use core::{cmp, fmt, hash, mem, ptr, slice, usize};
use core::iter::{FromIterator};
use core::ops::{Deref, RangeBounds};

use alloc::{vec::Vec, string::String, boxed::Box, borrow::Borrow};

use crate::Buf;
use crate::buf::IntoIter;
use crate::debug;
use crate::loom::sync::atomic::{self, AtomicPtr, AtomicUsize, Ordering};

/// A reference counted contiguous slice of memory.
///
/// `Bytes` is an efficient container for storing and operating on contiguous
/// slices of memory. It is intended for use primarily in networking code, but
/// could have applications elsewhere as well.
///
/// `Bytes` values facilitate zero-copy network programming by allowing multiple
/// `Bytes` objects to point to the same underlying memory. This is managed by
/// using a reference count to track when the memory is no longer needed and can
/// be freed.
///
/// ```
/// use bytes::Bytes;
///
/// let mut mem = Bytes::from("Hello world");
/// let a = mem.slice(0..5);
///
/// assert_eq!(a, "Hello");
///
/// let b = mem.split_to(6);
///
/// assert_eq!(mem, "world");
/// assert_eq!(b, "Hello ");
/// ```
///
/// # Memory layout
///
/// The `Bytes` struct itself is fairly small, limited to 4 `usize` fields used
/// to track information about which segment of the underlying memory the
/// `Bytes` handle has access to.
///
/// `Bytes` keeps both a pointer to the shared `Arc` containing the full memory
/// slice and a pointer to the start of the region visible by the handle.
/// `Bytes` also tracks the length of its view into the memory.
///
/// # Sharing
///
/// The memory itself is reference counted, and multiple `Bytes` objects may
/// point to the same region. Each `Bytes` handle point to different sections within
/// the memory region, and `Bytes` handle may or may not have overlapping views
/// into the memory.
///
///
/// ```text
///
///    Arc ptrs                   +---------+
///    ________________________ / | Bytes 2 |
///   /                           +---------+
///  /          +-----------+     |         |
/// |_________/ |  Bytes 1  |     |         |
/// |           +-----------+     |         |
/// |           |           | ___/ data     | tail
/// |      data |      tail |/              |
/// v           v           v               v
/// +-----+---------------------------------+-----+
/// | Arc |     |           |               |     |
/// +-----+---------------------------------+-----+
/// ```
pub struct Bytes {
    ptr: *const u8,
    len: usize,
    // inlined "trait object"
    data: AtomicPtr<()>,
    vtable: &'static Vtable,
}

pub(crate) struct Vtable {
    /// fn(data, ptr, len)
    pub clone: unsafe fn(&AtomicPtr<()>, *const u8, usize) -> Bytes,
    /// fn(data, ptr, len)
    pub drop: unsafe fn(&mut AtomicPtr<()>, *const u8, usize),
}

impl Bytes {
    /// Creates a new empty `Bytes`.
    ///
    /// This will not allocate and the returned `Bytes` handle will be empty.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let b = Bytes::new();
    /// assert_eq!(&b[..], b"");
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub fn new() -> Bytes {
        Bytes::from_static(b"")
    }

    /// Creates a new `Bytes` from a static slice.
    ///
    /// The returned `Bytes` will point directly to the static slice. There is
    /// no allocating or copying.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let b = Bytes::from_static(b"hello");
    /// assert_eq!(&b[..], b"hello");
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[cfg(not(all(loom, test)))]
    pub const fn from_static(bytes: &'static [u8]) -> Bytes {
        Bytes {
            ptr: bytes.as_ptr(),
            len: bytes.len(),
            data: AtomicPtr::new(ptr::null_mut()),
            vtable: &STATIC_VTABLE,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(all(loom, test))]
    pub fn from_static(bytes: &'static [u8]) -> Bytes {
        Bytes {
            ptr: bytes.as_ptr(),
            len: bytes.len(),
            data: AtomicPtr::new(ptr::null_mut()),
            vtable: &STATIC_VTABLE,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the number of bytes contained in this `Bytes`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let b = Bytes::from(&b"hello"[..]);
    /// assert_eq!(b.len(), 5);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.len
    }

    /// Returns true if the `Bytes` has a length of 0.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let b = Bytes::new();
    /// assert!(b.is_empty());
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.len == 0
    }


    ///Creates `Bytes` instance from slice, by copying it.
    pub fn copy_from_slice(data: &[u8]) -> Self {
        data.to_vec().into()
    }

    /// Returns a slice of self for the provided range.
    ///
    /// This will increment the reference count for the underlying memory and
    /// return a new `Bytes` handle set to the slice.
    ///
    /// This operation is `O(1)`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let a = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    /// let b = a.slice(2..5);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(&b[..], b"llo");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Requires that `begin <= end` and `end <= self.len()`, otherwise slicing
    /// will panic.
    pub fn slice(&self, range: impl RangeBounds<usize>) -> Bytes {
        use core::ops::Bound;

        let len = self.len();

        let begin = match range.start_bound() {
            Bound::Included(&n) => n,
            Bound::Excluded(&n) => n + 1,
            Bound::Unbounded => 0,
        };

        let end = match range.end_bound() {
            Bound::Included(&n) => n + 1,
            Bound::Excluded(&n) => n,
            Bound::Unbounded => len,
        };

        assert!(begin <= end);
        assert!(end <= len);

        if end == begin {
            return Bytes::new();
        }


        let mut ret = self.clone();

        ret.len = end - begin;
        ret.ptr = unsafe { ret.ptr.offset(begin as isize) };

        ret
    }

    /// Returns a slice of self that is equivalent to the given `subset`.
    ///
    /// When processing a `Bytes` buffer with other tools, one often gets a
    /// `&[u8]` which is in fact a slice of the `Bytes`, i.e. a subset of it.
    /// This function turns that `&[u8]` into another `Bytes`, as if one had
    /// called `self.slice()` with the offsets that correspond to `subset`.
    ///
    /// This operation is `O(1)`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let bytes = Bytes::from(&b"012345678"[..]);
    /// let as_slice = bytes.as_ref();
    /// let subset = &as_slice[2..6];
    /// let subslice = bytes.slice_ref(&subset);
    /// assert_eq!(&subslice[..], b"2345");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Requires that the given `sub` slice is in fact contained within the
    /// `Bytes` buffer; otherwise this function will panic.
    pub fn slice_ref(&self, subset: &[u8]) -> Bytes {
        let bytes_p = self.as_ptr() as usize;
        let bytes_len = self.len();

        let sub_p = subset.as_ptr() as usize;
        let sub_len = subset.len();

        assert!(sub_p >= bytes_p);
        assert!(sub_p + sub_len <= bytes_p + bytes_len);

        let sub_offset = sub_p - bytes_p;

        self.slice(sub_offset..(sub_offset + sub_len))
    }

    /// Splits the bytes into two at the given index.
    ///
    /// Afterwards `self` contains elements `[0, at)`, and the returned `Bytes`
    /// contains elements `[at, len)`.
    ///
    /// This is an `O(1)` operation that just increases the reference count and
    /// sets a few indices.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let mut a = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    /// let b = a.split_off(5);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(&a[..], b"hello");
    /// assert_eq!(&b[..], b" world");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if `at > len`.
    pub fn split_off(&mut self, at: usize) -> Bytes {
        assert!(at <= self.len());

        if at == self.len() {
            return Bytes::new();
        }

        if at == 0 {
            return mem::replace(self, Bytes::new());
        }

        let mut ret = self.clone();

        self.len = at;

        unsafe { ret.inc_start(at) };

        ret
    }

    /// Splits the bytes into two at the given index.
    ///
    /// Afterwards `self` contains elements `[at, len)`, and the returned
    /// `Bytes` contains elements `[0, at)`.
    ///
    /// This is an `O(1)` operation that just increases the reference count and
    /// sets a few indices.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let mut a = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    /// let b = a.split_to(5);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(&a[..], b" world");
    /// assert_eq!(&b[..], b"hello");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if `at > len`.
    pub fn split_to(&mut self, at: usize) -> Bytes {
        assert!(at <= self.len());

        if at == self.len() {
            return mem::replace(self, Bytes::new());
        }

        if at == 0 {
            return Bytes::new();
        }


        let mut ret = self.clone();

        unsafe { self.inc_start(at) };

        ret.len = at;
        ret
    }

    /// Shortens the buffer, keeping the first `len` bytes and dropping the
    /// rest.
    ///
    /// If `len` is greater than the buffer's current length, this has no
    /// effect.
    ///
    /// The [`split_off`] method can emulate `truncate`, but this causes the
    /// excess bytes to be returned instead of dropped.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let mut buf = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    /// buf.truncate(5);
    /// assert_eq!(buf, b"hello"[..]);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`split_off`]: #method.split_off
    #[inline]
    pub fn truncate(&mut self, len: usize) {
        if len >= self.len {
            self.len = 0;
        } else {
            self.len = len;
        }
    }

    /// Clears the buffer, removing all data.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    ///
    /// let mut buf = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    /// buf.clear();
    /// assert!(buf.is_empty());
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.truncate(0);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) unsafe fn with_vtable(ptr: *const u8, len: usize, data: AtomicPtr<()>, vtable: &'static Vtable) -> Bytes {
        Bytes {
            ptr,
            len,
            data,
            vtable,
        }
    }

    // private

    #[inline]
    fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
        unsafe {
            slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, self.len)
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    unsafe fn inc_start(&mut self, by: usize) {
        // should already be asserted, but debug assert for tests
        debug_assert!(self.len >= by);
        self.len -= by;
        self.ptr = self.ptr.offset(by as isize);
    }
}

// Vtable must enforce this behavior
unsafe impl Send for Bytes {}
unsafe impl Sync for Bytes {}

impl Drop for Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            (self.vtable.drop)(&mut self.data, self.ptr, self.len)
        }
    }
}

impl Clone for Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn clone(&self) -> Bytes {
        unsafe {
            (self.vtable.clone)(&self.data, self.ptr, self.len)
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Bytes {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&debug::BsDebug(&self.as_slice()), f)
    }
}

impl Buf for Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn remaining(&self) -> usize {
        self.len()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_slice()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn advance(&mut self, cnt: usize) {
        assert!(cnt <= self.len(), "cannot advance past `remaining`");
        unsafe {
            self.inc_start(cnt);
        }
    }

    fn to_bytes(&mut self) -> crate::Bytes {
        core::mem::replace(self, Bytes::new())
    }
}

impl Deref for Bytes {
    type Target = [u8];

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_slice()
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_slice()
    }
}

impl hash::Hash for Bytes {
    fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H) where H: hash::Hasher {
        self.as_slice().hash(state);
    }
}

impl Borrow<[u8]> for Bytes {
    fn borrow(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_slice()
    }
}

impl IntoIterator for Bytes {
    type Item = u8;
    type IntoIter = IntoIter<Bytes>;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        IntoIter::new(self)
    }
}

impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a Bytes {
    type Item = &'a u8;
    type IntoIter = core::slice::Iter<'a, u8>;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        self.as_slice().into_iter()
    }
}

impl FromIterator<u8> for Bytes {
    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = u8>>(into_iter: T) -> Self {
        Vec::from_iter(into_iter).into()
    }
}

// impl Eq

impl PartialEq for Bytes {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        self.as_slice() == other.as_slice()
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for Bytes {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        self.as_slice().partial_cmp(other.as_slice())
    }
}

impl Ord for Bytes {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> cmp::Ordering {
        self.as_slice().cmp(other.as_slice())
    }
}

impl Eq for Bytes {}

impl PartialEq<[u8]> for Bytes {
    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8]) -> bool {
        self.as_slice() == other
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<[u8]> for Bytes {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &[u8]) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        self.as_slice().partial_cmp(other)
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Bytes> for [u8] {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        *other == *self
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for [u8] {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        other.partial_cmp(self)
    }
}

impl PartialEq<str> for Bytes {
    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
        self.as_slice() == other.as_bytes()
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<str> for Bytes {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &str) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        self.as_slice().partial_cmp(other.as_bytes())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Bytes> for str {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        *other == *self
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for str {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        other.partial_cmp(self)
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Vec<u8>> for Bytes {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Vec<u8>) -> bool {
        *self == &other[..]
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Vec<u8>> for Bytes {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Vec<u8>) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        self.as_slice().partial_cmp(&other[..])
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Bytes> for Vec<u8> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        *other == *self
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for Vec<u8> {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        other.partial_cmp(self)
    }
}

impl PartialEq<String> for Bytes {
    fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool {
        *self == &other[..]
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<String> for Bytes {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &String) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        self.as_slice().partial_cmp(other.as_bytes())
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Bytes> for String {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        *other == *self
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for String {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        other.partial_cmp(self)
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Bytes> for &[u8] {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        *other == *self
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for &[u8] {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        other.partial_cmp(self)
    }
}

impl PartialEq<Bytes> for &str {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool {
        *other == *self
    }
}

impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for &str {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        other.partial_cmp(self)
    }
}

impl<'a, T: ?Sized> PartialEq<&'a T> for Bytes
    where Bytes: PartialEq<T>
{
    fn eq(&self, other: &&'a T) -> bool {
        *self == **other
    }
}

impl<'a, T: ?Sized> PartialOrd<&'a T> for Bytes
    where Bytes: PartialOrd<T>
{
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &&'a T) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
        self.partial_cmp(&**other)
    }
}

// impl From

impl Default for Bytes {
    #[inline]
    fn default() -> Bytes {
        Bytes::new()
    }
}

impl From<&'static [u8]> for Bytes {
    fn from(slice: &'static [u8]) -> Bytes {
        Bytes::from_static(slice)
    }
}

impl From<&'static str> for Bytes {
    fn from(slice: &'static str) -> Bytes {
        Bytes::from_static(slice.as_bytes())
    }
}

impl From<Vec<u8>> for Bytes {
    fn from(vec: Vec<u8>) -> Bytes {
        let slice = vec.into_boxed_slice();
        let len = slice.len();
        let ptr = slice.as_ptr();
        drop(Box::into_raw(slice));

        let data = ptr as usize | KIND_VEC;
        Bytes {
            ptr,
            len,
            data: AtomicPtr::new(data as *mut _),
            vtable: &SHARED_VTABLE,
        }
    }
}

impl From<String> for Bytes {
    fn from(s: String) -> Bytes {
        Bytes::from(s.into_bytes())
    }
}

// ===== impl Vtable =====

impl fmt::Debug for Vtable {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Vtable")
            .field("clone", &(self.clone as *const ()))
            .field("drop", &(self.drop as *const ()))
            .finish()
    }
}

// ===== impl StaticVtable =====

const STATIC_VTABLE: Vtable = Vtable {
    clone: static_clone,
    drop: static_drop,
};

unsafe fn static_clone(_: &AtomicPtr<()>, ptr: *const u8, len: usize) -> Bytes {
    let slice = slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len);
    Bytes::from_static(slice)
}

unsafe fn static_drop(_: &mut AtomicPtr<()>, _: *const u8, _: usize) {
    // nothing to drop for &'static [u8]
}

// ===== impl SharedVtable =====

struct Shared {
    // holds vec for drop, but otherwise doesnt access it
    _vec: Vec<u8>,
    ref_cnt: AtomicUsize,
}

static SHARED_VTABLE: Vtable = Vtable {
    clone: shared_clone,
    drop: shared_drop,
};

const KIND_ARC: usize = 0b0;
const KIND_VEC: usize = 0b1;
const KIND_MASK: usize = 0b1;

unsafe fn shared_clone(data: &AtomicPtr<()>, ptr: *const u8, len: usize) -> Bytes {
    let shared = data.load(Ordering::Acquire);
    let kind = shared as usize & KIND_MASK;

    if kind == KIND_ARC {
        shallow_clone_arc(shared as _, ptr, len)
    } else {
        debug_assert_eq!(kind, KIND_VEC);
        shallow_clone_vec(data, shared, ptr, len)
    }
}

unsafe fn shared_drop(data: &mut AtomicPtr<()>, ptr: *const u8, len: usize) {
    let shared = *data.get_mut();
    let kind = shared as usize & KIND_MASK;


    if kind == KIND_ARC {
        release_shared(shared as *mut Shared);
    } else {
        debug_assert_eq!(kind, KIND_VEC);

        drop(rebuild_vec(shared, ptr, len));
    }
}

unsafe fn rebuild_vec(shared: *const (), offset: *const u8, len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
    debug_assert_eq!(shared as usize & KIND_MASK, KIND_VEC);

    let buf = (shared as usize & !KIND_MASK) as *mut u8;
    let cap = (offset as usize - buf as usize) + len;
    Vec::from_raw_parts(buf, cap, cap)
}

unsafe fn shallow_clone_arc(shared: *mut Shared, ptr: *const u8, len: usize) -> Bytes {
    let old_size = (*shared).ref_cnt.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

    if old_size > usize::MAX >> 1 {
        crate::abort();
    }

    Bytes {
        ptr,
        len,
        data: AtomicPtr::new(shared as _),
        vtable: &SHARED_VTABLE,
    }
}

#[cold]
unsafe fn shallow_clone_vec(atom: &AtomicPtr<()>, ptr: *const (), offset: *const u8, len: usize) -> Bytes {
    // If  the buffer is still tracked in a `Vec<u8>`. It is time to
    // promote the vec to an `Arc`. This could potentially be called
    // concurrently, so some care must be taken.

    debug_assert_eq!(ptr as usize & KIND_MASK, KIND_VEC);

    // First, allocate a new `Shared` instance containing the
    // `Vec` fields. It's important to note that `ptr`, `len`,
    // and `cap` cannot be mutated without having `&mut self`.
    // This means that these fields will not be concurrently
    // updated and since the buffer hasn't been promoted to an
    // `Arc`, those three fields still are the components of the
    // vector.
    let vec = rebuild_vec(ptr as *const (), offset, len);
    let shared = Box::new(Shared {
        _vec: vec,
        // Initialize refcount to 2. One for this reference, and one
        // for the new clone that will be returned from
        // `shallow_clone`.
        ref_cnt: AtomicUsize::new(2),
    });

    let shared = Box::into_raw(shared);

    // The pointer should be aligned, so this assert should
    // always succeed.
    debug_assert!(0 == (shared as usize & KIND_MASK));

    // Try compare & swapping the pointer into the `arc` field.
    // `Release` is used synchronize with other threads that
    // will load the `arc` field.
    //
    // If the `compare_and_swap` fails, then the thread lost the
    // race to promote the buffer to shared. The `Acquire`
    // ordering will synchronize with the `compare_and_swap`
    // that happened in the other thread and the `Shared`
    // pointed to by `actual` will be visible.
    let actual = atom.compare_and_swap(ptr as _, shared as _, Ordering::AcqRel);

    if actual as usize == ptr as usize {
        // The upgrade was successful, the new handle can be
        // returned.
        return Bytes {
            ptr: offset,
            len,
            data: AtomicPtr::new(shared as _),
            vtable: &SHARED_VTABLE,
        };
    }

    // The upgrade failed, a concurrent clone happened. Release
    // the allocation that was made in this thread, it will not
    // be needed.
    let shared = Box::from_raw(shared);
    mem::forget(*shared);

    // Buffer already promoted to shared storage, so increment ref
    // count.
    shallow_clone_arc(actual as _, offset, len)
}

unsafe fn release_shared(ptr: *mut Shared) {
    // `Shared` storage... follow the drop steps from Arc.
    if (*ptr).ref_cnt.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Release) != 1 {
        return;
    }

    // This fence is needed to prevent reordering of use of the data and
    // deletion of the data.  Because it is marked `Release`, the decreasing
    // of the reference count synchronizes with this `Acquire` fence. This
    // means that use of the data happens before decreasing the reference
    // count, which happens before this fence, which happens before the
    // deletion of the data.
    //
    // As explained in the [Boost documentation][1],
    //
    // > It is important to enforce any possible access to the object in one
    // > thread (through an existing reference) to *happen before* deleting
    // > the object in a different thread. This is achieved by a "release"
    // > operation after dropping a reference (any access to the object
    // > through this reference must obviously happened before), and an
    // > "acquire" operation before deleting the object.
    //
    // [1]: (www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_55_0/doc/html/atomic/usage_examples.html)
    atomic::fence(Ordering::Acquire);

    // Drop the data
    Box::from_raw(ptr);
}

// fuzz tests
#[cfg(all(test, loom))]
mod fuzz {
    use std::sync::Arc;
    use loom::thread;

    use super::Bytes;
    #[test]
    fn bytes_cloning_vec() {
        loom::model(|| {
            let a = Bytes::from(b"abcdefgh".to_vec());
            let addr = a.as_ptr() as usize;

            // test the Bytes::clone is Sync by putting it in an Arc
            let a1 = Arc::new(a);
            let a2 = a1.clone();

            let t1 = thread::spawn(move || {
                let b: Bytes = (*a1).clone();
                assert_eq!(b.as_ptr() as usize, addr);
            });

            let t2 = thread::spawn(move || {
                let b: Bytes = (*a2).clone();
                assert_eq!(b.as_ptr() as usize, addr);
            });

            t1.join().unwrap();
            t2.join().unwrap();
        });
    }
}