Struct csv::Writer

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pub struct Writer<W: Write> { /* private fields */ }
Expand description

An already configured CSV writer.

A CSV writer takes as input Rust values and writes those values in a valid CSV format as output.

While CSV writing is considerably easier than parsing CSV, a proper writer will do a number of things for you:

  1. Quote fields when necessary.
  2. Check that all records have the same number of fields.
  3. Write records with a single empty field correctly.
  4. Automatically serialize normal Rust types to CSV records. When that type is a struct, a header row is automatically written corresponding to the fields of that struct.
  5. Use buffering intelligently and otherwise avoid allocation. (This means that callers should not do their own buffering.)

All of the above can be configured using a WriterBuilder. However, a Writer has a couple of convenience constructors (from_path and from_writer) that use the default configuration.

Note that the default configuration of a Writer uses \n for record terminators instead of \r\n as specified by RFC 4180. Use the terminator method on WriterBuilder to set the terminator to \r\n if it’s desired.

Implementations§

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impl Writer<File>

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pub fn from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Result<Writer<File>>

Build a CSV writer with a default configuration that writes data to the given file path. The file is truncated if it already exists.

If there was a problem opening the file at the given path, then this returns the corresponding error.

Example
use std::error::Error;
use csv::Writer;

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_path("foo.csv")?;
    wtr.write_record(&["a", "b", "c"])?;
    wtr.write_record(&["x", "y", "z"])?;
    wtr.flush()?;
    Ok(())
}
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impl<W: Write> Writer<W>

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pub fn from_writer(wtr: W) -> Writer<W>

Build a CSV writer with a default configuration that writes data to wtr.

Note that the CSV writer is buffered automatically, so you should not wrap wtr in a buffered writer like io::BufWriter.

Example
use std::error::Error;
use csv::Writer;

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.write_record(&["a", "b", "c"])?;
    wtr.write_record(&["x", "y", "z"])?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "a,b,c\nx,y,z\n");
    Ok(())
}
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pub fn serialize<S: Serialize>(&mut self, record: S) -> Result<()>

Serialize a single record using Serde.

Example

This shows how to serialize normal Rust structs as CSV records. The fields of the struct are used to write a header row automatically. (Writing the header row automatically can be disabled by building the CSV writer with a WriterBuilder and calling the has_headers method.)

use std::error::Error;

use csv::Writer;

#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
struct Row<'a> {
    city: &'a str,
    country: &'a str,
    // Serde allows us to name our headers exactly,
    // even if they don't match our struct field names.
    #[serde(rename = "popcount")]
    population: u64,
}

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.serialize(Row {
        city: "Boston",
        country: "United States",
        population: 4628910,
    })?;
    wtr.serialize(Row {
        city: "Concord",
        country: "United States",
        population: 42695,
    })?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "\
city,country,popcount
Boston,United States,4628910
Concord,United States,42695
");
    Ok(())
}
Rules

The behavior of serialize is fairly simple:

  1. Nested containers (tuples, Vecs, structs, etc.) are always flattened (depth-first order).

  2. If has_headers is true and the type contains field names, then a header row is automatically generated.

However, some container types cannot be serialized, and if has_headers is true, there are some additional restrictions on the types that can be serialized. See below for details.

For the purpose of this section, Rust types can be divided into three categories: scalars, non-struct containers, and structs.

Scalars

Single values with no field names are written like the following. Note that some of the outputs may be quoted, according to the selected quoting style.

NameExample TypeExample ValueOutput
booleanbooltruetrue
integersi8, i16, i32, i64, i128, u8, u16, u32, u64, u12855
floatsf32, f643.143.14
characterchar'☃'
string&str"hi"hi
bytes&[u8]b"hi"[..]hi
optionOptionNoneempty
optionSome(5)5
unit()()empty
unit structstruct Foo;FooFoo
unit enum variantenum E { A, B }E::AA
newtype structstruct Foo(u8);Foo(5)5
newtype enum variantenum E { A(u8) }E::A(5)5

Note that this table includes simple structs and enums. For example, to serialize a field from either an integer or a float type, one can do this:

use std::error::Error;

use csv::Writer;

#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
struct Row {
    label: String,
    value: Value,
}

#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
enum Value {
    Integer(i64),
    Float(f64),
}

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.serialize(Row {
        label: "foo".to_string(),
        value: Value::Integer(3),
    })?;
    wtr.serialize(Row {
        label: "bar".to_string(),
        value: Value::Float(3.14),
    })?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "\
label,value
foo,3
bar,3.14
");
    Ok(())
}
Non-Struct Containers

Nested containers are flattened to their scalar components, with the exception of a few types that are not allowed:

NameExample TypeExample ValueOutput
sequenceVec<u8>vec![1, 2, 3]1,2,3
tuple(u8, bool)(5, true)5,true
tuple structFoo(u8, bool)Foo(5, true)5,true
tuple enum variantenum E { A(u8, bool) }E::A(5, true)error
struct enum variantenum E { V { a: u8, b: bool } }E::V { a: 5, b: true }error
mapBTreeMap<K, V>BTreeMap::new()error
Structs

Like the other containers, structs are flattened to their scalar components:

NameExample TypeExample ValueOutput
structstruct Foo { a: u8, b: bool }Foo { a: 5, b: true }5,true

If has_headers is false, then there are no additional restrictions; types can be nested arbitrarily. For example:

use std::error::Error;

use csv::WriterBuilder;

#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
struct Row {
    label: String,
    values: Vec<f64>,
}

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = WriterBuilder::new()
        .has_headers(false)
        .from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.serialize(Row {
        label: "foo".to_string(),
        values: vec![1.1234, 2.5678, 3.14],
    })?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "\
foo,1.1234,2.5678,3.14
");
    Ok(())
}

However, if has_headers were enabled in the above example, then serialization would return an error. Specifically, when has_headers is true, there are two restrictions:

  1. Named field values in structs must be scalars.

  2. All scalars must be named field values in structs.

Other than these two restrictions, types can be nested arbitrarily. Here are a few examples:

ValueHeaderRecord
(Foo { x: 5, y: 6 }, Bar { z: true })x,y,z5,6,true
vec![Foo { x: 5, y: 6 }, Foo { x: 7, y: 8 }]x,y,x,y5,6,7,8
(Foo { x: 5, y: 6 }, vec![Bar { z: Baz(true) }])x,y,z5,6,true
Foo { x: 5, y: (6, 7) }error: restriction 15,6,7
(5, Foo { x: 6, y: 7 }error: restriction 25,6,7
(Foo { x: 5, y: 6 }, true)error: restriction 25,6,true
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pub fn write_record<I, T>(&mut self, record: I) -> Result<()>where I: IntoIterator<Item = T>, T: AsRef<[u8]>,

Write a single record.

This method accepts something that can be turned into an iterator that yields elements that can be represented by a &[u8].

This may be called with an empty iterator, which will cause a record terminator to be written. If no fields had been written, then a single empty field is written before the terminator.

Example
use std::error::Error;
use csv::Writer;

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.write_record(&["a", "b", "c"])?;
    wtr.write_record(&["x", "y", "z"])?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "a,b,c\nx,y,z\n");
    Ok(())
}
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pub fn write_byte_record(&mut self, record: &ByteRecord) -> Result<()>

Write a single ByteRecord.

This method accepts a borrowed ByteRecord and writes its contents to the underlying writer.

This is similar to write_record except that it specifically requires a ByteRecord. This permits the writer to possibly write the record more quickly than the more generic write_record.

This may be called with an empty record, which will cause a record terminator to be written. If no fields had been written, then a single empty field is written before the terminator.

Example
use std::error::Error;
use csv::{ByteRecord, Writer};

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.write_byte_record(&ByteRecord::from(&["a", "b", "c"][..]))?;
    wtr.write_byte_record(&ByteRecord::from(&["x", "y", "z"][..]))?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "a,b,c\nx,y,z\n");
    Ok(())
}
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pub fn write_field<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, field: T) -> Result<()>

Write a single field.

One should prefer using write_record over this method. It is provided for cases where writing a field at a time is more convenient than writing a record at a time.

Note that if this API is used, write_record should be called with an empty iterator to write a record terminator.

Example
use std::error::Error;
use csv::Writer;

fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut wtr = Writer::from_writer(vec![]);
    wtr.write_field("a")?;
    wtr.write_field("b")?;
    wtr.write_field("c")?;
    wtr.write_record(None::<&[u8]>)?;
    wtr.write_field("x")?;
    wtr.write_field("y")?;
    wtr.write_field("z")?;
    wtr.write_record(None::<&[u8]>)?;

    let data = String::from_utf8(wtr.into_inner()?)?;
    assert_eq!(data, "a,b,c\nx,y,z\n");
    Ok(())
}
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pub fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Flush the contents of the internal buffer to the underlying writer.

If there was a problem writing to the underlying writer, then an error is returned.

Note that this also flushes the underlying writer.

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pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &W

Return a reference to the underlying writer.

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pub fn into_inner(self) -> Result<W, IntoInnerError<Writer<W>>>

Flush the contents of the internal buffer and return the underlying writer.

Trait Implementations§

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impl<W: Debug + Write> Debug for Writer<W>

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fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
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impl<W: Write> Drop for Writer<W>

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fn drop(&mut self)

Executes the destructor for this type. Read more

Auto Trait Implementations§

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impl<W> RefUnwindSafe for Writer<W>where W: RefUnwindSafe,

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impl<W> Send for Writer<W>where W: Send,

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impl<W> Sync for Writer<W>where W: Sync,

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impl<W> Unpin for Writer<W>where W: Unpin,

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impl<W> UnwindSafe for Writer<W>where W: UnwindSafe,

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impl<T> Any for Twhere T: 'static + ?Sized,

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fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more
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impl<T> Borrow<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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impl<T> From<T> for T

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fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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impl<T, U> Into<U> for Twhere U: From<T>,

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fn into(self) -> U

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

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impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for Twhere U: Into<T>,

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type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for Twhere U: TryFrom<T>,

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type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.