ?? print_branch_thread_name,
        Ok(1) ?? print_branch_thread_name,
        try_join_spawn! {
            Ok(2) ?? print_branch_thread_name,
            try_join_spawn! {
                Ok(3) ?? print_branch_thread_name,
            }
        }
    }.unwrap();
}

// Branch: 0. Thread name: main_join_0.
// Branch: 1. Thread name: main_join_1.
// Branch: 2. Thread name: main_join_2_join_0.
// Branch: 3. Thread name: main_join_2_join_1_join_0.
// Order could be different.

Future tasks

join_async_spawn! uses ::tokio::spawn function to spawn tasks so it should be done inside tokio runtime (number of branches is the max count of tokio tasks at the time).

#![recursion_limit="256"]

use std::error::Error;
use join::try_join_async_spawn;
use futures::future::{ok, err};

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>;

async fn action_1() -> Result<u16> {
    Ok(1)
}

async fn action_2() -> Result<u8> {
    Ok(2)
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let sum = try_join_async_spawn! {
        // tokio::spawn(Box::pin(action_1()))
        action_1(),

        // tokio::spawn(Box::pin(action_2().and_then(|v| ok(v as u16))))
        action_2() => |v| ok(v as u16),

        // tokio::spawn(Box::pin(action_2().map(|v| v.map(|v| v as u16 + 1)).and_then(|v| ok(v * 4u16))))
        action_2() |> |v| v.map(|v| v as u16 + 1) => |v| ok(v * 4u16),

        // tokio::spawn(Box::pin(action_1().and_then(|_| err("5".into())).or_else(|_| ok(2u16))))
        action_1() => |_| err("5".into()) <= |_| ok(2u16),

        and_then => |a, b, c, d| ok(a + b + c + d)
    }.await.expect("Failed to calculate sum");

    println!("Calculated: {}", sum);
}

Detailed steps example

By separating chain in actions, you will make actions wait for completion of all of them in current step before go to the next step.

#![recursion_limit="256"]

use std::error::Error;
use join::try_join;

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>;

fn action_1() -> Result<u16> {
    Ok(1)
}

fn action_2() -> Result<u8> {
    Ok(2)
}

fn main() {
    let sum = try_join! {
        action_1(),
        let result_1 = action_2() ~|> |v| v as u16 + 1,
        action_2() ~|> {
            // `result_1` now is the result of `action_2()` [Ok(1u8)]
            let result_1 = result_1.as_ref().ok().map(Clone::clone);
            move |v| {
                if result_1.is_some() {
                    v as u16 + 1
                } else {
                    unreachable!()
                }
            }
        } ~=> {
            // `result_1` now is the result of `|v| v as u16 + 1` [Ok(2u16)]
            let result_1 = result_1.as_ref().ok().map(Clone::clone);
            move |v| {
                if let Some(result_1) = result_1 {
                    Ok(v * 4 + result_1)
                } else {
                    unreachable!()
                }
            }
        },
        action_1() ~=> |_| Err("5".into()) <| Ok(2),
        map => |a, b, c, d| a + b + c + d
    }.expect("Failed to calculate sum");
    println!("Calculated: {}", sum);
}

join_export 0.1.0-alpha.17

Exports of the join!, join_async!, join_spawn!, join_async_spawn!, async_spawn!, try_join!, try_join_async!, try_join_spawn!, try_join_async_spawn!, try_async_spawn! macros which are reexported by join crate.

join!