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//! # Rivest's All-or-nothing-transform //! //! ```rust //! use aont::{encode_sha1, decode_sha1}; //! //! // Set up message to be encoded and public parameter //! let message = "0123456789abcdef0123"; //! let public = "abcdeabcdeabcdeabcde"; //! let message_as_bytes = message.as_bytes(); //! //! // Do the encoding (get back transformed data) //! let encoded = encode_sha1(message_as_bytes, public.as_bytes()); //! assert_ne!(*message_as_bytes, *encoded); //! //! // Pass encoded message and same public parameter to recover original message //! let recover = decode_sha1(&*encoded, public.as_bytes()); //! assert_eq!(message_as_bytes, &*recover); //! //! ``` //! //! # Operation //! //! The [AONT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-or-nothing_transform) //! encodes and decodes a message by use of a public "key" `P` (in the //! normal sense of the word—not an RSA public key) and a random //! "key" `R`. It also uses a hash function E() which works on blocks //! of the message. //! //! The steps taken are: //! //! 1. outer encoding //! - Apply random key `R` to each block `i` from `1..n` by XORing them with `E(R,i)` //! - These transformed blocks will be sent to the recipient //! 2. inner encoding //! - For all blocks `1..n`, calculate `S` as the XOR sum of `E(P, transformed_block(i) + i)` //! - Append block(n + 1) as S xor R //! - (Optionally, header or trailer information can include P and/or the amount of padding) //! 3. inner decoding //! - For all blocks `1..n`, calculate `S` as the XOR sum of `E(P, received_block(i) + i)` //! - XOR S with received_block(n+1) giving R //! 4. outer decoding //! - Apply recovered random key `R` to each recieved block `i` from //! `1..n` by XORing them with `E(R,i)` //! //! Note that this is not encryption in the usual sense. If all blocks //! of the transformed message have been received and are placed in //! the right order, the outer decoding step can use the public "key" //! to extract the random "key" from the final block of the //! message. With this, the outer decoding can proceed to decode the //! transformed blocks. //! //! # Explanation in terms of XOR masking //! //! In simpler terms, encoding can be understood as: //! //! * applying an xor mask to the file using a random parameter `R` //! * calculating a hash `S` of the transformed data using a public parameter `P` //! * using that hash to xor mask the value of P, which is appended to the file //! //! In reverse: //! //! * the same public hash function is applied to all non-final blocks, recovering S //! * the final block is XOR-ed with S to recover R //! * The xor mask generated by R is applied to the non-final blocks //! to recover the original //! //! # "Encryption" Functions: Hash Functions //! //! The simplest kind of "Encryption" function for this scheme is a //! standard one-way hash function such as SHA or MD5. In this case, a //! "block" is the same size as the output of the hash function. //! //! Where the algorithm calls for passing in a "key" parameter, a //! block, or an integer, these can be handled by concatenation. For //! example `E, P, block[i] + i` could be implemented by string //! concatenation of: //! //! * the `P` parameter in binary form //! * the binary contents of `block[i]` of the message //! * the binary value of the counter `i` (or, the same value //! converted to ascii) //! //! Equally, the three values could be XOR-ed together. The "key" //! parameters will be the same length as blocks, so this is //! straightforward. However, when converting an integer from its //! internal representation to something that can be XOR-ed with the //! block, care needs to be taken to convert it into a portable //! format. In particular, both the byte order and alignment must be //! decided. //! //! # Encryption Functions: HMAC //! //! Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) is a technique that //! uses a hash function and some other token known by both the sender //! and receiver to authenticate a message as well as verify its //! integrity. //! //! A HMAC construction can be used in place of a simple hash. There //! are two potential benefits of doing so: //! //! * it allows the use of hash functions that are known to be weak, //! since the security of HMAC is only a function of the size of the //! shared HMAC token. //! //! * the HMAC token can be treated as a secret key, making the //! message undecodable without it. However, this would no longer be //! an AONT. //! //! It is still possible to use HMAC construction in either/both the //! inner/outer encoding without breaking the "no-encryption" status //! of AONT. Simply publish the HMAC token along with the public key, //! or include it as part of a header/trailer for the transmitted //! data. It's also possible to use a random HMAC token, which can be //! stored alongside or as part of `R`. //! //! # Encryption Functions: Block Ciphers //! //! It is also possible to use a symmetric encryption function (such //! as AES) to implement `E()`. Note that only the output of the //! encryption engine is used: the symmetric decryption function is //! never called. //! //! Encryption routines can be used in several //! [modes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation) //! including CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) or Counter mode. //! //! # Implementation //! //! I will implement this using a mix of high-level and low-level //! interfaces. The high-level interfaces will implement the AONT //! algorithm on messages and files. The next level down will allow //! for easy parameterisation of the basic algorithm, such as allowing //! a choice of encryption function. //! //! At the lowest level, I'll interact with the crypto and digest //! libraries. For example, I might use those libraries to find out //! what the block size should be (if it's not explicitly given to //! us). I might also implement the two phases of the algorithm as //! Digest algorithms (ie implement the Digest trait for them). /// XOR block of data: *dst ^= *src, returning dst pub fn xor_slice<'a> (dst : &'a mut [u8], src : &[u8]) -> &'a mut [u8] { // for now, require dst, src to be of equal length assert_eq!(dst.len(), src.len(), "xor_slice: dst and src must be the same length" ); // Can we use zip? Yes. Should also auto-vectorise. for (d,s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src) { *d ^= s; } dst } use std::mem::size_of; use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; use sha1::{Sha1, Digest}; // First high-level prototype based on description above: // // * use SHA-1 for E() (locks in 160-bit = 20-byte block size) // * concatenate arguments/parameters // * use network (big-endian) order for bytes in i // * operate on a "string" (actually &[u8] internally) /// Encode a message using SHA-1 pub fn encode_sha1(message : &[u8], public : &[u8]) -> Box<[u8]> { // Actually, don't need to construct new hasher if we're only // calling associated method digest(): // // let hasher = Sha1::new(); // get block size from hasher let blocksize = Sha1::output_size(); assert_eq!(public.len(), blocksize, "decode_sha1: public length {} != block size {}", public.len(), blocksize ); // allocate output buffer with extra block at the end for R ^ S let mut buffer = vec![0u8; message.len() + blocksize]; // input buffer for hash(R, i) let mut r_in = vec![0u8; blocksize + size_of::<u32>()]; // generate R, storing it at the start of r_in let mut rng = thread_rng(); for elem in r_in.iter_mut().take(blocksize) { *elem = rng.gen(); } eprintln!("Generated random parameter: {:?}", r_in); // input buffer for hash(P, out[i] + i) let mut p_in = vec![0u8; blocksize * 2 + size_of::<u32>()]; // place public key at start of p_in p_in[0..blocksize].copy_from_slice(public); // decide whether we need to pad input (for now, just panic) if message.len() % blocksize != 0 { panic!("Message is not a multiple of block size {}", blocksize); } // loop below calculates S, which will be used to mask R // use iterator to consume 16 bytes at a time // // TODO: change to use chunks_exact() in the loop and remainder() // afterwards (where padding can be implemented) let mut i : u32 = 1; let mut sum = vec![0u8; blocksize]; for chunk in message.chunks(blocksize) { // copy message chunk into output buffer (will be masked later) // // It's probably better to just copy the full buffer outside the loop // buffer[(i as usize - 1) * blocksize..(i as usize * blocksize)].copy_from_slice(chunk); // both steps can be done in one pass // chunk = in[i] // out[i] = chunk ^ hash(R, i) // concatenate i as big endian/network ordered bytes r_in[blocksize..].copy_from_slice(&i.to_be_bytes()); // hasher returns a GenericArray, which converts to a slice // for xor_slice to work // // xor_slice also returns dst so we don't have to slice it again let dest = xor_slice(&mut buffer[(i as usize - 1) * blocksize..(i as usize * blocksize)], // destination &Sha1::digest(&r_in)); // concatenate out[i] (dest) to p_in p_in[blocksize..blocksize * 2].copy_from_slice(dest); // concatenate i as big endian p_in[blocksize * 2..].copy_from_slice(&i.to_be_bytes()); // sum ^= hash(P, out[i] + i) xor_slice(&mut sum, &Sha1::digest(&p_in)); i += 1; } // append sum ^ R to output let last_block = (i as usize - 1) * blocksize; xor_slice(&mut sum, &r_in[0..blocksize]); buffer[last_block..].copy_from_slice(&sum); // could also be explicit and say .into_boxed_slice(): buffer.into() } /// Decode a message using SHA-1 pub fn decode_sha1(message : &[u8], public : &[u8]) -> Box<[u8]> { // Two passes required: // * apply E(P, received_block(i) + i) to recover R // * apply E(R,i) to recover message let blocksize = Sha1::output_size(); let blocks = message.len() / blocksize; if message.len() % blocksize != 0 { panic!("Message is not a multiple of block size {}", blocksize); } assert_eq!(public.len(), blocksize, "decode_sha1: public length {} != block size {}", public.len(), blocksize ); // output buffer one block shorter than input let mut buffer = vec![0u8; message.len() - blocksize]; let mut r_in = vec![0u8; blocksize + size_of::<u32>()]; let mut p_in = vec![0u8; blocksize * 2 + size_of::<u32>()]; p_in[0..blocksize].copy_from_slice(public); let mut i : u32 = 1; let mut sum = vec![0u8; blocksize]; // Pass 1: apply E(P, received_block(i) + i) to recover R for chunk in message.chunks(blocksize) { if i < blocks as u32 { // chunk is part of message p_in[blocksize..blocksize * 2].copy_from_slice(chunk); p_in[blocksize * 2..].copy_from_slice(&i.to_be_bytes()); xor_slice(&mut sum, &Sha1::digest(&p_in)); } else { // last chunk = S xor R r_in[0..blocksize].copy_from_slice(chunk); xor_slice(&mut r_in[0..blocksize], &sum); eprintln!("Recovered random parameter: {:?}", r_in); } i += 1; } // Pass 2: apply E(R,i) to recover message buffer[0..(blocks - 1) * blocksize]. copy_from_slice(&message[0..(blocks - 1) * blocksize]); for i in 1..blocks { let index = (i as usize - 1) * blocksize; let chunk = &mut buffer[index..index + blocksize]; r_in[blocksize..].copy_from_slice(&(i as u32).to_be_bytes()); xor_slice(chunk, &Sha1::digest(&r_in)); } buffer.into() } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use super::*; #[test] #[should_panic] fn pass_in_str_19_as_bytes() { // should panic because 19 % 20 != 0 let nineteen = "0123456789abcdef012"; let slice = nineteen.as_bytes(); let _boxed = encode_sha1(slice, slice); } #[test] fn pass_in_str_20_as_bytes() { let twenty = "0123456789abcdef0123"; let slice = twenty.as_bytes(); let boxed = encode_sha1(slice, slice); assert_ne!(*slice, *boxed); } #[test] fn same_20_bytes_back() { let twenty = "0123456789abcdef0123"; let slice = twenty.as_bytes(); // also use twenty as public key let boxed = encode_sha1(slice, slice); assert_ne!(*slice, *boxed); let back = decode_sha1(&*boxed, slice); assert_eq!(slice, &*back); } #[test] fn same_40_bytes_back() { let forty = "0123456789abcdef01230123456789abcdef0123"; let slice = forty.as_bytes(); // slice is now too long to be used as a key let boxed = encode_sha1(slice, &slice[0..20]); assert_ne!(*slice, *boxed); let back = decode_sha1(&*boxed, &slice[0..20]); assert_eq!(slice, &*back); } #[test] #[should_panic] fn public_encode_parameter() { let forty = "0123456789abcdef01230123456789abcdef0123"; let slice = forty.as_bytes(); // slice is now too long to be used as a key let _oxed = encode_sha1(slice, slice); } #[test] #[should_panic] fn public_decode_parameter() { let forty = "0123456789abcdef01230123456789abcdef0123"; let slice = forty.as_bytes(); // slice is now too long to be used as a key let _boxed = decode_sha1(slice, slice); } }